Kiggen 1948: 75. Quoted as kɛn=dial in [Bender 1971: 271], where kɛn = 'they' (so the form is actually 'they all').
Dinka:eben2
Nebel 1979: 29. Meaning glossed as 'all, every'. The Rueng variant is reduplicated: eban-eban 'all' [ibid.] or ebɐn-ebɐːn [Nebel 1979: 104]. Distinct from the bound morpheme =d̪ie, used in conjunction with pronominal stems: o=d̪ie 'we all', we=d̪ie 'you all', ke=d̪ie 'they all' etc. [Nebel 1979: 104]. In [Roettger 1989: 30], the forms ebɛn and kɛ=d̪ie ~ kɛ=d̪iɛ ~ kɛ=d̪ia are sometimes listed as alternate synonyms and sometimes are found in complementary distribution across dialects; however, it is not clear how accurate these records really are.
Reel:kan=dial1
Roettger 1989: 30.
Mabaan:waːk-id̪a ~ waːk-ɛnd̪a3
Miller 2006: 105. Derived from the noun waːk 'things', cf. also waːk-ɔ 'bodies' [ibid.]. According to the source, the variant waːk-id̪a is applied to 1st and 2nd persons ('we all', 'you all'); the variant waːk-ɛnd̪a is applicable to 3rd person ('they all'). Quoted as wɔk-ǝnda in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:mɔreːn #4
Bender 1971: 268. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Kurmuk:
Not attested.
Mayak:kuːd5
Bender 1971: 272. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Shilluk:bɛn2
Heasty 1937: 14. Quoted as ben ~ bene 'all, every, entire, whole, complete, total' in [Kohnen 1994: 17].
Anywa:gī=bēːt6
Reh 1999: 27. The morpheme gī= is pronominal ('they').
Pari:beːt6
Andersen 1988b: 301. Quoted as bëːt in [Simeoni 1978: 95].
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Nuer:ŋɛat̪ ~ ŋet̪1
Kiggen 1948: 221, 223. Plural: ŋɛd̪. Quoted as sg. ŋɛːʰt̪, pl. ŋɛt̪ 'ash (wood)' in [Frank 1999: 84]. Distinct from the more specialized term pou, pl. puːk 'burnt cowdung ashes' [Kiggen 1948: 259]. It is this latter term that is listed as pʰokʰ 'ashes' in [Bender 1971: 271] and sg. puɔʰk, pl. puːk 'ash (dung)' in [Frank 1999: 84].
Dinka:ŋet̪1
Nebel 1979: 63. Meaning glossed as 'wood-ashes'. Quoted as ŋêːʰt̪ 'ash' in [Andersen 1987: 4]. Distinct from arop 'dung-ashes' [Nebel 1979: 12]. Cf. also NE, SEb ɕol, pl. ɕoːl 'ash, charcoal' in [Duerksen 2005: 36]; this word is clearly derived from 'black' q.v. and corresponds to the compound form ɕol maɕ 'charcoal, soot' (lit. 'black of fire') in [Nebel 1979: 20], so the submeaning 'ash', listed in Duerksen's dictionary, seems suspicious. On the other hand, clearly the same word is also listed as ɕoóːʰl 'ash from grass' in [Andersen 1987: 12]. In [Roettger 1989: 84], the word is listed as ŋɛt̪ (very rarely ŋet̪) for all dialects and subdialects of Dinka.
Reel:a=ŋɛt̪1
Roettger 1989: 36.
Mabaan:t̪oll-o2
Miller 2006: 99. Plural form; the singulative is t̪oːl-d̪in. Quoted as tǝːllǝ in [Bender 1971: 269]. Distinct from ɕuːllo 'black ashes from burnt grass, soot' [Miller 2006: 27].
Jumjum:tàːt-áŋ3
Andersen 2004: 135. Quoted as tat-aŋ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:
Not attested.
Mayak:t̪aːð-ıɲ3
Andersen 1999c: 32. Quoted as t̪aːd̪-iŋ in [Bender 1971: 272]; as sg. táːd-ìn, pl. tód-ùɲ in [Storch 2005: 112].
