A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 4721

Language: Proto-Chimakuan

Location: Washington

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Chimakuan

Other Sources:

Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1979. "Chimakuan Comparative Studies," in LNA, 792-802.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ
    s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m m^ʔ n n^ʔ
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m m^ʔ n n^ʔ

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

    i
    o
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Stress: phonemic

Number: 4722

Language: Chemakum

Location: W Washington

Population: extinct

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Chimakuan

Other Sources: Swadesh, Morris. 1955. "Chemakum Lexicon Compared with Quileute," IJAL 21, 60-72.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
    l ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Number: 4723

Language: Quileute

Location: Washington

Population: 20

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Chimakuan

Other Sources:

Swadesh, Morris.1955. "Chemakum Lexicon Compared with Quileute," IJAL 21, 60-72.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
    l ɬ
(There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: (There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syntax: VSO

Number: 4724

Language: Proto-Wakashan

Location: SW Canada

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan

Other Sources: Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I : A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ G Gʷ
    t^s t^sʔ t^l t^lʔ d^z d^l
    s x xʷ χ χʷ h
    ɣ ^ʔɣ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q q^ʔ G qʷ q^ʔʷ Gʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^ʔd^l

Fricatives: s x ɣ ^ʔɣ xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Number: 4725

Language: Heiltsuk

Dialect: Bella Bella

Location: W Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Northern

Other Sources:

Kortlandt, F. H. H. 1975. "Tones in Wakashan," Linguistics 146, 31-4.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q q^h q^ʔ qʷ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ t^l t^lh t^lʔ
    s x xʷ χ χʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q q^h q^ʔ qʷ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ t^l t^l^h t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s x xʷ χ χʷ

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Tones: hi low

Syntax: VSO

Number: 4726

Language: Haisla

Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 850

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Northern

Other Sources: Bach, Emmon and Reed Bates. 1971. " Some Notes on Xa'isla," Sacramento Anthropological Society, Paper 11, 1-11.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q q^h q^ʔ qʷ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ t^l t^lh t^lʔ
    s x χ h
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q q^h q^ʔ qʷ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ t^l t^l^h t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s x χ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Number: 4727

Language: Kwakwala

Alternate Name: Kwakiutl

Location: W Canada (SW British Columbia)

Population: 300

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Northern

Dictionary: Grubb, David McC. 1977. A Practical Writing System and Short Dictionary of Kwakw'ala (Kwakiutl). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.

Grammar: Boas, Franz. 1947. Kwakiutl Grammar with a Glossary of the Suffixes. TAPS 37, 200-377.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ G
    t^s t^sʔ t^l t^lʔ
    d^z d^l
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ G ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^ʔd^l

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Modified Consonants: cʷ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ G x χ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: CV(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic

Demonstratives: 3 (+ a visible/invisible distinction for all three)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Number: 4728

Language: Makah

Location: Washington

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Southern

Other Sources: WALS

Consonant system:

Syntax: VSO

Number: 4729

Language: Nitinat

Location: SW Canada (Vancouver Island)

Population: 50

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Southern

Other Sources:

Sapir, Edward. 1924. "The Rival Whalers, A Nitinat Story," IJAL 3, 76-102.
Swadesh, Mary Haas and Morris Swadesh. 1932. "A Visit to the Other World, A Nitinat Text," IJAL 7, 195-208.

Consonant system:

   p t ť^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sʔ t^lt^lʔ č č^ʔ
    s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
    l ɬ
(There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)

Stops: p b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^lt^l^ʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: (There are no nasal stops: m>b n>d)

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
æ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Articles: def

Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Number: 4730

Language: Nootka

Alternate Name: Nuu Chah Nulth

Location: W Canada (Vancouver Is)

Population: 1,800

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Wakashan: Southern

Other Sources:

Swadesh Morris. 1938. "Nootka Internal Syntax," IJAL 9, 77-102.
Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1939. Nootka Texts. Philadelphia: LSA. [Reprinted 1978 by AMS Press, NY]
Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1955. Native Accounts of Nootka Ethnography. IJAL 21:4, Part II.
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1969. "Origin of the Nootka Pharyngeals," IJAL 35, 125-53.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^l t^lʔč č^ʔ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔč č^ʔ

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ ī ǣ ā ū ɔ̄

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Demonstratives: 2

Syntax: VSO AN GN/NG NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4731

Language: Proto-Salish

Location: Washington

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish

Other Sources:

Thompson, Laurence C. "Salishan and the Northewest," in LNA, 692-765.
Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44.
SPG

Consonant system:

   (p) (p^ʔ) t t^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ
    s x χ h
    ʁ ʁ^ʔ ʕ ʕ^ʔ
(m) (m^ʔ) n ^ʔn ŋ
    l ^ʔl ɬ
    (r) (r^ʔ)

