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A global linguistic database : Search within this database Total of 5736 records 287 pages
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Number: 81
Language: Ligbi
Location: Ivory Coast
Population: 50,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Ligbi-Numu
Number: 82
Language: Numu
Alternate Name: Huela
Location: Ivory Coast
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Ligbi-Numu
Number: 83
Language: Vai
Location: NW Liberia
Population: 40,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono
Grammar: Welmers, William E. 1976. A Grammar of Vai. UCPL 84.
Consonant system: p t c k kp b ɓ d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h v z m n ñ ŋ l
Stops: p b ɓ t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: N c b d ɟ ɡ ɡb
Glides: (j) w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ɔ̃̄
Tones: hi lo
Noun Number: s p (pl for personal nouns only)
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 84
Language: Kono
Location: Sierra Leone
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono
Number: 85
Language: Kono
Location: Liberia
Population: 112,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono
Number: 86
Language: Mandinka
Location: Gambia
Population: 400,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Grammar: Rowlands, E. C. 1959. A Grammar of Gambian Mandinka. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.
Consonant system: ph th kh b d (ɡ) čh ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ l r
Stops: ph b th d kh (ɡ)
Affricates: čh ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ N c p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɔ
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō
Syllable: (C)V(N) N ˈ
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 87
Language: Mandinka
Location: Senegal
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Number: 88
Language: Xasonke
Location: Mali
Population: 60,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Number: 89
Language: Maninka
Alternate Name: Malinka
Location: Mali
Population: 1.2 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Dictionary: Nicol, Joseph. 1967. Français-mandique lexique, mandique-français lexique. Washington, D.C.: US Peace Corps.
Grammar: GD: Delafosse, Maurice, 1929, 1955. La langue mandingue et ses dialectes (malinké, bambara, dioula), 2 vols Paris: Paul Geuthner. Labouret, Henri. 1934. Les manding et leur langue. Paris: Larose.
Other Sources: Bird, Charles and Timothy Shopen. 1979. "Maninka," in LTS, 58-111.
Consonant system: p t k b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s x h v z ɣ ʁ m n ŋ l r
Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ ʁ h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: N c p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb f v s z cj cʷ
Glides: j ȷ̃ ɥ ɥ̃ w w̃
Vowel system: i y u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i y e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D+Num
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 90
Language: Maninka
Alternate Name: Malinka
Dialect: Faranah
Location: Guinea
Population: 1.2 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Grammar: Spears, Richard Alan. 1965. The Structure of Faranah-Maninka. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Diss.
Other Sources: Spears, Richard A. 1966. "A Note on the Tone of Maninka Substantives," JAL 5, 113-20.
Consonant system: p t k b d (ɡ) ɡb f s h m n ñ l r
Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ɡb
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) N ˈ
Tones: hi lo downstep
Syntax: NA
Number: 91
Language: Maninka
Alternate Name: Malinka
Dialect: Manya
Location: Liberia
Population: 1.2 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Other Sources: Manessy, G 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initiale en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.
Consonant system: (p) t k b ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb f s v z m n ñ l
Stops: (p) b t ḍ ɟ k ɡ ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: N c
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ
Syntax: NA N-NUM POSS-N
Number: 92
Language: Bambara
Location: Mali
Population: 1.5 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Dictionary: Travélé, Moussa. 1913. Petit dictionnaire français-bambara et bambara-français. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Grammar: Travélé, Moussa. 1955. Petit manuel français-bambara. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Delaforge, M. 1958. Grammaire et méthode bambara. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle.
TextBooks: Diarra, Florentin and F. M. Traore. 197?. Un peu de bambara sans beaucoup de peine. Mopti, Mali. Hutchison, John P., Mamadou Kanté and Charles S. Bird. 1975. Introductory Bambara. Bloomington: African Studies Centre, Indiana Univ. Brauner, Siegmund. 1974. Lehrbuch des bambara. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.
Other Sources: Houis, Maurice. 1970. "Problèmes de lexicographie en bambara," BSLP 65, 213 -27.
