Chafe, Wallace L. 1976. The Caddoan, Iroquoian, and Siouan Languages. The Hague: Mouton. Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ts tsʔ č čʔ s š h m n ŋ
Stops:p b t tʔ d k kʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ a
Front Vowels:I
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Diphthongs:aj aw
Tones:hi lo falling
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Ergative:erg ["The language is at least in part of the ergative type." Chafe, p. 65.
Grammar:Rood, David S. 1976. Wichita Grammar. New York: Garland.
Other Sources:
Garvin. Paul L. 1950. "Wichita I: Phonemics," IJAL 16, 179-84. Rood, David S. 1975. "The Implications of Wichita Phonology," Lg 51, 315-37.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ ʔ ts s h (n) ɾ (n is an allophone of /ɾ/.)
Stops:t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:(n) (n is an allophone of ǀɾǀ.)
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:
(n) is an allophone of /ɾ/ c̄ s ts n
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u ɛ a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄
Nasal Vowels:v̄̃
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)
Tones:hi lo
Stress:phonemic
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 There are no free pronouns; the pronominal system reflected here is found in verb inflection.
Syntax:SOV/OVS NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N (Rood claims OVS is most common, but this may be the order for sentences with pronominal S and O; SOV is "less common" though perhaps basic for nominal S ad O. Cf. sentences 55, 65, p. 267.
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:"The language has neither prepositions nor postpositions." Rood, p. ?.
Grammar:Parks, Douglas R. 1976. A Grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
Other Sources:
Weltfish, Gene. 1936. "The Vision Story of Fox-Boy, a South Band Pawnee Text," IJAL 9, 44-75. Taylor, Allan R. 1963. "Comparative Caddoan," IJAL 29, 113-31.
Consonant system:
p t k (ʔ) ts s h ɾ ("Pawnee . . . has no nasal consonants . . . neither phonetically nor phonemically." Parks, p. 19.
Stops:p t k (ʔ)
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:(Pawnee . . . has no nasal consonants . . . neither phonetically nor phonemically.ı Parks, p. 19.
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:w
Vowel system:
I ʋ ɛ ɐ
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:ɐ
Back Vowels:ʋ
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:initial in nouns
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3: this/that (not now)/that yonder + this now
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3* 6d 6 These pronouns are prefixes on the verb and 3 is usually realized as zero.
Syntax:SOV NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:erg
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:POST
Comments:"Pawnee is not a spoken language today. It is occasionally used by a few older people, but in most situations English is always used." Parks, p. 2.
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Consonant system:
Number:4790
Language:Mohawk
Location:N New York
Population:1,500
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Dictionary:
Bonvillain, Nancy and Beatrice Francis. 1972. Mohawk and English Dictionary. Albany: New York States Education Dept. Michelson, Gunther. 1973. A Thousand Words of Mohawk. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
Grammar:Bonvillain Nancy. 1973. A Grammar of Akwesasne Mohawk. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ ɡ̌ f s š h n ɾ
Stops:t k ʔ
Affricates:ɡ̌
Fricatives:f s š h
Nasals:n
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i ɛ o a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:o
Long Vowels:ī ɛ̄ ā
Nasal Vowels:
ǝ̃ ũ ǝ̃̄ ũ̄
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Tones:falling
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s d p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6dmf 6mf 3f has two forms: (1) fem & neuter, (2) fem & indef These are verbal prefixes.
Syntax:NA NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4791
Language:Oneida
Location:Wisconsin
Population:1,500
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Other Sources:Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1953. Oneida Verb Morphology. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ ɡ̌ s h n l
Stops:t k ʔ
Affricates:ɡ̌
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:n
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ǝ̃ ũ ǝ̃̄ ũ̄
Number:4792
Language:Onondaga
Location:New York
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Other Sources:Woodbury, Hanni. 1975. "Onondaga Noun Incorporation: Some Notes on the Interdependence of Syntax and Semantics," IJAL 41,10-20.
