A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 81

Language: Ligbi

Location: Ivory Coast

Population: 50,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Ligbi-Numu

Consonant system:

Number: 82

Language: Numu

Alternate Name: Huela

Location: Ivory Coast

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Ligbi-Numu

Consonant system:

Number: 83

Language: Vai

Location: NW Liberia

Population: 40,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono

Grammar: Welmers, William E. 1976. A Grammar of Vai. UCPL 84.

Consonant system:

p t c k kp
b ɓ d ɟ ɡ ɡb
f s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ
l

Stops: p b ɓ t d c ɟ k ɡ kp ɡb

Fricatives: f v s z h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: ^Ncb d ɟ ɡ ɡb

Glides: (j) w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃
ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ɔ̃̄

Tones: hi lo

Noun Number: s p (pl for personal nouns only)

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 84

Language: Kono

Location: Sierra Leone

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono

Consonant system:

Number: 85

Language: Kono

Location: Liberia

Population: 112,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Vai-Kono

Consonant system:

Number: 86

Language: Mandinka

Location: Gambia

Population: 400,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Grammar: Rowlands, E. C. 1959. A Grammar of Gambian Mandinka. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.

Consonant system:

   p^h t^h k^h
b d (ɡ)
    č^h ɡ̌
f s h
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p^h b t^h d k^h (ɡ)

Affricates: č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄
^Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ s

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Syllable: (C)V(N) Nˈ

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 87

Language: Mandinka

Location: Senegal

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Consonant system:

Number: 88

Language: Xasonke

Location: Mali

Population: 60,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Consonant system:

Number: 89

Language: Maninka

Alternate Name: Malinka

Location: Mali

Population: 1.2 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Dictionary: Nicol, Joseph. 1967. Français-mandique lexique, mandique-français lexique. Washington, D.C.: US Peace Corps.

Grammar:

GD: Delafosse, Maurice, 1929, 1955. La langue mandingue et ses dialectes (malinké, bambara, dioula), 2 vols Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Labouret, Henri. 1934. Les manding et leur langue. Paris: Larose.

Other Sources: Bird, Charles and Timothy Shopen. 1979. "Maninka," in LTS, 58-111.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɟ ɡ ɡb
f s x h
v z ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d ɟ k ɡ ɡb

Fricatives: f v s z x ɣ ʁ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

^Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb f v s z
c^j
cʷ

Glides: j ȷ̃ ɥ ɥ̃ w w̃

Vowel system:

i y u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i y e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D+Num

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 90

Language: Maninka

Alternate Name: Malinka

Dialect: Faranah

Location: Guinea

Population: 1.2 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Grammar: Spears, Richard Alan. 1965. The Structure of Faranah-Maninka. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Diss.

Other Sources: Spears, Richard A. 1966. "A Note on the Tone of Maninka Substantives," JAL 5, 113-20.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d (ɡ) ɡb
f s h
m n ñ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k (ɡ) ɡb

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ

Tones: hi lo downstep

Syntax: NA

Number: 91

Language: Maninka

Alternate Name: Malinka

Dialect: Manya

Location: Liberia

Population: 1.2 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Other Sources: Manessy, G 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initiale en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.

Consonant system:

   (p) t k
   b ḍ ɟ ɡ ɡb
   f s
   v z
m n ñ
    l

Stops: (p) b t ḍ ɟ k ɡ ɡb

Fricatives: f v s z

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: ^Nc

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but ɔ

Syntax: NA N-NUM POSS-N

Number: 92

Language: Bambara

Location: Mali

Population: 1.5 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Dictionary: Travélé, Moussa. 1913. Petit dictionnaire français-bambara et bambara-français. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

Grammar:

Travélé, Moussa. 1955. Petit manuel français-bambara. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Delaforge, M. 1958. Grammaire et méthode bambara. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle.

TextBooks:

Diarra, Florentin and F. M. Traore. 197?. Un peu de bambara sans beaucoup de peine. Mopti, Mali.
Hutchison, John P., Mamadou Kanté and Charles S. Bird. 1975. Introductory Bambara. Bloomington: African Studies Centre, Indiana Univ.
Brauner, Siegmund. 1974. Lehrbuch des bambara. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.

Other Sources: Houis, Maurice. 1970. "Problèmes de lexicographie en bambara," BSLP 65, 213 -27.

