Comment: The pure root may be observed in Ag. and Tsakh.; the Lezg. form (cf. also Khl. šk:i) has an expressive prefix š-, while the Tab., Rut. and Shakh-dagh forms contain productive adjective suffixes -r- and -t:-. Because of the early vowel reduction in most languages, the medial nasal *-m- (which can be reconstructed on external evidence) has vanished in all languages.