A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 4681

Language: Western Apache

Location: SW Arizona

Population: 12,700

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean

Dictionary: Perry, Edgar. 1972. Western Apache Dictionary. Fort Apache, Arizona: White Mountain Apache Tribe.

Consonant system:

b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ ʔ
t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^ʔ d^l č č^ʔ ɡ̌
s z š ž ɣ h hʷ
m n
l ɬ

Stops: b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^ʔ d^l č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z š ž ɣ h hʷ

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo (falling)

Noun Number: number distinguished for boys, girls, children

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3ai *6
polite forms for 3 and 6

Syntax: SOV POSS-N

Ergative:

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 4682

Language: Western Apache

Dialect: White Mountain

Location: Arizona

Population: 12,700

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean

Other Sources: Greenfield, Philip J. 1973. "Cultural Conservatism as an Inhibitor of Linguistic Change: A Possible Apache Case," IJAL 39, 98-104.

Consonant system:

p b ^mb t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ
t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^h d^l č č^ʔ ɡ̌
s z š ž ɣ h
m n
l ɬ

Stops: p b ^mb t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^h d^l č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z š ž ɣ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄

Syntax: SOV NA DN POSS-N

Ergative:

Prep/Post:

Number: 4683

Language: Navajo

Location: Arizona

Population: 149,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Na-Dene: Athabaskan: Apachean

Dictionary: Haile, Berard. 1950-51. A Stem Vocabulary of the Navaho Language, 2 vols. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press. [Reprinted 1975 by AMS Press, NewYork.]

Grammar:

Reichard, Gladys A. 1951. Navaho Grammar. New York: J. J. Augustin.
Haile, Berard. 1926. A Manual of Navaho Grammar. St. Michaels, Arizona: Franciscan Fathers.

TextBooks: Haile, Berard. 1941-48. Learning Navaho, 4 vols. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press.

Other Sources:

Sapir, Edward and Harry Hoijer. 1967. The Phonology and Morphology of the Navaho Language. UCPL 50.
Kari, James M. 1976. Navajo Verb Prefix Phonology. New York: Garland.
Kari, James M. 1973. "Navajo Language Bibliography," Navajo Reading Study Progress Report, No. 22, The University of New Mexico.

Consonant system:

p t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ ʔ
t^s t^s^h t^sʔ t^l t^l^h t^l^ʔ č č^h č^ʔ
s z š ž x ɣ xʷ h hʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
l ɬ

Stops: p t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ t^l t^l^h t^l^ʔ č č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s z š ž x ɣ xʷ h hʷ

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj (w)

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Diphthongs: ai ao ei eo io oi

Syllable: CV(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo (ris & fall on long vowels)

Noun Number: s d p for some kinship terms

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative:

Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp

Prep/Post: /POST

Number: 4684

Language: Kutenai

Location: W Canada (Alberta)

Population: 400

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Kutenai

Grammar:

Canestrelli, Philippo. 1927. "Grammar of the Kutenai Language," IJAL 4,1-84.
Garvin, Paul L.1948. "Kutenai I-II," IJAL 14, 37-42 & 87-90.

Other Sources:

Boas, Franz. 1927. "Additional Notes on the Kutenai Language," IJAL 4, 85-104.
Garvin, Paul. 1953. "Short Kutenai Texts," IJAL 19, 305-11.
Haugen, Einar. 1956. "Syllabification in Kutenai," IJAL 22, 196-201.
Haas, Mary R. 1965. "Is Kutenai Related to Algonquian," Canadian Journal of Linguistics 10, 77-92.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ
    s x h
m n
    (l) ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ

Fricatives: s x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: (l) ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ē ā ō

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)CV(C)(C)(C)

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s d p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6
3=6

Syntax: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,4)/N-POSS(2,3,5,6) D+A+N

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Number: 4685

Language: Wiyot

Location: NW California

Population: extinct (1962)

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Ritwan

Grammar: Teeter, Karl V. 1964a. The Wiyot Language. UCPL 37.

Other Sources: Teeter, Karl V. 1964b. "Wiyot and Yurok: A Preliminary Study," in SCL, 192-8.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ (ʔ)
    t̪^s t̪^sh č č^h
    s̪ š h
β ɣ
m n̪
    l̪ ɬ̪
    ɾ ɹ̣

Stops: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ (ʔ)

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h č č^h

Fricatives: β s̪ š ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪ ɬ̪

Vibrants: ɾ ɹ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Syllable: (C)(C)CV(C)(C)

Stress: pitch accent (hi, lo)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO/(SOV) NA GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4686

Language: Yurok

Location: NW California

Population: 20 (1958)

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Ritwan

Grammar: GD: Robins, R. H. 1958. The Yurok Language. UCPL 15.