Shilluk:bur4
Heasty 1937: 16. Quoted as burr in [Kohnen 1994: 23].
Anywa:būr4
Reh 1999: 12. Plural: bū-yí. Distinct from lìek 'ash of burnt land' [Reh 1999: 42].
Pari:búr4
Andersen 1989: 5. Quoted as bur ~ buːr in [Simeoni 1978: 96]. Distinct from lìek 'ash from grass' [Andersen 1988a: 76].
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Nuer:kom1
Kiggen 1948: 150. Polysemy: 'bark / pod / shell of egg, etc.'. Singular and plural forms are the same. Quoted as sg. kuʰm, pl. kʋːʰm in [Frank 1999: 84]; as kʰʋm in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:paːʰt2
Nebel 1979: 68, 108. Plural: pat. Quoted as sg. paâːʰt, pl. páʰt 'bark, shell' in [Andersen 2002: 20]. Phonetic variants of this root in [Roettger 1989: 32] include paʰt ~ paːʰt ~ pat.
Reel:kom1
Roettger 1989: 32.
Mabaan:ʓaŋ=poːʈ-ɛn2
Miller 2006: 49. Literally = 'the trees' wrapping', cf. poːʈ-i 'to wrap' [Miller 2006: 92]. Cf., however, also pottin 'bark (of tree)' in [Miller 2006: 92]; it is not clear if this is an incorrectly spelled variant of the same root or a completely different entry (it is also not confirmed in any of the text examples). In [Bender 1971: 269], the word for 'bark' is listed as ʓe-na, i.e. simply 'tree' q.v.; this is probably the result of incorrect glossing.
Jumjum:pʌ́t-ʌ̀káy2
Andersen 2004: 135. Plural: pʌ́t-ʌ̀ŋgʌ́. Quoted as pǝt-ǝkai in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:kʋ́ːbáɲ3
Andersen 2007b: 66. Plural: kʋ́ːbáɲ-áːk.
Mayak:pɔt-ɛka #2
Bender 1971: 272. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers. Cf. sg. pıɗ-at̪, pl. pıʈ 'shell' in [Andersen 2000a: 34] (a different root).
Shilluk:pad-o2
Heasty 1937: 80. Polysemy: 'bark / skin / shell / a kind of grass'. Quoted as sg. pǝ̄d-ɔ́, pl. pǝ̄d in [Gilley 2000: 15]; as sg. pad̪-o, pl. pat̪ 'bark, shell, peel, husk' in [Kohnen 1994: 155].
Anywa:ā=pɔ̄g-ā4
Reh 1999: 7. Plural: ā=pɔ́g-ɛ́. Initial ā= is a fossilized nominal prefix.
Pari:pɔg-ɔ4
Andersen 1988b: 266.
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Nuer:ʓiɕ1
Kiggen 1948: 126. Plural: ʓiːɕ. Quoted as sg. ʓiɕ, pl. ʓiʰːɕ in [Frank 1999: 84]; as ʓıc̪ in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:yaɕ1
Nebel 1979: 95. Locative: yiɕ. Plural: yɛɕ. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach / uterus / rumen'. Phonetic variants for this word in [Roettger 1989: 34] include yaɕ ~ yaʰɕ ~ yɛɕ ~ yeɕ (the latter only in the Aliab subdialect of Agar). Cf. also ʓuɲ 'lower belly' [Nebel 1979: 37].
Reel:ʓieɕ1
Roettger 1989: 34. Quoted as sg. ʓíɕ, pl. ʓît̪ in [Reid 2010: 29].
Mabaan:kon-ɛ2
Miller 2006: 57. Quoted as kʌ́n-ʌ́ 'stomach' in [Andersen 1999a: 100]; as kʋn-ǝ in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:ʓíɲ1
Andersen 2004: 137. Meaning glossed as 'stomach'. Quoted as ǯiɲ-ɛ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:
Not attested.
Mayak:bul3
Andersen 2000a: 37. Plural: bul-uk. Meaning glossed as 'stomach', but quoted as buli 'belly' in [Bender 1971: 272].
