Other Sources:Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ č s š x xʷ m n ñ l ɬ ʎ ɾ
Stops:p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:s š x xʷ
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ɬ ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:stem final
Syntax:SOV
Number:4923
Language:Mohave
Location:NW Arizona
Population:2,800
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
Other Sources:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonatism. The Hague: Mouton. Munro, Pamela. 1976. Mojave Syntax. New York:Garland.
Consonant system:
p t (ṭ) k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č θ s (š) h hʷ v ð m n (ṇ) ñ l ʎ r
Stops:p t (ṭ) k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:v θ ð s (š) h hʷ
Nasals:m n (ṇ) ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ e ǝ o ɐ
Front Vowels:I e
Central Vowels:ǝ ɐ
Back Vowels:ʋ o
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ō
Tones:hi mid lo ris fall
Stress:stem final
Demonstratives:2
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Comments:"I have not heard anyone under forty converse fluently in the language, although many young Mojaves can understand their elders' speech." Munro, x.
Number:4924
Language:Yuma1
Location:SE California
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Number:4925
Language:Maricopa
Location:SW Arizona
Population:2,800
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: River
Other Sources:
Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton. Sunn, Nick and Henny O. Harwell. 1976. "An Account of Maricopa Origins," NATS 1:3, 26-30. WPF
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č s š x xʷ β ð m n ñ l ʎ r
Stops:p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:β ð s š x xʷ
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Stress:stem final
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV NA ND N-NUM
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4926
Language:Paipai
Location:NW Mexico (N Baja California)
Population:150
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources:Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č s ṣ x xʷ χ β m n ñ l (ɬ) ʎ r
Stops:p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:β s ṣ x xʷ χ
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l (ɬ) ʎ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Number:4927
Language:Walapai
Alternate Name:Hualapai
Location:NW Arizona
Population:1,500
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources:
Redden, James E. 1966. "Walapai I: Phonology," IJAL 32, 1-16. Winter, Werner. 1966. "Yuman Languages II: Wolf's Son - A Walapai Text," IJAL 32, 17-40.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k q ʔ č θ s̪ h v m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ ɾ̣
Stops:p t̪ k q ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:v θ s̪ h
Nasals:m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l̪
Vibrants:ɾ̣
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ǝ o
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)(C)(G)V(C)(C)(C)
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:4: this close/this/that/that further away
Articles:4: the particular, that indefinite, that other indefinite, the former-non-present, no longer existing.
Syntax:SOV NA ND N-POSS/POSS-N
Comments:All Walapai are bilingual in English.
Number:4928
Language:Havasupai
Location:N Arizona
Population:1,500
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Pai
Other Sources:
Shaterian, A. V. 1976. "Yavapai [+ sonorant] Segments," in HS, 87-93. Kendall, Martha B. 1976. Selected Problems in Yavapai Syntax. New York: Garland.
Consonant system:
p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ č θ s (š) h hʷ v m n ñ l ṛ
Stops:p t k kj kʷ q qʷ ʔ
Affricates:č
Fricatives:v θ s (š) h hʷ
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ṛ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:ṽ a
Stress:root final
Noun Number:s (p)
Demonstratives:8: this one nearby /this one/that one specific/that one/that one there (visible)/that one (distant)/that one (invisible or non-existent)/that other one
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Comments:"Young Yavapais are almost entirely monolingual in English." Kendall, p. xii.
Number:4930
Language:Waicuri
Location:NW Mexico (S Baja California)
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
Consonant system:
Number:4931
Language:Maratino
Location:EC Mexico
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
Consonant system:
Number:4932
Language:Quinigua
Location:EC Mexico
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Waicuri-Quinigua
Consonant system:
Number:4933
Language:Tonkawa
Location:C Texas
Population:5
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Dictionary:Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An Analytical Dictionary of the Tonkawa Language. UCPL 5.
Grammar:Hoijer, Harry. 1946. "Tonkawa," in LSNA, 289-311.