Other Sources:

Teeter, Karl V. 1964b. "Wiyot and Yurok: A Preliminary Study," in SCL, 192-8.
Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
    č č^ʔ
    s (š) (x) h
    ɣ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    ɹ̣

Stops: p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s (š) (x) ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: ɹ̣

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ǝ̄ ā ū ɔ̄

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Diphthongs:

ej ǝj oj uj iǝ eǝ aǝ oǝ uǝ ǝw ew ow
āj āw ōj

Syllable: (C)CV(C)(C)(C)

Noun Number: s (p) [a small number of nouns have a separate pl form]

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3hH *6hHN
[3H=6H]
h=human
H=non-human

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4687

Language: Proto-Algonquian

Location: Montana

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian

Grammar: Goddar, Ives. 1979. "Comparative Algonquian," in LNA, 70-132.

TextBooks: Suarez, Jorge A. 1975. Estudios Huaves. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.

Other Sources:

Goddard, Ives. 1974. "An Outline of the Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina," IJAL 40,102-16.
Kaye, Jonathan. 1978. "Rule Mitosis: The Historical Development of Algonquian Palatalization," in LSNC, 143-56.
CTIL 3,144.

Consonant system:

   p t k (kʷ)
    č
    θ s š h
m n
    l

Stops: p t k (kʷ)

Affricates: č

Fricatives: θ s š h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Number: 4688

Language: Beothuk

Location: E Canada (Newfoundland)

Population: extinct

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian

Other Sources: Hewson, John. 1968. "Beothuk and Algonquian: Evidence Old and New," IJAL 34, 85-93.

Consonant system:

   p t k
    č
    θ s š h
m n

Stops: p t k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: θ s š h

Nasals: m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Number: 4689

Language: Blackfoot

Location: Montana

Population: 5,000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Blackfoot

Grammar:

Uhlenbeck, C. C. 1938. A Concise Blackfoot Grammar. Amsterdam: North-Holland. [Reprinted 1978 by AMS Press, New York]
Frantz, Donald G. 1971. Toward a Generative Grammar of Blackfoot. SIL 34.

Other Sources:

Frantz. Donald G. 1966. "Person Indexing in Blackfoot," IJAL 32, 50-8.
Frantz, Donald G. 1978. "Copying from Complements in Blackfoot," in LSNC, 89-109.

Consonant system:

p t k ʔ
s x
m n

Stops: p t k ʔ

Fricatives: s x

Nasals: m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

    i
    o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: pitch accent

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Number: 4690

Language: Cheyenne

Location: Montana

Population: 3,500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Grammar: Petter, Rodolphe. 1952. Cheyenne Grammar. Newton, Kansas: Mennonite Publication Office.

Other Sources:

Frantz, Donald G. 1972. " Cheyenne Distinctive Features and Phonological Rules" IJAL 38, 6-13.
Davis, Irvine. 1962. "Phonological Function in Cheyenne," IJAL 28, 36-42.

Consonant system:

p t k ʔ
s š x h
β
m n

Stops: p t k ʔ

Fricatives: β s š x h

Nasals: m n

Vowel system:

e o
a

Front Vowels: e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V(h, ʔ) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Number: 4691

Language: Arapaho

Location: Wyoming

Population: 1000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Other Sources:

Salzmann, Zdeněk. 1956-65. "Arapaho I-IV," IJAL 22, 49-56, 151-8, 266-72, 27,151-5; 31, 39-49, 136-51.
Goddard, Ives. 1974. "An Outline of the Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina," IJAL 40,102-16.

Consonant system:

   b t̪ k ʔ
    č
    θ s x h
(m) n̪

Stops: b t̪ k ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: θ s x h

Nasals: (m) n̪

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o

Front Vowels: i e

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Tones: hi lo

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS 3i)

Number: 4692

Language: Arapaho

Dialect: Atsina

Location: Wyoming

Population: 1000 (<10)

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Other Sources:

Salzmann, Zdeněk. 1969. "Salvage Phonology of Gros Ventre (Atsina)," IJAL 35, 307-14.
Goddard, Ives. 1974. "An Outline of The Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina," IJAL 40, 102-16.

