Other Sources:Seligmann, C. G. 1911. The Veddas. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Consonant system:
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Comments:Vedda has been misclassified as a member of the Sinhalese-Maldivian branch of Indo-European. While there are still Vedda people, the Vedda language has long been extinct and virtually nothing is known about it. The Vedda today speak a divergent dialect of Sinhalese with many words whose origin is unknown. It is suspected that these words are relics from the original Vedda language.
Number:5687
Language:Asian Swahili
Location:Kenya
Classification:Swahili-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number:5688
Language:Fanagolo
Alternate Name:Piki
Location:South Africa
Population:200,000
Classification:Zulu-Based Pidgin
Grammar:GD: Bold, J. D. 1971. Dictionary, Phrase-Book and Grammar of Fanagalo. Johannesburg: Hugh Keartland.
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s h v z m n l ɬ r
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s z h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l ɬ
Vibrants:r
Clicks:/ || !
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Diphthongs:ai ej au oi ou
Syllable:mˈ nˈ
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:1
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:Fanagalo is a pidgin based on Zulu, used as a lingua franca in Southern Africa.
Number:5689
Language:Sea Island Creole
Alternate Name:Gulla
Location:Georgia (Sea Island)
Classification:English-Based Creole
Other Sources:AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kp b d ɡ ɡb ts dz f s š šʔ h v z m n ñ l r
Stops:p pʔ b t tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates:ts dz
Fricatives:f v s z š šʔ h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:ɨ ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels:ĩ ẽ ã ũ
Number:5690
Language:Guyanese
Location:Guyana
Classification:English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number:5691
Language:Western Caribbean Creole
Alternate Name:Jamaican Creole
Location:Jamaica
Population:1.5 million
Classification:English-Based Creole
Dictionary:Cassidy, F. G. and R. G. Le Page, eds. 1967. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
TextBooks:Bailey, Beryl Loftman. 1968. Jamaican Creole Language Course. Washington, D.C.
ph th kh (kph) b d ɡ (ɡb) čh ɡ̌ f s š v z ž m n (ñ) ŋ (ŋm) l r
Stops:ph b th d kh ɡ (kph) (ɡb)
Affricates:čh ɡ̌
Fricatives:f v s z š ž
Nasals:m n (ñ) ŋ (ŋm)
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels:(ı̃) (ɛ̃) (ã) (ũ) (ɔ̃)
Tones:hi lo
Stress:phonemic
Number:5694
Language:Wescos
Location:Cameroons
Classification:English-Based Creole
Consonant system:
Number:5695
Language:Djuka
Alternate Name:Aucaan, Ndyuka
Location:Surinam
Classification:English-Based Creole
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:SVO
Number:5696
Language:Djuka
Location:E Surinam
Population:21,000
Classification:English-Based Creole
Dictionary:Huttar, George L. 1972. "A Comparative Word List for Djuka, " in LOG, 12-21.
Other Sources:Huttar, George L. and Mary L. Huttar. 1972. "Notes on Djuka Phonology," in LOG, 1-11.
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ f s h m n l
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives:f s h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Diphthongs:diphthonɡs
Syllable:(C)(G)V(N) Nˈ
Tones:hi lo
Number:5697
Language:Saramaccan
Location:C Surinam
Population:22,000
Classification:English-Based Creole
Other Sources:
Voorhoeve, Jan. 1961. "Le ton et la grammaire dans le saramaccan," Word 17, 146-63. Grimes, Joseph E. and Naomi Glock. 1970. "A Saramaccan Narrative Pattern," Lg 46, 408-25. Rountree, S. Catherine. 1972. "The Phonological Structure of Stems in Saramaccan," in LOG, 22-34. Glock, Naomi. 1972. "Clause and Sentence in Saramaccan," JAL 11, 45-61. AL 6:8
Consonant system:
p t c k kp b mb d nd ɟ ñɟ ɡ ŋɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ l
Stops:p b mb t d nd c ɟ ñɟ k ɡ ŋɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives:f v s z h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels:i e ɛ
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Nasal Vowels:ṽ all
Modified Vowels:ɛ ɔ are 'bright'; e o are 'muffled'
Syllable:(C)V(N)
Tones:hi lo
Stress:non-phonemic
Articles:def
Syntax:SVO AN NG NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:5698
Language:Sranan
Location:Surinam
Population:80,000
Classification:English-Based Creole
Other Sources:
Voorhoeve, Jan. 1962. Sranan Syntax. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Echteld, J. J. M. 1962. The English Words in Sranan. Groningen: J. B. Wotters. AL 6:8