Consonant system:

   (p) t c k
   b d ɟ ɡ
   f s (h)
m n ñ (ŋ)
    l
    r

Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ

Fricatives: f s (h)

Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ)

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: ^Nc p t c k

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Tones: hi lo

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 93

Language: Dyula

Location: EC Ivory Coast

Population: 1.1 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Northern: Mandekan

Grammar:

Dumestre, G.1970. Éléments de grammaire dioula. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée, Univ d'Abidjan.
Long, Ronald W. and Raoul S. Diomandé. 1968. Basic Dyula. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

TextBooks: Dumestre, G and G. L. A Retord. 1974. Kó dı̀: Cours de dioula. Abidjan: Univ of Abidjan.

Consonant system:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ ɡb
f s h
m n ñ (ŋ)
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ ɡb

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ (ŋ)

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: (v̄)

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Syllable: Nˈ

Tones: hi lo ris

Noun Number: s p

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN/ND POSS-N N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 94

Language: Loko₁

Location: N Sierra Leone (Northern)

Population: 76,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern

Grammar: Innes, Gordon. 1964. "An Outline Grammar of Loko with Texts," ALS 5, 115-73.

Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
    č
    ɡ̌
f s h h̃
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s h h̃

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: ^Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌

Glides: j w w̃

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ı̃ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ (õ) ɔ̃
ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̃̄

Syllable: (C)V

Tones: hi mid lo ris fall

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 95

Language: Loma

Location: Liberia

Population: 260,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern

Grammar: Prost, A. 1967. Le Lɔghɔma. Dakar: Univ of Dakar.

TextBooks: Sadler, Wesley. 1951. Untangled Loma. Monrovia: Evangelical Lutheran Church.

Other Sources: Manessy, G. 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initial en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.

Consonant system:

p t k kp
b ɓ d ɡ ɡb
f s
v z ɣ
m n ŋ
l

Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb

Fricatives: f v s z ɣ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all ?

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Tones: hi mid lo

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND/(DN [ref]) N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 96

Language: Kpelle

Location: Liberia

Population: 400,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern

Grammar: DG: Casthelain, I.-R. P. J. 1952. La langue guerzé. Dakar: IFAN.

TextBooks: Welmers, William. 1971. A First Course in Kpelle. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ibadan.

Other Sources:

Welmers, William E. 1962. "The Phonology of Kpelle," JAL 1, 69-93.
Welmers, William E. 1969. "The Morphology of Kpelle Nominals," JAL 8, 73-101.

Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b ɓ d ɡ ɡb
f s
v z ɣ
m n ŋ
    l
    (ɾ)

Stops: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kp ɡb

Fricatives: f v s z ɣ

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: (ɾ)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

Syllable: Nˈ

Tones: hi mid lo fall

Noun Number: s p (pl only for personal nouns)

Demonstratives: 2 + ref

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 97

Language: Mende

Location: S Sierra Leone

Population: 1 million

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern

Dictionary: Innes, Gordon.1969. A Mende-English Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

TextBooks: Innes, Gordon. 1967. A Practical Introduction to Mende. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.

Other Sources: Manessy, G. 1964. "L'Alternance consonantique initial en manya, kpelle, loma, bandi et mende," JAL 3, 162-78.

Consonant system:

   p t k kp (ʔ)
b d ɡ ɡb
    ɡ̌
f s h
v
m n ñ ŋ
    l

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb (ʔ)

Affricates: ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s h

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: ^Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all (ẽ õ marɡinal)

Syllable: CV

Tones: hi lo ris fall

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+D

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 98

Language: Bandi

Location: Liberia

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Northern-Western: Southwestern

Consonant system:

Number: 99

Language: Mano

Location: N Liberia

Population: 100,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern

Consonant system:

Syntax: SOV

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 100

Language: Dan

Location: W Ivory Coast

Population: 325,000

Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern

Grammar: Doneux, Jean and Joseph Mahan. n.d. Exercises de langue dan. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.

Other Sources:

Bearth, Thomas and Hugo Zemp. 1967. "The Phonology of Dan (Santa)," JAL 6, 9-29.
Flik, Eva. 1977. "Tone Glides and Registers in Five Dan Dialects," Lingistics 201, 5-59.

Consonant system:

p t k kp
b ɓ d ɗ̣ ɡ ɡb
f s
v z
m n
l

Stops: p b ɓ t d ɗ̣ k ɡ kp ɡb

Fricatives: f v s z

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants:

c^w all but kp ɡb f v l m
c^j all but l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɐ ɔ
æ a ɒ

Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ ɐ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɒ

Long Vowels: v̄ ?

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all but e ɨ ɐ o

Syllable: (C)(l)V(C) Nˈ

Tones:

hi hi-mid mid lo-mid lo mid-fall-to-low mid-fall-to-lo-mid lo-ris

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4d 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+Num+A+D

Prep/Post: POST