Indo-European etymology : Query result

Proto-IE: *arke- <PIH *H->

Meaning: to store, to lock, to defend

Hittite: har(k)- (I) `halten, haben' (Tischler 173ff)

Tokharian: B ārk- 'be obliged to' (Adams 49)

Armenian: argel `Hindernis', argelum `wehre, halte ab, halte zurück'

Old Greek: arkéō, aor. arkés(s)ai̯ `abwehren, helfen; hinreichen, genügen'; árkos n. `Abwehr'

Latin: arceo, -ēre `verschliessen, einhegen; durch Abschluss fernhalten, abwehren, verhindern'; arca `Kasten, Kiste, Lade, Geldschrank; Sarg'; arx, gen. arcis f. `feste Höhe, Burg', arcera `bedeckter Wagen'

Other Italic: Osk trííbarakavúm (< *trēb-arkā-) `aedificare'

Russ. meaning: хранить, запирать, защищать

References: WP I 80 f

Proto-IE: *ēl-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to burn (tr.)

Old Indian: alāta- n. `firebrand, coal', úlmuka- n. `firebrand, piece of burning charcoal'

Germanic: *ḗl-ia- vb., *ḗl-ō f., *al-a- (~ -ō-) vb.

Latin: adoleō, -ultum `verbrennen', adolēscō `auflodern', pl. altāria, -ium; ? altāre, -is n. `Aufsatz auf dem Opfertisch, Opferherd, Brandaltar' (may be < altus `high')

Other Italic: Umbr uřetu `(ad)olētō'

Russ. meaning: жечь

References: WP I 88

Proto-IE: *weyǝ-, *wyē-; *wī-k'-

Meaning: to twist, to weave

Old Indian: váyati, ūyate `to weave, braid, plait' inf. ótum, vā́tave, aor. avāsīt, ptc. ūta-, uta-; vaya- m., vāya- m. `weaver, weaving', vyáyati `to cover, clothe, wrap, envelop', ptc. vītá-; véman- n. `loom'; veṇi-, veṇī f. `braided hair', veṇú-, véṇu- m. `bamboo, reed, cane'; paḍ-bīśa-, -vīśa-, -viṃśa- n. `fetter, esp. for the foot of a horse'

Old Greek: ? pl. eimádes = poiménōn oikíai Hsch.

Slavic: *vī́tī, *vь̀jǭ; *vītь, *vītīcā; *vēnīkъ, *vēnьcь; *vīljātī, *vīlīcā `Epheu'

Baltic: *wī̂- (*wej-a-) (2) vb., *wei-l-ā̂ f., *waĩ-n-ik-a-, -ag-, -ak- c., *wai-r-u- adj., *wij-ā̂ f., *wī-l-iā̃ f.

Germanic: *wí-ɵ-jō(n-) f., *wí-ɵ-ō/*wi-d-ṓ f., *wajj-u- c., *wai-g=

Latin: viēre `binden, flechten', vītilis `geflochten'; vitta f. `Kopfbinde der Opfertiere, der Priester, der freigeborenen Frau; Binde als Schmuck', vīmen, -inis n. `Rute zum Flechten, Flechtwerk'

Celtic: *weiti-: OIr fēith `fibra', imm-a-feithe `sepiri', imb-ithe `circumsaeptus'; Cymr gwden `vinculum, ligamen, virga contorta'; MIr fēithlend, Cymr gwyddfid `Epheu'

Russ. meaning: вить

References: WP I 223 f

Proto-IE: *weik-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to choose, to sacrify, to conjure

Old Indian: vinákti, vivekti, pass. vicyáte, ptc. vikta- `to sift, separate, discriminate'

Avestan: ava-vaēk- `ausscheiden, aussuchen', ptc. -viχtō

Germanic: *wī́x-a-/*wīg-á- m., *wī́x-i- adj.; *wī́x-a- vb., *wī́x-ia-/*wīg-iá- vb., *wī́x-ē- vb.; *wikk-an- m.