Consonant system:

    b t k ʔ
^̌t^sč
    θ s h
    n

Stops: b t k ʔ

Affricates: t^sč

Fricatives: θ s h

Nasals: n

Modified Consonants: c^j b t

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o

Front Vowels: i e

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ū ɔ̄

Number: 4693

Language: Cree

Dialect: Swampy

Location: E Canada (Ontario)

Population: 62,000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Dictionary: Faries, Richard, ed. 1938. A Dictionary of the Cree Language. Toronto: Anglican Church of Canada.

TextBooks:

Ellis, C. Douglas. 1962. Spoken Cree. Toronto: The Anglican Church of Canada.
Wolfart, H. Christoph and Janet F. Carroll. 1973. Meet Cree: A Practical Guide to the Cree Language. Edmonton: Univ of Alberta Press.

Consonant system:

   p ^hp t ^ht k ^hk
    t^s ^ht^s
    s (ṣ̌) h
m n
    (l)

Stops: p ^hp t ^ht k ^hk

Affricates: t^s ^ht^s

Fricatives: s (ṣ̌) h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: (l)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɐ

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: ɐ

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: v̄ ī ē ā ō

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 6
*near/far distinction

Syntax: SOV/SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Number: 4694

Language: Cree

Dialect: Plains

Location: E Canada (Ontario)

Population: 62,000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Other Sources: Todd, Evelyn M. 1972. "Ojibwa Syllabic Writing and Its Implications for a Standard Ojibwa Alphabet," AL 14, 357-60.

Consonant system:

   p ^hp t ^ht k ^hk
    č ^hč
    s
m n

Stops: p ^hp t ^ht k ^hk

Affricates: č ^hč

Fricatives: s

Nasals: m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄

Number: 4695

Language: Cree

Dialect: Moose

Location: E Canada (Ontario)

Population: 62,000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Other Sources: Ellis, C. Douglas. 1971. "Cree Verb Paradigms," IJAL 37, 76-95.

Consonant system:

   p t k
    t^s
    s h
m n
    l

Stops: p t k

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

    i
    o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ō

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Syntax: GN POSS-N

Number: 4696

Language: Ojibwa

Location: E Canada (Ontario)

Population: 45,000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Grammar: GD: Bloomfield, Leonard. 1956. Eastern Ojibwa. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Press.

Other Sources: Fiero, Charles E. 1967. Ojibwa Assimilation. Freeport, PA: Fountain Press.

Consonant system:

    p t k ʔ
    č
    s š
m n

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: s š

Nasals: m n

Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č s š

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

I ʋ
a

Front Vowels: I

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ

Long Vowels: ī ɛ̄ ā ō

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ
v̄̃

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
+ indef

Syntax: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Number: 4697

Language: Potawatomi

Location: Kansas

Population: 1,000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Other Sources: Hockett, Charles F. 1948. "Potawatomi I-III," IJAL 14, 1-10, 63-73, 139-49.

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
    č
    s š (h)
m n

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: s š (h)

Nasals: m n

Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č š s

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i
ɛ ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: o

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3ai 6ai

Syntax: POSS-N/N-POSS

Number: 4698

Language: Menominee

Location: NE Wisconsin

Population: 400

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Grammar: Bloomfield, Leonard. 1962. The Menomini Language. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.

Consonant system:

   p t k ʔ
    č
    s h
m n

Stops: p t k ʔ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: s h

Nasals: m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō

Stress: non-phonemic

Number: 4699

Language: Fox

Location: Wisconsin

Population: 1000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Other Sources:

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1925-27. Notes on the Fox Language," IJAL 3, 219-32; 4,181-219.
Walker, Willard. 1974. "The Winnebago Syllabary and The Generative Model," AL 16, 393-414.

Consonant system:

    p t k
    č
    s š h
m n

Stops: p t k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

    i u
   e
    ɑ

Front Vowels: i e

Back Vowels: u ɑ

Long Vowels: ī ǣ ō ɑ̄

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3ai 6ai

Syntax: SVO AN GN ND NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4700

Language: Fox

Dialect: Kickapoo

Location: S Wisconsin

Population: 1000

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Algic: Algonquian: Algonquian Proper

Grammar: Voorhis, Paul H. 1974. Introduction to the Kickapoo Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

Other Sources: Jones, Linda K. and Ned R. Coleman. 1979. "Towards a Discourse Perspective of Modes and Tenses in Kickapoo Narratives," DSML, 69-95.

Consonant system:

   p t k
    č
(f) θ s h
m n
    (l)
    (ɾ) (ɹ̣)

Stops: p t k

Affricates: č

Fricatives: (f) θ s h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: (l)

Vibrants: (ɾ) (ɹ̣)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

    i
   ɛ o
    a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)V

Stress: antepenult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: anim inan

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3ai *6ai
+ indef

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP/POST