Grammar:Silver, Shirley Kling. 1966. The Shasta Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Other Sources:
Silver, Shirley. 1964. "Shasta and Karok: A Binary Comparison," in SCL, 170-81. Silver, Shirley. 1980. "Shasta and Konomihu," in American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies," ed. by Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon and Shirley Silver, The Hague, Mouton, 245-63.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ ts tsʔ č čʔ s x h m n r
Stops:p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:s x h
Nasals:m n
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:c̄ all but r j w
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u ɛ a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:C(C)(w)V(G)(C)
Tones:hi-lev lo-lev
Stress:non-phonemic
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4902
Language:Chimariko
Location:N California
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern
Other Sources:Crawford, James M. 1976. "A Comparison of Chimariko and Yuman," in HS, 177-91.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t (th) tʔ ṭ (ṭh) ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ tsʔ č čh čʔ s š x χ h m n l
Stops:p phpʔ t (th) tʔ ṭ (ṭh) ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Olmsted, D. L. 1958. "Atsugewi Phonology," IJAL 24, 215-20. Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35. WPF
Consonant system:
p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ (tθ) ts č čʔ ɡ̌ s sʔ š x h z m ʔm n ŋ l ɾ
Stops:p t tʔ k kʔ q ʔ
Affricates:(tθ) ts č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:s sʔ z š x h
Nasals:m ʔm n ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:c̄ p m n s l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ǝ o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Number:4905
Language:Yana
Location:NC California
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan
Dictionary:Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1960. Yana Dictionary. UCPL 22.
Other Sources:
Haas, Mary R. 1964. "California Hokan," in SCL, 73-87. Nevin, Bruce E. 1976. "Transformational Analysis of Some Grammatical Morphemes in Yana," in HS, 237-50.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ s x h m n l r
Stops:p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsh tsʔ
Fricatives:s x h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Diphthongs:ai au ui
Syllable:CV(C)(C)(C)
Stress:on first heavy syllable; if no heavy syllables, initial
Noun Number:s (p) (pl optional for many animate nouns, particularly kinship terms)
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3
Syntax:NUM-N N-POSS
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Number:4906
Language:Yahi
Location:N California
Population:extinct (1916)
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan
Other Sources:Kroeber, Theodora. 1961. Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Consonant system:
Number:4907
Language:Southeastern Pomo
Location:N California
Population:10
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo
Grammar:Moshinsky, Julius. 1974. A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo. UCPL 72.
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
(p) pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d ts tsʔ f s š x χ h m n l (ɾ)
Stops:(p) pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d ṭ ṭʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ
Fricatives:f s š x χ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:(ɾ)
Modified Consonants:c̄ t s
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Noun Number:s (p) (pl for animate nouns only)
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6 3m, 3f and 6 have displaced and non-displaced forms.
Syntax:SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4908
Language:Eastern Pomo
Location:N California
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo
Grammar:McLendon, Sally. 1975. A Grammar of Eastern Pomo. UCPL 74.
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ b d ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ s š x h m m̥ n n̥ l l̥ r
Stops:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives:s š x h
Nasals:m m̥ n n̥
Laterals:l l̥
Vibrants:r
Glides:j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ō
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:CV(C)(C)
Stress:phonemic (often second)
Noun Number:s (p) (pl for personal nouns only)
Demonstratives:2 + ref (+ that particular, that specific)
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mfc 6mfc 6m=6f + indef
Syntax:SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Comments:There are no young speakers.
