K. Reshetnikov's notes:The comparison is suggested by me (Resh.). Rédei compares the Hun. word in question (ik-tat-) with Mord. jaka- 'to walk', but I still would accept the comparison listed above, which is rather incompatible with the relation to Mord. jaka-, if we consider some non-trivial rules of correspondence of the respective first syllable vowels established by now. For Mord. jaka- 'to walk' cf. Ug. *juktV- 'to come' (> Hun. jut-; therefore, despite Rédei, this Ug. form shouldn't be compared, even tentatively, with Hun. ik-tat-).
Number:160
English meaning:pine forest
German meaning:Kiefern-, Fichtenwald
K. Reshetnikov's notes:Add Mari, Sam. (Nen., Yur., Selk., Mtr. Tai., Kms., Koi.) (Resh.) According to UEW and Bereczki, the Mari word can't be an original reflex of this FU stem because of the medial -kt- (cf. the shape of the other cognates in question lacking any dentals following the velar and any clusters at all) and the correspondence East-Mari -a- ~ West-Mari -ä- (< Proto-Mari *-a-) in the first syllable, allegedly pointing to secondary origin of respective words. Thus, Mari *jaktǝ is deemed to be a Permic loan, and the element -tV (-te, -tǝ) is analysed as a suffix. However, both of the arguments quoted above are rather weak. If we assume that the Mari form is a suffixal derivative, we can easily accept such interpretation also in the case if we consider this form an old etymological parallel, thus solving the problem of -kt-. As for *a in the first syllable, it does occur also in original Mari words (cf. Mari *kandakš '8', *karmǝ 'Fliege, Käfer, Biene; fly, beetle, bee' - Bereczki 13). On the other hand, Khanty V jaɣǝm 'Sandheide; waste sandy ground', UD jaχǝm 'mit Kiefernwald bewachsene Heide; waste land overgrown with pines', O jaχǝm 'mit Kiefern bewachsene und mit Rentiermoos überzogene Heide; waste land overgrown with pines and covered by reindeer moss' listed by Rédei as an old parallel are likely to be borrowed from Komi (-ǝm being a Khanty suffix added to the stem after its borrowing), while an immediate Ugric reflex of the Uralic word in question may be represented by OU *jūɣ 'tree' (a comparison suggested in КЭСКЯ, although with ?). In UEW, no Sam. material is included into this entry, although Sam. *je(w) (~ *-э-) 'pine' seems to belong just here; this comparison is added by me (Resh.), but it may have been already proposed by somebody else. Mari > Chuv. jaχtǝ 'Kiefer; Pinus silvestris; pine'.
K. Reshetnikov's notes:A verb with an original meaning 'to vanish, disappear, get lost (/ be absent)', whence secondarily 'to die, perish' in Lapp and Mord. and 'to go astray' as well as 'to ruin' in Mari (note that the meaning 'to disappear' is present in all the three groups mentioned). This interpretation allows us to accept the comparison with Komi jam- 'to fall, subside (of water); to go down (of a swelling etc.)' rejected by Rédei. The Sam. parallel is suggested by me (Resh.). The correlation 'to disappear' ~ 'to be absent' is quite natural; for the hypothetical Sam. development *-m- > *-ŋ- before the suffixal *-k- cf. the fact that Proto-Samoyed seems to have no examples for *-mk-; note that originally the derivative we deal with in Sam. is obviously a nominal one (*jäŋ-ka 'lack(ing)' preserved at least in Ngan.), while the Proto-Sam. verbal stem (*jäŋ-kǝ-(j)-) is a result of a secondary denominal derivation. On the other hand, it is, in fact, quite difficult to substantiate relation to North Sam. *jama- (or rather *jaTma-) 'to be unable/to be ill' listed here by Rédei. It is, undoubtedly, a verb 'to be unable' used in the sense 'to be ill' in Nenets (but neither in En. nor in Ngan., where only the meaning 'to be unable' is observed; note that it is present also in Nen.), cf. Russian 'недомогать', 'не можется' (expressions meaning being sick, which are based on semantics 'to be unable'). Thus, we hardly can compare this Sam. word with the Lapp and Volgaic material even if the meaning 'to die' in Lapp and Mord. is looked on as an original one (the comparison with the hypothetical FV verb 'to die' might be discussed only if we assumed that in Sam., a development 'to be ill' > 'to be unable' took place and not vice versa, as supposed by Rédei, but it is much less plausible). Besides, Nenets jaʔma- (where -ʔ- is a glottal stop) points to an original form with some noise consonant before -m-, which also makes this Sam. etymology problematical. As for Lapp *jāvkkэ- 'to get lost, vanish' (Lehtiranta 34) ~ Sam. *jokǝ- 'to go astray' (Janh. 46; if not < Turk.) mentioned by Helimsky in connection with this entry, they have nothing in common with any material discussed above.
