Wolff, Hans. 1950. "Comparative Siouan I-III," IJAL 16, 61-6,113-21,168-78. Matthews, G. H. 1970. "Some Notes on the Proto-Siouan Continuants," IJAL 36, 98-109.
Dictionary:Lowie, Robert H. 1960a. Crow Word Lists. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Other Sources:
Kaschube, Dorothea. 1954. "Examples of Tone in Crow," IJAL 20, 34-6. Lowie, Robert H.1960b. Crow Texts. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. 1972. "Pitch Accent in Crow," IJAL 38, 191-200. CS
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Grammar:Levin, Norman Balfour. 1964. The Assiniboine Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources:
Lowie, Robert H. 1960. "A Few Assiniboine Texts," AL 2:8,1-31. Hollow, Robert C. Jr. 1970. "A Note on Assiniboine Phonology," IJAL 36, 296-8.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ b d̪ ɡ čh čʔ ɡ̌ s sʔ š šʔ x xʔ h z ž ɣ m n̪
Stops:ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates:čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:s sʔ z š šʔ ž x xʔ ɣ h
Nasals:m n̪
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Nasal Vowels:ĩ ã ũ
Stress:on second syllable
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N N+NUM+A
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4768
Language:Dakota
Alternate Name:Lakhota
Dialect:Teton
Location:South Dakota
Population:12,000
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Dictionary:
Buechel, Eugene. 1970. A Dictionary of the Teton Dakota Sioux Language. Pine Ridge, South Dakota: Red Cloud Indian School.
Grammar:Buechel, Eugene. 1939. A Grammar of Lakota. St. Francis, South Dakota.
Other Sources:
Boas, Franz and Ella Deloria. 1932. "Notes on the Dakota, Teton Dialect, "IJAL 7, 97-121. Stark, Donald S. 1962. "Boundary Markers in Dakota," IJAL 28, 19-35. Chambers, J. K. 1978. "Dakota Accent," in LSNC, 3-18.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b d ɡ čh čʔ ɡ̌ s sʔ š šʔ x χ χʔ h z ž ɣ m n l
Stops:ph pʔ b th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ
Affricates:čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:s sʔ z š šʔ ž x ɣ χ χʔ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ ɛ o a
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ o
Nasal Vowels:Ĩ ã ʋ̃
Syllable:(C)(C)V(C)
Stress:on second syllable
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4di 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV NA GN/NG DN N-NUM N-POSS/POSS-N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4769
Language:Dakota
Dialect:Santee
Location:C Canada (S Manitoba)
Population:12,000
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Other Sources:CS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ b d č s š x h z ž ɣ m n
Stops:p b t d k ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:s z š ž x ɣ h
Nasals:m n
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Nasal Vowels:ĩ ã ũ
Stress:phonemic
Number:4770
Language:Omaha
Alternate Name:Dhegiha
Location:Nebraska
Population:2,000
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Other Sources:
CS WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ b d ɡ č θ s š x h z ž m n
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:θ s z š ž x h
Nasals:m n
Glides:w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Nasal Vowels:ı̃ ã
Stress:phonemic
Syntax:SOV
Number:4771
Language:Osage
Alternate Name:Dhegiha
Location:Missouri
Population:2,000
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Other Sources:
Wolff,Hans. 1952. "Osage I :phonemes and Historical Phonology," IJAL 18, 63-8. Wolff, Hans. 1958. "An Osage Graphemic Experiment," IJAL 24, 30-5. CS WALS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ ts s š x h ð z ž m n l br
Stops:p t k ʔ
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:ð s z š ž x h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:br
Modified Consonants:
? cʔ p k č CS includes b d ɡ θ.
Glides:w
Vowel system:
i u ɛ o ɑ
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Back Vowels:u o ɑ
Nasal Vowels:ĩ ã õ
Syllable:(C)(C)V
Stress:phonemic
Syntax:SOV
Number:4772
Language:Quapaw
Location:E Arkansas
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Consonant system:
Number:4773
Language:Kansa
Location:Oklahoma
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Consonant system:
Number:4774
Language:Chiwere
Location:Missouri
Population:300
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Grammar:Whiteman, William. 1947. "Descriptive Grammar of Ioway-Oto," IJAL 13, 233-48.
Other Sources:CS
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ θ s x h ð m n ŋ ľ
Stops:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:θ ð s x h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:ľ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Nasal Vowels:ĩ ǝ̃ ũ
Syllable:(C)(C)V(C)
Stress:phonemic
Number:4775
Language:Winnebago
Location:Wisconsin
Population:1,500
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Siouan-Yuchi: Siouan: Mississippi Valley
Sebeok, Thomas A. 1947. "Two Winnebago Texts," IJAL 13, 167-70. Walker, Willard. 1974. "The Winnebago Syllabary and the Generative Model," AL 16, 393-414. CS WPF
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th kh kʔ ʔ b d ɡ čh čʔ ɡ̌ s sʔ š šʔ x xʔ h z ž ɣ m n ɾ
Stops:ph pʔ b th d kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates:čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:s sʔ z š šʔ ž x xʔ ɣ h
Nasals:m n
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:(v̄)
Nasal Vowels:ĩ ã ũ
Syllable:(C)(C)V(C)
Demonstratives:3
Articles:def,indef
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie 2 5 3 6 These are verbal affixes: "No really independent personal pronouns are found."