Consonant system: (p) t c k b d ɟ ɡ f s (h) m n ñ (ŋ) l r
Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Fricatives: f s (h)
Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: N c p t c k
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Tones: hi lo
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 93
Language: Dyula
Location: EC Ivory Coast
Population: 1.1 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan
Grammar: Dumestre, G.1970. Éléments de grammaire dioula. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée, Univ d'Abidjan. Long, Ronald W. and Raoul S. Diomandé. 1968. Basic Dyula. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
TextBooks: Dumestre, G and G. L. A Retord. 1974. Kó dı̀: Cours de dioula. Abidjan: Univ of Abidjan.
Consonant system: p t c k b d ɟ ɡ ɡb f s h m n ñ (ŋ) l ɾ
Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ɡb
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ)
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: N ˈ
Tones: hi lo ris
Noun Number: s p
Articles: indef
Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND POSS-N N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 94
Language: Loko1
Location: N Sierra Leone (Northern)
Population: 76,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern
Grammar: Innes, Gordon. 1964. "An Outline Grammar of Loko with Texts," ALS 5, 115-73.
Consonant system: p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h h̃ m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h h̃
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: N c b d ɡ ɡ̌
Glides: j w w̃
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ (õ) ɔ̃ ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̃̄
Syllable: (C)V
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 95
Language: Loma
Location: Liberia
Population: 260,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern
Grammar: Prost, A. 1967. Le Lɔghɔma. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.
TextBooks: Sadler, Wesley. 1951. Untangled Loma. Monrovia: Evangelical Lutheran Church.
Other Sources: Manessy, G. 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initial en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.
Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɡ ɡb f s v z ɣ m n ŋ l
Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND/(DN [ref]) N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 96
Language: Kpelle
Location: Liberia
Population: 400,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern
Grammar: DG: Casthelain, I.-R. P. J. 1952. La langue guerzé. Dakar: IFAN.
TextBooks: Welmers, William. 1971. A First Course in Kpelle. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.
Other Sources: Welmers, William E. 1962. "The Phonology of Kpelle," JAL 1, 69-93. Welmers, William E. 1969. "The Morphology of Kpelle Nominals," JAL 8, 73-101.
Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɡ ɡb f s v z ɣ m n ŋ l (ɾ)
Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z ɣ
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all
Syllable: N ˈ
Tones: hi mid lo fall
Noun Number: s p (pl only for personal nouns)
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Articles: def
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 97
Language: Mende
Location: S Sierra Leone
Population: 1 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern
Dictionary: Innes, Gordon.1969. A Mende-English Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
TextBooks: Innes, Gordon. 1967. A Practical Introduction to Mende. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.
Other Sources: Manessy, G. 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initial en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.
Consonant system: p t k kp (ʔ) b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ f s h v m n ñ ŋ l
Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ)
Affricates: ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: N c b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e o ɛ ɔ a
Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all (ẽ õ marɡinal)
Syllable: CV
Tones: hi lo ris fall
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 98
Language: Bandi
Location: Liberia
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern
Number: 99
Language: Mano
Location: N Liberia
Population: 100,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
Syntax: SOV
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 100
Language: Dan
Location: W Ivory Coast
Population: 325,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
Grammar: Doneux, Jean and Joseph Mahan. n.d. Exercises de langue dan. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
Other Sources: Bearth, Thomas and Hugo Zemp. 1967. "The Phonology of Dan (Santa)," JAL 6, 9-29. Flik, Eva. 1977. "Tone Glides and Registers in Five Dan Dialects," Lingistics 201, 5-59.
Consonant system: p t k kp b ɓ d ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb f s v z m n l
Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Modified Consonants: cw all but kp ɡb f v l m cj all but l
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i ɨ u e ǝ o ɛ ɐ ɔ æ a ɒ
Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e ɨ ɐ o
Syllable: (C)(l)V(C) N ˈ
Tones: hi hi-mid mid lo-mid lo mid-fall-to-low mid-fall-to-lo-mid lo-ris
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+A+D
Prep/Post: POST
typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides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