A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 4741

Language: Northern Straits

Dialect: Lummi

Location: NW Washington

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Other Sources: Thompson, Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. "Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish," IJAL 40, 182-96.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ (k) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    (t^s) t^sʔ t^lʔ č č̌^ʔ
    s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n ŋ
    l ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ (k) kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: (t^s) t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i
e ǝ o

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: o

Number: 4742

Language: Lushootseed

Alternate Name: Puget Sound Salish

Dialect: Northern

Location: NW Washington

Population: 15

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Dictionary: Hess, Thom. 1976. Dictionary of Puget Salish. Seattle: Univ of Washington.

Other Sources:

Hess, Thomas M. 1966. "Snohomish Chameleon Morphology," IJAL 32, 350-6.
Hess, Thom. 1973. "Agent in a Coast Salish Language," IJAL 39, 89-94.
Hukari, Thomas E. 1976. "Person in a Coast Salish Language," IJAL 42, 305-18.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    d^z ɡ̌
̌ s š x χʷ h
(m) (n)
    l ɬ
m and n are limited to prayer, talkinɡ to children and quotinɡ speech of animals and supernatural beinɡs.

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l^ʔ č č^ʔɡ̌

Fricatives: ̌s š x χʷ h

Nasals: (m) (n) (m and n are limited to prayer, talkinɡ to children and quotinɡ speech of animals and supernatural beinɡs.)

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4743

Language: Lushootseed

Alternate Name: Puget Sound Salish

Dialect: Southern

Location: NW Washington

Population: 15

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Other Sources:

Ransom, Jay Ellis. 1945. "Notes on Duwamish Phonology and Morphology," IJAL 11, 204-10.
Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-60. "A Comparison of Five Salish Languages: I-VI," IJAL 24, 293-300; 25, 8-15, 90-6, 154-67, 239-53; 26, 50-61.
Snyder, Warren A. 1968. Southern Puget Sound Salish. Sacramento Anthropological Society. Paper 8.
SPG

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d (ɡ) ɡʷ
    t^s t^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔ d^z ɡ̌
̌ s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
(m) (n)
    l ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ (ɡ) kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ d^z t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔɡ̌

Fricatives: ̌s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: (m) (n)

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: fem non-fem

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4744

Language: Twana

Location: NW Washington

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central

Other Sources: Drachman, Gaberell. 1969. Twana Phonology. Working Papers in Linguistics, Nol 5. Columbus: Ohio State Univ.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d (ɡ) (ɡʷ)
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    (d^z) (ɡ̌)
    s š (x) xʷ χ χʷ h
(m) (n)
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ (ɡ) kʷ k^ʔʷ (ɡʷ) q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ (d^z) t^l^ʔ č č^ʔ (ɡ̌)

Fricatives: s š (x) xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: (m) (n)

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

e o
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: e ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: o ɔ

Stress: phonemic

Number: 4745

Language: Tillamook

Location: NW Oregon

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Tillamook

Dictionary:

Frachtenberg, Leo J. 1917. "A Siletz Vocabulary," IJAL 1, 45-6.

Grammar:

Edel, May M. 1939a. The Tillamook Language. New York: J. J. Augustin.
Edel, May M. 1939b. "The Tillamook Language," IJAL 10, 1-57.

Other Sources:

Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-60. "A Comparison of Five Salish Languages: I-VI," IJAL 24, 293-300; 25, 8-15, 90-6, 154-67, 239-53; 26, 50-61.
Thompson, Laurence C.and M. Terry Thompson. 1966. "A Fresh Look at Tillamook Phonology," IJAL 32, 313-9.
SPG

Consonant system:

   (p) t t^h ť^ʔ k k^h ǩ^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ ǩ^ʔʷ q q^h q̌^ʔ qʷ q^hʷ q̌^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ t^lt^lʔ č^h č^ʔ
    s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
(m) n
    l ɬ

Stops: (p) t t^h ť^ʔ k k^h ǩ^ʔ kʷ k^hʷ ǩ^ʔʷ q q^h q̌^ʔ qʷ q^hʷ q̌^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ t^lt^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: (m) n

Laterals: l ɬ

Modified Consonants:

c̄
c^h analyzed as clusters by some scholars.