Consonant system:
t k ʔ s h n
Stops:t k ʔ
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:n
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ũ ɛ̃̄ ũ̄
Syntax:SVO/(SOV[with incorporation]) NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Number:4793
Language:Seneca
Location:W New York
Population:4,000
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Dictionary:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1967. Seneca Morphology and Dictionary. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Press.
Grammar:
Chafe, Wallace L. 1963. Handbook of the Seneca Language. Albany: New York Education Dept. Preston, W. D. and C. F. Voegelin. 1949. "Seneca I," IJAL 15, 23-44. Holmer, Nils M. 1952-53. "Seneca II-III," IJAL 18, 217-22; 19, 281-9.
Other Sources:
Chafe,Wallace L. 1959. "Internal Reconstruction in Seneca," Lg 35, 477-95. Chafe, Wallace L. 1960-61. "Seneca Morphology I-VIII," IJAL 26, 11-22, 123-9, 224-33, 283-9; 27, 42-5, 114-8, 223-5, 320-8.
Consonant system:
(b) t k ʔ dz s h (m) n
Stops:(b) t k ʔ
Affricates:dz
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:(m) n
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i e o æ a
Front Vowels:i e æ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:
ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃̄ ɔ̃̄
Noun Number:s d p
Gender:m f n
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mfn 6dmM 6mM
Syntax:SOV NA NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4794
Language:Cayuga
Location:W New York
Classification:Amerind: Keresiouan: Iroquoian: Northern: Five Nations
Dictionary:Alexander, J. T. 1971. A Dictionary of the Cherokee Indian Language.
Other Sources:
Bender, Ernest and Zellig S. Harris. 1946. "The Phonemes of North Carolina Cherokee," IJAL 12, 14-21. Bender, Ernest. 1949. "Cherokee II," IJAL 15, 223-8. Krueger,John R. 1963. "Two Early Grammars of Cherokee," AL 5:3, 1-57.
Consonant system:
t k kʷ d ɡ ts tl dl s h (m) n l
Stops:t d k ɡ kʷ
Affricates:ts tl dl
Fricatives:s h
Nasals:(m) n
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ɔ a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Nasal Vowels:ǝ̃
Diphthongs:ai au iu
Syllable:(C)V
Noun Number:s p
Gender:anim inan
Syntax:SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation:pronoun incorp
Number:4798
Language:Tsimshian
Alternate Name:Gitksan, Gitxsan
Location:W Canada (N British Columbia)
Population:3,000
Classification:Amerind: Penutian: Canadian
Grammar:Schulenburg, A. C. Graf von der. 1894. Die Sprache der Zimshı̄an-Indianer. Braunschweig: Richard Sattler. [Reprinted 1972 by Martin Sändig, Wiesbaden]
Other Sources:
Rigsby, Bruce. 1975. "Nass-Gitksan: An Analytic Ergative Syntax," IJAL 41, 346-54. Hoard, James E. 1978. "Obstruent Voicing in Gitksan: Some Implications for Distinctive Feature Theory," LSNC, 111-9. WPF
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ ʔ b d ɡ ɡʷ G ts tsʔ tlʔ s x xʷ χ h m ʔm n ʔn l ʔl ɬ
Stops:p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ q qʔ G ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives:s x xʷ χ h
Nasals:m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals:l ʔl ɬ
Glides:j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ō
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:VSO NA NG DN N-POSS
Ergative:erg
Number:4799
Language:Lower Chinook
Location:SW Washington
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Penutian: Washington
Other Sources:
WALS E WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mfn 6d 6
Syntax:VOS [According to E this language is SVO/VSO.]
Ergative:Erg
Number:4800
Language:Upper Chinook
Location:SW Washington
Population:20
Classification:Amerind: Penutian: Washington
Other Sources:Jacobs, Melville. 1958-59. Clackamas Chinook Texts, 2 vols. IJAL 24:2, Part II; 25:2, Part II.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ s š x xʷ χ χʷ m n l ɬ