Stops: (p) (p^ʔ) t t^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s x χ ʁ ʁ^ʔ ʕ ʕ^ʔ h

Nasals: (m) (m^ʔ) n ^ʔn ŋ

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Vibrants: (r) (r^ʔ)

Modified Consonants: cʷ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ x χ ʁ ʁ^ʔʷ ŋ ŋ^ʔ

Glides: j j^ʔ w w^ʔ

Vowel system:

    i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Number: 4732

Language: Bella Coola

Location: W Canada (SW British Columbia)

Population: 200

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Bella Coola

Other Sources:

Newman, Stanley. 1947. "Bella Coola I: Phonology," IJAL 13, 129-34.
Newman, Stanley. 1969a. "Bella Coola Paradigms," IJAL 35, 299-307.
Newman, Stanley. 1969b. "Bella Coola Grammatical Processes and Form Classes, " IJAL 35, 175-9.
Newman, Stanley. 1971. "Bella Coola Reduplication," IJAL 37, 34-8.
Saunders, Ross and Philip W. Davis. 1975. "The Internal Syntax of Lexical Suffixes in Bella Coola," IJAL 41, 106-13.
Davis, Philip W. and Ross Saunders. 1978. "Bella Coola Syntax," in LSNC, 37-65.
SPG

Consonant system:

    p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ kʷ^ʔ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ
    s x xʷ χ χʷ (h)
m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ kʷ^ʔ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s x xʷ χ χʷ (h)

Nasals: m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ ē ā ō

Diphthongs: diphthonɡs

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3: near/far visible/far invisible

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO AN/NA NG ND N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Speakers over 55 speak Bella Coola well; speakers between 35-55 speak speak Bella Coola broken; speakers under 35 hardly speak Bella Coola at all (1980).

Number: 4733

Language: Comox

Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Other Sources: Davis, John H. 1971. "Notes on Mainland Comox Phonology," Sacramento Anthropological Society, Paper 11, 12-31.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    ɡ
    t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔɡ̌
    θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
    l ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔɡ̌

Fricatives: θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ā ū

Number: 4734

Language: Pentlatch

Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)

Population: extinct

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Consonant system:

Number: 4735

Language: Seshelt

Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Consonant system:

Number: 4736

Language: Squamish

Location: SW Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 50

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Grammar: GD: Kuipers, Aert H. 1967, 1969. The Squamish Language, 2 vols. The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ (k) (k^ʔ) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔt^l t^lʔč č^ʔ
    s̪ š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n̪
    l

Stops: p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ (k) (k^ʔ) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔt^l t^lʔč č^ʔ

Fricatives: s̪ š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Syllable: Nˈ Lˈ

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6) D+Num+N

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Spoken only by older people.

Number: 4737

Language: Nooksack

Location: Washington

Population: 5

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Consonant system:

Number: 4738

Language: Halkomelem

Dialect: Chilliwack

Location: W Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Grammar: Galloway, Brent Douglas. 1977. A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.

Other Sources: Elmendorf, William W. and Wayne Suttles. 1960. "Pattern and Change in Halkomelem Salish Dialects," AL 2:7, 1-32.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ (k) (k^ʔ) k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^θʔ t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ
    θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m (n)
    l ɬ

Stops: p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ (k) (k^ʔ) k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^θʔ t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ

Fricatives: θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m (n)

Laterals: l ɬ

Modified Consonants: v̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
ǝ o
æ a

Front Vowels: i æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Syllable: (s)(C)CV(C)(C)(C)(s)

Tones: hi mid low

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f unspecified

Demonstratives: 3: present visible/near & not visible/remote

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfu 6mfuk
(masc fem u=unspecified k=unspecified by known)

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments:

All speakers are bilingual in English.
In the Chilliwack dialect [n] only occurs in a few Enɡlish words.

Number: 4739

Language: Clallam

Location: NW Washington

Population: 7

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Grammar: Thompson,Laurance C. and M. Terry Thompson. 1971. "Clallam: A Preview," in SAIL, 251-94.

Other Sources: Thompson, Laurance C. and M. Terry Thompson. 1969. "Metathesis as a Grammatical Device," IJAL 35, 213-9.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ (k) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n ŋ
    (l) ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ (k) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: (l) ɬ

Modified Consonants: v̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
ɛ ǝ
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2
3

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3,4)

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: All speakers are old.

Number: 4740

Language: Northern Straits

Dialect: Saanich

Location: NW Washington

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Other Sources: Thompson, Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. "Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish," IJAL 40, 182-96.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ (k) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    (t^θ) t^θʔ t^lʔ č č̌^ʔ
    θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n ŋ
    l ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ (k) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: (t^θ) t^θʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i
e ǝ
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a