Latin: victima f. `Opfertier, Opfer'

Russ. meaning: выбирать; отбирать жертву; колдовать

References: WP I 232

Proto-IE: *kors-

Meaning: to run, to hurry

Tokharian: A kursär, B kwarsär (PT *kwärsär) 'league, course, path' (Adams 234)

Old Greek: epí-kọ̄ro-s `Helfer, Hilfstruppen; Beistand; helfend, schützend'

Baltic: *kar̃š- (*kar̃š-ja-) vb.

Germanic: *xurs-k-a- adj., *xurz-ṓ- vb., *xurs-k-a-/*xrus-k-a- vb.

Latin: currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursum `laufen, rennen, eilen', cursus, -ūs m. `Lauf', currus, -ūs m. `Wagen', pl. equirria n. `Pferderennen zu Ehren des Mars'

Celtic: Gaul carros, latinisiert carrus `Karren, Wagen', OIr carr, MCymr carr, MBret karr

Russ. meaning: бежать, спешить

References: WP I 427 f

Proto-IE: *k'esa-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to cut

Old Indian: śásati, śasti, śāsti , ptc. śasta- `to cut down, kill, slaughter', śástra- n. `instrument for cutting, knife, sword, dagger', śāsá- m. `butcher's knife'

Old Greek: keázdō `spalten, zerschmettern', hom. ptc. prs. kéi̯ōn; eu̯-kéato- `leicht zu spalten', *kéarno-n, pl. kéarna n. 'carpenter's axe' Hsch.

Slavic: [ *kosā́ `Sichel, Sense' ]

Latin: castrāre `be-, verschneiden, kastrieren', castus, -a `enthaltsam, rein, keusch'; carēre `nicht haben, entbehren; sich ent-, fernhalten, vermissen'; castus, -ūs m. `Enthaltung von Genüsdsen aus religiösen Gründen'

Other Italic: Osk fakiiad kasit `faciat oportet'; castrous `fundi'; Umbr kastruvuf, castruo (acc. pl.) `fundos'

Celtic: MIr cess `Speer'

Russ. meaning: резать

References: WP I 448 f

Proto-IE: *ghos-

Meaning: to eat ritual food

Old Indian: ghasati, aor. 2 sg. ághas, 3 pl. ákṣan, pf. jaghāsa, jakṣuḥ `to consume or devour, eat; ghasmara- `voracious', ghasana- n. `devouring', ghasi-, ghāsí- m. `food'

Avestan: gah- `essen, fressen (von daēvischen Wesen)'

Baltic: *gōs-t-iā̃ f.

Latin: hostia, -ae f. `Opfertier, Opfer'

Russ. meaning: есть ритуальную пищу

References: WP I 640

Proto-IE: *teks-

Meaning: weapons (bow and arrows, spear)

Other Iranian: NPers taxš 'bow' (weapon)

Old Greek: tókso-n `Bogen', pl. `Schiesgerät(e), (Bogen und) Pfeile'

Germanic: *ɵixs-ō(n-) f., *ɵixs-al-ō(n-) f.

Latin: tēlum, -ī n. `Fernwaffe, Wurfwaffe, Geschoss, Waffe überhaupt, Axt etc.'

Russ. meaning: оружие (лук и стрелы, копье)

References: WP I 717

Proto-IE: *tol- / *tel-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to bear, to suffer

Tokharian: A, B täl- (PT *täl-) 'uphold, raise, lift' (Adams 296-7)

Old Indian: tulā́ f. `balance, weight', tulayati `to lift up, raise', tulima- `what may be weighed'

Armenian: thoɫum `lases, dulde, ertrage'