K. Reshetnikov's notes:Finn > Lapp N jälgas 'schwache Spur; slight footstep'. The relation to the Khanty form is not so "zweifelhaft" as Helimsky thinks. The Sam. parallel is suggested by me (Resh.). If the Sam. word does belong here, the FU meaning 'footstep' has developed from 'heel, foot', which is quite plausible. However, Sam. *je 'heel' may be a cognate of FU *jalka 'foot, leg' (URAET 162). From the phonetical point of view, both comparisons are acceptable, although the one presented in this entry is somewhat better (FU *jälke ~ Sam. *je < Ur. *jälk/e/, for *-lk- ~ *-0 cf. FU *pelkä ~ Sam. *pi- 'thumb', URAET 733; FU *jalka ~ Sam. *je < Ur. *jɨlka? - it is rather a form *jэ that would be expected in Sam.). It is worth noting that FU *jalka and *jälke may be related, representing two old variants of one word (of course, this hypothesis may turn out wrong in the light of external data).
Saam (Lapp):jâlŋes -l'gŋa- (N) 'stump of a tree (still rooted in the ground)', jalŋēs (L), ja̯lŋɛ's̨ (T), jȧ̮l̨nes (Kld.), jǡ̮l̨ŋǝs̨ (Not.) 'längerer aufrechter Baumstumpf (nicht abgehauen)'
K. Reshetnikov's notes:The etymology of the Sam. word is suggested by me (Resh.). In UEW, the Sam. parallel is ignored. In Janhunen's Wortschatz, the Sam. word is considered together with Sam. *je 'heel' (see the preceding entry), which seems less persuasive.
References:FUV; DEWO 392; Steinitz FgrVok. 28; Collinder Comp. Gr. 130
Saam (Lapp):jė̆ä̆DDA-pɛs̀sA (Ko. Not.) 'gespannte Flinte'
Janhunen's version:(72) *jänti
Sammalahti's version:*jänti
K. Reshetnikov's notes:Derived from the preceding stem (URAET 170)? Lapp Not. (T.I.Itk. WbKKlp. 52) jė̆ä̆DD[a]-pɛs̀s[a] 'gespannte Flinte; cocked gun' (pɛs̀s[a] 'gun') - a form isolated within Lapp, most probably a Finnish loan.
K. Reshetnikov's notes:The Sam. word still seems to belong here. It is not difficult at all to explain its meaning ('ice hole', although FU has only 'ice' (> 'water' and 'hail' in Ug.)), especially if we consider that it is a derivative. A real problem remaining unsolved is the back vowel of the first syllable in Sam. (a result of some specific process caused by the suffixation and/or by positional features?).
K. Reshetnikov's notes:Rédei (unlike the authors of SKES and Lehtiranta) qualifies the FB form as a loan from Lapp. It is possible, but not obvious; anyway, we have no sufficient arguments in favour of this solution (the limited distribution of the FB word can't be such an argument). Rédei is right rejecting a comparison with Hun. éger 'alder-tree'. However, Lytkin mentions Hun. éger 'swampy forest', referring to ALH (Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest, 1952-) I, 324 - a mistake? Komi > Khanty jekǝr 'mit niedrigen Kiefern bewachsene Moorsenkung zwischen festen Landstrecken; boggy lowland overgrown with low pines among plots of firm ground'.
References:FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; DEWO 390; Collinder Comp. Gr. 391, 411
Number:174
English meaning:sharp stick, spear
German meaning:spitze Stange, Speer
Saam (Lapp):ńipt́š́s (T), ńipt́š́as (Kld.), ńī̮pt́š́a͔s (Ko. Not.) 'Bratspieß'