Shilluk:yiɕ1
Heasty 1937: 107. Plural: yɛt̪ ~ yɛt̪-i. The meaning 'belly' is found only in the English-Shilluk index; the Shilluk-English part of the dictionary glosses the word as 'intestines'. Quoted as yiɕ ~ yiʓ, pl. yɛt̪ 'belly, womb, interior (feeling); inside of anything; the contents of volume; extent, curve, winding; kind, species; in, into, therein, wherein, inside' in [Kohnen 1994: 219].
Andersen 2004: 138. Meaning glossed as 'stomach'. Semantic difference between ʓíɲ and kʌ̀n remains unclear (perhaps one of the two words is really 'abdomen', but there are no indications of that in Andersen's papers).
Kurmuk:
Mayak:
Shilluk:
Anywa:
Pari:
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Nuer:diːd1
Kiggen 1948: 75. Quoted as mıː=diːtʰ in [Bender 1971: 75] (with the relativizer attached).
Dinka:dit1
Nebel 1979: 25. Polysemy: 'big / tall / old'. Quoted as dìʰt 'big' (modified to díːʰt in the construction kɔ̂ːʰɕ díːʰt-kùʰ 'your elders') in [Andersen 2002: 17]. Morphological variants in [Roettger 1989: 31] include dit ~ a=dit ~ kǝ=dit.
Bender 1971: 268. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Kurmuk:ɗɔ̌ːŋ2
Andersen 2007b: 76. Attested as part of the predicative form: ɗɔ̌ːŋ-kı́ 'it is big'. Cf. also the plural form ɗɔ̀ŋ-ɔ̀k 'big' (applied to young men, in the sense of 'strong') in [Andersen 2015: 545].
Mayak:ɗaːŋ-ke #2
Bender 1971: 272. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Shilluk:dwɔŋ2
Heasty 1937: 29. Plural: dɔŋ. Polysemy: 'big / old / great / important'. Quoted as n. dɔŋ ~ dɔŋ-o 'greatness, largeness, height, size; old age; reputation, authority', v. dɔŋ-o 'to become great, large; to grow, to get big, old' in [Kohnen 1994: 45].
Anywa:dʋ̀ɔ́ŋ2
Reh 1999: 24. Plural stem: dɔ́ːŋŋ-ɔ́. Verbal stem with polysemy: 'to be big / to be old'.
Pari:dʋ̀ɔŋ2
Andersen 1988a: 94. Quoted as dwoŋ in [Simeoni 1978: 97]. The same source also adds dit as a synonym.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Nuer:
Dinka:
Reel:
Mabaan:t̪ol-3
Miller 2006: 99. The dictionary entries consist of complex (reduplicated) forms: t̪ol-t̪olo 'big' ~ t̪olla-t̪ollo 'great, very'; however, textual examples frequently show the adjective in the non-reduplicated form, cf. bwam ɛkɛ t̪ol t̪olo "his throwing stick is big", but ɛkɛ ɕoːɕɕin t̪ɛrin ɲin i ona t̪olan "he sat down opposite the big building". In [Bender 1971: 269], quoted as tǝl-ʓin 'big'. Textual examples in [Miller 2006] do not allow to determine whether ɖwaŋ- or tol- is the most suitable equivalent - they are encountered with approximately the same statistical frequency and in interchangeable contexts. We include both forms as technical synonyms.
Jumjum:
Kurmuk:
Mayak:
Shilluk:
Anywa:
Pari:
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Nuer:dit1
Kiggen 1948: 78. Plural: diːd. Quoted as sg. dit, pl. diːt in [Frank 1999: 84]; as ditʰ in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:dit1
Nebel 1979: 25. Plural: diɛt. Quoted as absolutive dít, oblique dìt in [Andersen 2002: 9]; as dit ~ dıt in [Roettger 1989: 31] (same root in all subdialects of Dinka).
Reel:dit1
Roettger 1989: 31. Quoted as plural dîiːt 'birds' in [Reid 2010: 129].