Old Greek: aor. talássai, telássai = tolmē̂sai, tlē̂nai Hsch., tlǟ̂nai̯, pf. tétlǟka, 1 pl. tétlamen, va. tlǟtó- `ertragen, dulden, sich erkühnen, wagen'; tálās, -antos, -ai̯na `elend, unglücklich'; talaó- ausdauernd, ertragend, unglücklich'; polǘ-tlās `wer viel ausgestanden hat; sehr geduldig'; tlǟ́mōn `ausdauernd, standhaft, erduldend, mühevoll, unglücklich', talasíǟ f. `Wollarbeit, Wollspinnerei'; tólma (/ tólmǟ) `Wagemut, Kühnheit, Tollkühnheit, Verwegwnheit, Frechheit', ? telamṓn, -ō̂nos m. `Tragriemen, Wehrgehenk, Riemen, Binde, Verband';

Germanic: *ɵul-ē- vb.; *ɵul-d=

Latin: tulī `tragen, bringen' (OLat tulō, -ere, tetulī); tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātum `aufheben; wegheben, entfernen'; tolūtim `im Zelter- oder Passgang'; tolerāre `(er)tragen'; lātus, -a `getragen'

Celtic: *tlnami > MIr tlenaim `entweiche'; *tolā > OIr tol f. `Wille'; Ir tlāith `sanft'; Cymr tlawd `arm'

Russ. meaning: нести, переносить, терпеть

References: WP I 739 f

Proto-IE: *trep-

Meaning: to scutch, to shake, to trample down

Tokharian: A trap-, B trāpp- (PT *trāpw-) 'trip, stumble' (Adams 313)

Old Indian: tr̥prá-, tr̥pála- `hasty'

Old Greek: trapéō `keltere'; a-trapó-s, ep. a-tarpó-s `Pfad, Fusssteig'

Slavic: *trepātī, *trepljǭ, *trepetъ, *tropotъ, *tropā́

Baltic: *trep-s-ē̂- vb., *trep-en̂- vb.

Germanic: *ɵrab-ō- vb., *ɵra[b]=

Latin: trepidus, -a `trippelnd, teils aus Eilfertigkeit, teils aus Furcht: hastig, unruhig, än gstlich, besorgt; beunruhigend, verwirrend'; trepidāre `ängstlich hin und herlaufen; zagen, bangen; u nschlüssigen sein'

Russ. meaning: трепать, трясти, топтать

References: WP I 756

Proto-IE: *dū-

Meaning: to respect, etc.

Old Indian: dū- (nom. acc. pl. dúvas), dúvas- n. `worship, honour, respect', á-dū- `respectless', duvasyáti `to honour, worship', duvasyú-, duvoyú- `worshipping, reverent'

Latin: bonus, -a (OLat duonus, dvenos) `gut, taglich, vornehm, begütert, tapfer, trefflich', adv. bene `gut, wohl', bellus, -a `hübsch, niedlich, fein, köstlich; Lat beō, -āre `glücklich machen, erfreuen, bereichern', beātus, -a `mit Glücksgütern gesegnet, beglückt, glücklich'

Celtic: OIr den `tüchtig, stark'; `Festigkeit, Schutz'

Russ. meaning: уважать etc.

References: WP I 778

Proto-IE: *dhē-

Meaning: to do, to make

Old Indian: dhātár- m. `creator'

Avestan: dāmi- f. `Schöpfung', adj. `schaffend, Schöpfer'

Slavic: *dḗjātī/*dḗtī, *dḗjǭ/*dḗnǭ; *dētelь; *dḗlo

Baltic: *dē̂- (1)

Germanic: *dō- vb; *did-a- n., *dud-i- n.; *dēd-í- c.; *dē-l-i-

Latin: faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum `tun, machen, bewirken, verfertigen', factus, -a `gemacht'; factor, -ōris m. `Macher,steller', factus, -ūs m. `das Zurechtgemachte (Ölquantum); factiō, -ōnis f. `Machen, Tun; Stellung, Anhang, Partei'; facinus, -oris n. `Tat, Untat'; carni-, arti-, auri-, opi-, ponti-, melli-fex, etc.; bene-, damni-, dēlēni-, falsi-ficus, etc.; faciēs, -ēī `Gestalt, Kör perbau, Aussehen; Erscheinung'; facilis, -e `leicht (zu tun), günstig, beweglich'