Number:4909
Language:Northeastern Pomo
Location:N California
Population:1
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
Consonant system:
(p) t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ b d č čh čʔ f s š h m n l r
Stops:(p) b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates:č čh čʔ
Fricatives:f s š h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf
Number:4910
Language:Northern Pomo
Location:N California
Population:40
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ b d ts tsʔ č čʔ s š h m n l
Stops:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3
Number:4911
Language:Southern Pomo
Location:N California
Population:40
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
Consonant system:
ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh ǩʔ ʔ b d ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ s š h m n ŋ l
Stops:ph p̌ʔ b t th ťʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭ̌ʔ k kh ǩʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:l
Modified Consonants:c̄
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:penult
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf
Number:4912
Language:Central Pomo
Location:N California
Population:40
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ b d ts tsh tsʔ s sʔ h m n l
Stops:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsh tsʔ
Fricatives:s sʔ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:phonemic
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf
Number:4913
Language:Kashaya
Alternate Name:Southwestern Pomo
Location:N California
Population:50
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River
Other Sources:
Oswalt, Robert L. 1964a. Kashaya Texts. UCPL 36. Oswalt, Robert L. 1964b. "A Comparative Study of Two Pomo Languages," in SCL,149-62. McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ b d tsʔ č čh čʔ f s š h m n l (r)
Stops:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d ṭ ṭh ṭʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates:tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives:f s š h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:(r)
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Tones:hi low
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3mf
Number:4914
Language:Washo
Location:NE California
Population:100
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Washo
Grammar:Jacobsen, William Horton, Jr. 1964. A Grammar of the Washo Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Other Sources:
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1958. "Washo and Karok: An Approach to Comparative Hokan," IJAL 24, 195-212. Lowie, Robert H. 1963. "Washo Texts, " AL 5:7, 1-30.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ tsʔ dz s š h m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥ l l̥
Stops:p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates:tsʔ dz
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥
Laterals:l l̥
Glides:j j̥ w w̥
Vowel system:
I ɨ ʋ ɛ o a
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:ɨ a
Back Vowels:ʋ o
Long Vowels:ī ǣ ɨ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Syllable:(ʔ)CV(C)
Stress:phonemic
Noun Number:s (p) (pl optional)
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4915
Language:Salinan
Location:C California
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
Other Sources:
WALS WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO
Number:4916
Language:Chumash
Dialect:Barbareño
Location:WC California
Population:extinct (1965)
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
Other Sources:
Beeler, M. S. 1970. "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash," IJAL 36, 14-7. Beeler, M. S. 1976. "Barbareño Chumash Grammar: A Farrago," in HS, 251-69. WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ s sh sʔ š šh x xʔ h m ʔm n ʔn l ʔl
Stops:p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsh tsʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives:s sh sʔ š šh x xʔ h
Nasals:m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals:l ʔl
Glides:j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ɨ a
Back Vowels:u o
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Stress:penult
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:SVO(Island dialect)/VOS(Northern & Central dialects) NG DN POSS-N
Number:4917
Language:Esselen
Location:C California
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Number:4918
Language:Seri
Location:NW Mexico (Sonora)
Population:few
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Seri
Dictionary:Moser, Edward and Mary B. de Moser. 1961. Vocabulario Seri. Mexico: SIL.
Other Sources:
Moser, Edward W. and Mary B. Moser. 1965. "Consonant Vowel Balance in Seri (Hokan) Syllables," Linguistics 16, 50-67. Turner, Paul R. 1967. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9. Moser, Edward and Mary Moser. 1976. "Seri Noun Pluralization Classes," in HS, 285-96. Moser, Mary B. 1978. "Switch-Reference in Seri," IJAL 44, 113-20. WPF
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ ɸ s š x xʷ h m n̪ ŋ l ɬ ɾ
Stops:p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Fricatives:ɸ s š x xʷ h
Nasals:m n̪ ŋ
Laterals:l ɬ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w̥
Vowel system:
i ɛ o a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:o
Nasal Vowels:ṽ all
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) (not all combinations occur)
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton. Mixco, M. 1976. "Historical Implications of Some Kiliwa Phonological Rules," in HS, 149-58. Mixco, Mauricio J. 1977. "The Innovation of /h,hw/ in Kiliwa," IJAL 43,167-75. WALS
Consonant system:
p ph t th k kh kʷ khʷ q qh ʔ č čh s x xʷ h hʷ ɣ m n ñ l