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i
ǝ
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i æ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ɑ

Noun Number:

s p

Gender:

fem non-fem

Demonstratives: 4: present/absent visible/distant/absent invisible

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4746

Language: Upper Chehalis

Location: Washington

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Tsamosan

Grammar:

Kinkade, M. Dale. 1963-64. "Phonology and Morphology of Upper Chehalis: I-IV," IJAL 29,181-95, 345-56; 30, 32-61, 251-60.

Other Sources:

Boas, Franz. 1935. "A Chehalis Text," IJAL 8,103-10.
Kinkade, M. Dale. 1966. "Vowel Alternation in Upper Chehalis," IJAL 32, 343-9.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m n
    l ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

e ǝ o
æ a

Front Vowels: e æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: o

Long Vowels: ǣ ā ɔ̄

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: fem non-fem

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4747

Language: Cowlitz

Location: Washington

Population: 2

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Tsamosan

Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale. 1973. "The Alveopalatal Shift in Cowlitz Salish," IJAL 39, 224-31.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ č č^ʔ
    s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
m m^ʔ n n^ʔ
    l l^ʔ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m m^ʔ n n^ʔ

Laterals: l l^ʔ

Glides: j j^ʔ w w^ʔ

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ǣ ā ɔ̄

Stress: phonemic

Number: 4748

Language: Quinault

Location: Washington

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Tsamosan

Consonant system:

Number: 4749

Language: Lower Chehalis

Location: Washington

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Tsamosan

Consonant system:

Number: 4750

Language: Lillooet

Location: W Canada (British Columbia)

Population: 1,500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Northern

Other Sources:

Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ
    s x xʷ χ χʷ h
    z z^ʔ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s z z^ʔ x xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Syntax: VSO

Number: 4751

Language: Thompson

Location: SW Canada (S British Columbia)

Population: 1,500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Northern

Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔ
    s x xʷ χ χʷ h
    z z^ʔ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s z z^ʔ x xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Number: 4752

Language: Shuswap

Location: SW Canada (S British Columbia)

Population: 1,500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Northern

Grammar: GD: Kuipers, Aert H. 1974. The Shuswap Language. The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t̪^lʔč č^ʔ
    š x xʷ χ χʷ h
    ɣ ^ʔɣ ʕ (ʕ^ʔ) ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪
    l̪ ^ʔl̪ ɬ̪

Stops: p p^ʔ t̪ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^l^ʔč č^ʔ

Fricatives: š x ɣ ^ʔɣ xʷ χ χʷ ʕ (ʕ^ʔ) ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪

Laterals: l̪ ^ʔl̪ ɬ̪

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic

Demonstratives: 3 + that invisible

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)N-POSS(3-5)

Prep/Post: PREP

Comments: Young people no longer speak Shuswap, only English.

Number: 4753

Language: Columbian

Location: Washington

Population: 85

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern

Other Sources:

Kinkade, M. Dale. 1967.. "Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish," IJAL 33, 228-34.
Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^{s ʔ} t^lʔs x xʷ χ χʷ ħ (ħʷ) h
ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ
    r ^ʔr

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔ

Fricatives: s x xʷ χ χʷ ħ (ħʷ) ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Vibrants: r ^ʔr

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

   i u
    ǝ
    a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u

Number: 4754

Language: Okanagan

Location: SW Canada (S British Columbia)

Population: 1,500

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern

Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^lʔč č^ʔ
    š x xʷ χ χʷ h
    ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ
    r ^ʔr

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^l^ʔč č^ʔ

Fricatives: š x xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Vibrants: r ^ʔr

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

e o
a

Front Vowels: e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Noun Number: s p

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Number: 4755

Language: Kalispel

Dialect: Spokane

Location: E Washington

Population: 900

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern

Grammar: Carlson, Barry F. 1972. " A Grammar of Spokane," Univ of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 4.

Other Sources: Carlson, Barry F. 1976. "The N Shift in Spokane Salish," IJAL 42, 133-9.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔč č^ʔ
    s š xʷ χ χʷ h
    ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ
    r ^ʔr

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔč č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Vibrants: r ^ʔr

Glides: j w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
e (ǝ) o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u o

Syntax: VSO

Number: 4756

Language: Kalispel

Location: W Montana

Population: 900

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern

Dictionary: Giorda, Joseph. 1879. A Dictionary of the Kalispel or Flathead Indian Language, 2 vols. Montana: St. Ignatius Mission.