Other Italic: Osk fakiiad `faciat', conj. pf. fefacid `fēcerit', ft. II fefacust `fecerit', facus `factus'; Umbr feitu, fētu `facitō'; feta `facta', aanfehtas `infectas', feia `faciat', ft. II facurent `fecerint', fac̨ia `faciat', fac̨iu, fac̨u `facere', fakust, fakurent `fēceri(n)t', fac̨efele `*facibilem, sacrificabilem'; Volsk fac̨ia `faciat'

Russ. meaning: делать

References: WP I 826 f

Comments: [Hardly different from *dhē- 'put']

Proto-IE: *dhwes-

Meaning: to blow, to breath; spirit, deity

Tokharian: B täṃts- 'scatter, disperse' (Adams 288-289)

Old Indian: dhvaṁsati `to fall to pieces or dust, decay, be ruined, perish', ptc. dhvasta-; dhvasmán- m. `polluting, darkening', dhvasirá- `sprinkled, spattered', dhvasrá- `decaying, falling off', dhvasti- f. `ceasing, destruction'

Avestan: dvąs- (mit Praeverb.) `fliegen'

Slavic: *dvoxātī, *dъxnǭtī, *dъxъ; *dūxъ, *dūšjā; *dɨ̄xātī, *dɨ̄šātī

Baltic: *dwē̃s- (*dwes-ja-) vb., *dwes-el-jā̂ f., *dwas-jā̂ f., *dwas-a- c., *dwas-n-ā̂ f., *daũs-ā̂ f., *dus-a- c., *dūs-ō̂- vb., *dus- vb. intr.

Germanic: *dwḗs=, *dwás=, *dū́s=, *dús=; *díus-a- n., *diuz-á- n., *dáus=, *dūs-ō- vb., *dus-ō- vb., *dus-ja- vb.; *dūz-á- m., *dūz-á- n., *dūz-ṓ- vb.

Latin: februum, -ī `Reinungsmittel', pl. `Reinigungsfest im Februar', februāre `pūrgere, lūstrāre', februārius `Reinungsmonat'; ? fērālis, -e `den Toten gehörig'; bēstia f. `Tier, bes. wildes Tier', bellua f. `Tier'

Celtic: Gaul dusios `daemon immundus, incubus'; OIr dāsacht `Wut', dāistir immum `ich werde rasend'

Russ. meaning: дуть, дышать; дух, божество

References: WP I 843 f

Comments: A derivation from *dhū- #1926.

Proto-IE: *dhergh-, *dhregh-

Meaning: to hold

Tokharian: A tränk-, B trenk- (PT *tränk-) 'adhere, cling, stick' (Adams 318)

Old Indian: -dhr̥k (only Nom. in comp.) `holding, bearing'; OInd dŕ̥ṁhati `to make firm, fix, strengthen'

Avestan: dražaitē, inf. drāǰaŋhe `halten, an sich halten, führen', upa-daržnvainti `sie setzen durch, bringen fertig'; drǝnǰaiti `festigt, kräftigt, bestärkt', ā-drǝnǰayeiti `setzt fest', ptc. draxta-

Slavic: *dьržḗtī, *dьržjǭ

Latin: fortis, -e (OLat forctus) `stramm, robust, kräftig, gesund; dauerhaft, fest, stark; ausdauernd, gediegen, mächtig; tapfer, mannhaft, unerschrocken'

Other Italic: Osk fortis `potius'

Celtic: *drng= > MIr dringid `er ersteigt', drēimm `Erklimmen'; Cymr dringo `steigen, klettern'

Russ. meaning: держать

References: WP I 856 f

Proto-IE: *pis-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to pound, to thresh

Old Indian: pinaṣṭi, ptc. piṣṭá- `to crush, grind, pound'; peṣtar- `who or what pounds or grinds'

Avestan: pišant- `zerstampfend'