Other Sources:
Haas, Mary R. 1959. "Tonkawa and Algonquian," AL 1:2, 1-6. Hoijer, Harry. 1972. Tonkawa Texts. UCPL 73.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ t̪s s̪ x xʷ h m n̪ l̪
Stops:p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
Affricates:t̪s
Fricatives:s̪ x xʷ h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l̪
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
I u ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɔ
Long Vowels:ī ē ā ū ō
Syllable:(C)CV(C)(C)
Stress:non-phonemic
Demonstratives:3 + ref
Syntax:SOV NA GN ND
Number:4934
Language:Karankawa
Location:SE Texas
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Consonant system:
Number:4935
Language:Coahuiltec
Location:NE Mexico (Coahuila)
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Other Sources:
Troike, Rudolph C. 1963. "A Contribution to Coahuilteco," IJAL 29, 295-9. Kaufman, Terrence. 1976. "Areal Linguistics and Middle America," in NLA 2, 63-87. WALS
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ ts č s š x xʷ m n l
Stops:p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts č
Fricatives:s š x xʷ
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Modified Consonants:Troike adds tsʔ čʔʔl ʔ h o
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syntax:SOV
Number:4936
Language:Cotoname
Location:EC Mexico
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Consonant system:
Number:4937
Language:Comecrudo
Location:EC Mexico
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Coahuiltecan
Other Sources:CTIL 11, 468
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ts s h hʷ m n l
Stops:p t k kʷ
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:s h hʷ
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Modified Consonants:cʔ ?
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄
Stress:phonemic
Number:4938
Language:Tlamelula
Location:S Mexico (Oaxaca)
Population:5,000
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Tequistlatecan
Grammar:Waterhouse, Viola Grace. 1962. The Grammatical Structure of Oaxaca Chontal. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Other Sources:Turner, Paul R. 1969. "Proto-Chontal Phonemes," IJAL 35, 34-7.
Consonant system:
p t c k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ pfʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ f s š x m ʔm n ʔn n̥ ñ ʔñ l ʔl ɬ ʎ ʎ̥ ɾ r
Stops:p b t d c k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates:pfʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:f s š x
Nasals:m ʔm n ʔn n̥ ñ ʔñ
Laterals:l ʔl ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
Vibrants:ɾ r
Glides:j j̥ w w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
i u ɛ o a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:phonemic
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:VSO AN GN/NG DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:4939
Language:Tequistlatec
Alternate Name:Chontal
Location:S Mexico (S Oaxaca)
Population:5,000
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Tequistlatecan
Other Sources:
Waterhouse, Viola and May Morrison. 1950. "Chontal Phonemes," IJAL 16, 35-9. Turner, Paul R. 1967a. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9. Turner, Paul R. 1967b. "Highland Chontal Phrase Syntagmemes," IJAL 33, 282-6. Turner, Paul R. 1967c. "Highland Chontal Phonemes," AL 9:4, 26-32.
Consonant system:
p t k kʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ f fʔ s š h m n n̥ ŋ l ɬ
Stops:p b t d k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:f fʔ s š h
Nasals:m n n̥ ŋ
Laterals:l ɬ
Glides:j w w̥
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Syllable:(C)(C)CV(C)(C), but no CCCVCC
Articles:def
Syntax:AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Number:4940
Language:Jicaque
Alternate Name:Tol
Location:NW Honduras
Population:300
Classification:Amerind: Hokan: Southern
Other Sources:
Conzemius, Edward. 1923. "The Jicaques of Honduras," IJAL 2, 163-70. Greenberg, Joseph H. and Morris Swadesh. 1953. "Jicaque as a Hokan Language, " IJAL 19, 216-22. Fleming, Ilah and Ronald K. Dennis. 1977. "Tol (Jicaque): Phonology," IJAL 43, 121-7. Oltrogge, David. 1977. "Proto Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction," in Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics, SIL 55, 1-52.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ ts tsh tsʔ s h β m n ŋ l