Grammar: Vogt, Hans. 1940. The Kalispel Language. Oslo: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi.

Other Sources: Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ t^lʔč č^ʔ
    s š xʷ χ χʷ h
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ t^l^ʔč č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ǝ

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6) D+NUM+N

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4757

Language: Coeur d'Alene

Location: N Idaho

Population: 50

Classification: Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Interior: Southern

Other Sources:

Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-60. " A Comparison of Five Salish Languages: I-VI, " IJAL 24, 293-300; 25, 8-15, 90-6,154-67, 239-53; 26, 50-61.
Kinkade, M. Dale and Clarence Sloat. 1972. "Proto-Eastern Interior Salish Vowels," IJAL 38, 26-48.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
(b) d ɡʷ
    t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
    s š xʷ χ χʷ h
    ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl ɬ
    r ^ʔr

Stops: p p^ʔ (b) t t^ʔ d kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q q^ʔ qʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: s š xʷ χ χʷ ʕ ʕ^ʔ ʕʷ ʕ^ʔʷ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl ɬ

Vibrants: r ^ʔr

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
ɛ ǝ (ɔ)
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: (ǝ) a

Back Vowels: u (ɔ)

Demonstratives: 4 (+ remote general)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6)

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 4758

Language: Eastern Keres

Dialect: Santa Ana

Location: NC New Mexico

Population: 4,600 (230)

Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Keresan

Grammar: GD: Davis, Irvine. 1964. "The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo," BAEB 191, 53-190.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ ṭ^s ṭ^sh ṭ^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ
    s s^ʔ ṣ ṣ^ʔ š š^ʔh
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    ɾ ^ʔɾ

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ṭ^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s s^ʔ ṣ ṣ^ʔ š š^ʔh

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Vibrants: ɾ ^ʔɾ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̥ all

Syllable: (s)(C)V(ʔ)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV/SVO AN GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

Noun Incorporation: pronoun incorp

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4759

Language: Western Keres

Dialect: Acoma

Location: New Mexico

Population: 3,400 (1,700)

Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Keresan

Grammar: Miller, Wick R. 1965. Acoma Grammar and Texts. UCPL 40.

Other Sources:

Boas, Franz. 1923. "A Keresan Text," IJAL 2, 171-80.
Spencer, Robert F. 1946. "The Phonemes of Keresan," IJAL 12, 229-36.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ c c^h c^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
    t̪^s t̪^sh t̪^sʔ ṭ^s ṭ^sh ṭ^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ
    s̪ s̪^ʔ ṣ ṣ^ʔ š š^ʔh
m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪
    ɾ ^ʔɾ

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ c c^h c^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ṭ^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s̪ s̪^ʔ ṣ ṣ^ʔ š š^ʔh

Nasals: m ^ʔm n̪ ^ʔn̪

Vibrants: ɾ ^ʔɾ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: (C)CV

Tones:

hi fall glott

Noun Number: s p (pl optional)

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: that-far is often used as a definite article

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4760

Language: Yuchi

Location: Georgia

Population: 35

Classification: Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Yuchi

Other Sources:

Wolff, Hans. 1948. "Yuchi Phonemes and Morphemes with Special Reference to Person Markers," IJAL 14, 240-3.
Crawford, James M. 1973. "Yuchi Phonology, " IJAL 39, 173-9.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sh t̪^sʔč č^ʔ č^h
    d̪^z ɡ̌
ɸ ɸ^ʔ s̪ s̪^ʔ š š^ʔ
    n̪ ^ʔn̪
    l̪ ^ʔl̪ ɬ̪ ɬ̪^ʔ

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^h t^ʔ d k k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sh t̪^sʔd̪^zč č^ʔ č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: ɸ ɸ^ʔ s̪ s̪^ʔ š š^ʔ

Nasals: n̪ ^ʔn̪

Laterals: l̪ ^ʔl̪ ɬ̪ ɬ̪^ʔ

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i u
e o
æ a (ɒ)

Front Vowels: i e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o (ɒ)

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɒ̄

Nasal Vowels: (Ĩ) ɛ̃ (æ̃) (ʋ̃) ɔ̃ (ɒ̃)

Syllable: (C)CV

Demonstratives: 2

Syntax: SOV

Prep/Post: PREP/POST

Comments: All speakers are old.