Old Greek: ptíssō (att. -ttō), aor. ptísai̯, p. ptisthē̂nai̯, pf. m. éptismai̯, va. á-ptisto- `durch Stampfen usw. Körner enthulsen, zerschroten'; pticánǟ f. `Gerstengraupen, Gerstengrütze', ptísma n. `Gerstengraupen', ptísi-s f. `das Enthulsen', ptismó-s `das Enthülsen', pl. peri-ptísmata `ausgepresste Weintrauben'

Slavic: *pьxā́tī, *pьšjǭ, *pьšjeno, -ī́cā; *pē̃stъ, *pēstā́

Baltic: *pis- (*pis-a-) vb. tr., *paĩs-ī̂- vb., *peĩs-t-ā̂ f., peĩs-t-a- c.,

Germanic: *pī́s-Vl=

Latin: pīnsō, -ere, pīnsī/-pīnsuī, *pistum/pīnsum `kleinstampfen, zerstossen'; pīsāre/pīnsāre `zerstampfen, zerstossen'; pistor, -ōris `Bäcker'; pistrīnum n. `Stampfmühle; Bäckerei'; pīsō `Mörser'; pīla f. `Mörser', pīlum n. `Mörsekeule; Wurfspiess', pistillum n. `Stampfer'

Other Italic: Umbr pistu `pistum'

Russ. meaning: толочь, обмолачивать

References: WP II 1

Proto-IE: *bhark- / *bhrak-

Meaning: to stuff

Old Greek: phrássō, phráttō 'einschliessen, umhegen, zusammendrängen', phraktós 'eingeschlossen'

Latin: farciō, -īre, farsī, farctum `etwas hineinstopfen, vollstopfen, mästen; machen etwas voll gedrängt', abl. farte `Füllung'; fartim `gestopft, dicht'; fartor m. `Hühnerstopfer'fartus, -ūs m. `Ausfüllung'

Celtic: *bark- > MIr barc `Überfluss'

Albanian: bark `Bausch', m-bars `mache trächtig'

Russ. meaning: набивать, напихивать

References: WP II 134 f

Proto-IE: *bhere-, *bhrē-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to bear

Tokharian: A, B pär- (PT *pär-) 'bear (away), carry (off), take up, wear' (Adams 371)

Old Indian: bhárati, bhárti, bíbharti, bibhárti, pf. babhāra, jabhā́ra, ptc. bhr̥tá-, inf. bhártum `to bear, carry, convey, hold'; bhr̥tí- f. `bearing, carrying, bhrtyā́ f. `support, maintenance, wages'; bhárman- n. `support, maintenance, nourishment; (L.) load', bhárīman- n. `supporting, nourishing', bharítra- n. `arm'; bhára- m. `act of bearing, carrying, bringing; gain, prize, booty', bháraṇa- n. `bearing, maintaining'; bhartár- m. `bearer'; bhārá- m. `burden, load, weight', bhā́rman- n. `board for bearing or holding', bhāryà- `to be borne, supported', babhrí- `bearing, carrying'

Avestan: baraiti `trägt; reitet'; -bībarāmi; ptc. bǝrǝta-; borsti- `das Tragen', fra-bǝrsti- `Darreichung, Darbietung'; -bara- `tragend, bringend etc.', fra-barǝtar- `ein Unterpriester'

Other Iranian: OPers 3 pl. barantiy

Armenian: berem `trage, bringe'; berrn, gen. berrin `Bürde, Last', ber `Ertrag'; ber `impetus, Bewegung, Lauf', -ber `bringend, tragend'; lusa-vor `lichtbringend'; ? bard `Haufe; Kompositum'

Old Greek: phérō, -omai̯, hom. ipv. phérte `tragen, ertragen, wegtragen, abtragen, herbeischaffen, sich erstrecken, sich fortbeweeen etc.'; ft. -phrḗsō, aor. -éphrēsa, -phrē̂nai̯, -phrẹ̄́s: dia- `durchlassen', ẹ̄s- `hineinlassen, hineinstecken', ek- `herausbringen, herauslassen, entlassen'; ẹ̄s-piphránai̯ `hineinbringen'; iter. phoréō `trage etc.'; ptc. phertó-; phéretro-n, phértro-n n. `Bahre', phóretron-n n. `Tragerlohn, Fuhrlohn', pharétrǟ f. `Köcher'; phérnǟ f. `Mitgift'. aeol. phérenā `id.'; phóro-s `Ertrag, Steuer', -phoro- `tragend'; phorǟ́ f. `das Tragen, Last, Abtragen, Abgabe, Hervorbringen, Ertrag, Bewegung, Lauf', phóro-s `Ertrag, (eingehobener) Tribut, (eingelieferte) Abgabe', phoró- `tragend, förderlich, trächtig, einträglich'; phórto-s m. `Ladung, Last', dí-phro-s `der den Wagenlenker und den Kämpfer fassende Teil des Streitwagens'; díphro-s m. `Sessel, Stuhl, Wagenkasten, Wagen'

Slavic: *bьrā́tī, *bèrǭ; *bèrmę̄/*bérmę̄; *borъ, *=borъ

Baltic: ? *bar-a- c.

Germanic: *bir-a- vb., *barw-iō(n-) f., *bēr-ō(n-) f., *bur-ɵ-i- c., -ī(n-) f., -iōn- f.; *bur-jō(n-) f.; *bar-ō- vb., *bēr-ja- adj.

Latin: ferō, ferre `tragen, hervorbringen, verbreiten, ertragen; hintragen, überbringen; wegtragen; forttragen, treiben'; prs 2 sg. fers, 3 sg. fert etc.; praefericulum n. `eherne weite Opferschale', ferculum n. `Trage, Bahre, Speisebrett'; offertor `Opferer'

Other Italic: Umbr fertu `fertō', ferest `feret', ferar `ferātur'; ař-, ars-fertur `flamen (*adfertor)'; Volsk ferom `ferre'; Marc ferenter `feruntur', feret `fert'

Celtic: *ber-, *brt-, *bert- > OIr prs. 1 sg. biru, 3 sg. berit `tragen', as-biur `sage', do-biur `gebe'; breth, brith, breith, gen. brith `das Tragen'; MIr bert `Bündel'; Cymr cymeraf `nehme'; bryd `Geanke', Corn brys `Gedanke'

Albanian: bie, 2 pl. `bringe, trage, führe', zbjer `verliere'; mbar, bar `trage, schleppe'

Russ. meaning: нести

References: WP II 153 f

Proto-IE: *bher-

Meaning: yeast

Germanic: *bir-a- m., *bir-ō(n-) f., *bir-m-an- m.

Latin: fermentum, -ī n. `Gährung (Auflockerung der Erde); Gärungsstoff (Sauerteig; Dünger; Malz)'

Albanian: brum `Sauerteig'

Russ. meaning: дрожжи, закваска

References: WP II 157 f

Proto-IE: *bhera-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to beat, to hew, to struggle, etc.

Old Indian: {(Gramm.) bhrṇāti `versehrt' }

Avestan: tiži-bāra- `mit scharfer Schneide'

Other Iranian: NPers burrad `schneidet'

Old Greek: aor. phársai̯ = skhísai̯ EM, pharáō, -óō `pflügen', pháros n. `Pflug ?', á-pharo- `aphárōtos', pháraŋk-s, -aŋgos f. `Bergschlucht, Kluft, Tiefer Graben, Abgrund', ion. phársos n. `Stück, Teil'

Slavic: *bórtī, *bõrjǭ; *bornь

Baltic: *bar̂- (1) vb. tr., *bar-n-ia- n.

Germanic: *bar-ja- vb.

Latin: feriō, -īre (OLat ferīnunt `feriunt') `stossen, hauen; treffen, berühren; schlachten'; ferentāriu, -ī m. `Wurfschütze'

Celtic: MIr bairenn, -end `Felsstück'

Albanian: bie, 2 pl. birni, imp. bierɛ `klopfe, schlage, spiele ein Instrument; falle'; brimɛ `Loch', birɛ id., brɛń, geg. bręj `nage'

Russ. meaning: бить, рубить и т. д.

References: WP II 159 f