Mabaan:ɖiː-no1
Miller 2006: 36. Plural: ɖiːr-go. Quoted as sg. ɖíː-n-ʌ́, pl. ɖíːr-gʌ́ in [Andersen 1999a: 100; Andersen 1992: 185]; as sg. diː-n-u in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:díː-n1
Andersen 2004: 137, 145. Plural: díːr-gʌ́. Quoted as diː-n in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:ɗı̀ː-n-áːt̪1
Andersen 2007b: 39. Plural: ɗı̀ːɗ-ı̀ːn.
Mayak:ɗıː-n-ɛt̪ ~ ɗıː-n-ɛt1
Andersen 1999c: 74. Quoted as de-n-ɛt̪ in [Bender 1971: 272].
Shilluk:wiɲ-o2
Heasty 1937: 103; Kohnen 1994: 211. Plural: wiɲ.
Anywa:wɛ̀ɲ-ɔ̄2
Reh 1999: 81. Plural: wɛ̀ɲ.
Pari:wı̀ɲ-ɔ́2
Andersen 1999e: 256. Quoted as sg. wiɲ-o, pl. wiɲ in [Simeoni 1978: 97].
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Nuer:kaɕ1
Kiggen 1948: 135. 3rd p. sg.: kai-ɛ. Polysemy: 'to bite / to sting'. Examples in the dictionary show that the word is applicable at least to insects and dogs. Quoted as kʰɛc̪ in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:kaɕ1
Nebel 1979: 37. Polysemy: 'to bite / to snap / to catch'. Variants recorded as kɐɕ, kɛɕ in [Duerksen 2005: 85]. Quoted as à=kɛ̂ːʰɕ 'he is biting' in [Andersen 1987: 10]; as kaɕ for all dialects and subdialects of Dinka in [Roettger 1989: 34]. The word ɕam 'to eat' q.v. is listed with the meaning 'to bite' for the Southwestern dialect in [Duerksen 2005: 33], but not in Nebel's dictionary, which is why we do not include it on the list as a synonym.
Reel:kaɕ1
Roettger 1989: 34. Quoted as kâɕ in [Reid 2010: 53].
Mabaan:koːy ~ koː-d̪i1
Miller 2006: 58, 59. Quoted as kày-ɛ́ 'they bite' in [Andersen 1999a: 101]; as kâː-t̪ân 'they will bite him' in [Andersen 1992: 192]; as ka-ɲǝ 'bite' in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:kaɕ-1
Andersen 2004: 139. Verbal noun: kàɲ-ɲʌ́. Quoted as kaɲ-ǝ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:nàn2
Andersen 2007b: 83; Andersen 2015: 519.
Mayak:kaɕ1
Andersen 1999c: 67. Quoted as a=kaʓ-ar in [Bender 1971: 272]. Cf., however, also the form nan-ʈır "it is being bitten" in [Andersen 1999c: 75]. It is unclear which of the two roots is a better semantic match for the Swadesh being, so we include both in the list for the time being (kaɕ is etymologically more archaic, but nan- has a direct parallel in the Kurmuk dialect of Buruun).
Shilluk:kaɕ1
Heasty 1937: 40. Imperative form; the participial form is kaʓ-o. Polysemy: 'bite / sting / harvest'. Quoted as kaʓ 'to bite; to ache; to pluck off, to gather (the durrah ears); to squeeze in, to stick fast, to hold fast, to pinch' in [Kohnen 1994: 75].
Andersen 1988a: 89. Quoted as kʌy-o in [Simeoni 1978: 97].
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Nuer:ɕaːm2
Kiggen 1948: 51. Same word as 'to eat'. Examples in the dictionary show that the word, just like kaɕ, is applicable to insects and dogs. Since it is currently impossible to establish the semantic difference, we treat them as synonyms.
Dinka:
Reel:
Mabaan:
Jumjum:
Kurmuk:
Mayak:nan-2
Andersen 1999c: 75.
Shilluk:
Anywa:
Pari:
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Nuer:ɕaːr1
Kiggen 1948: 53. Polysemy: 'black / clear (of water)'. Quoted as =ɕarr in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:ɕol2
Nebel 1979: 20. Polysemy: 'black / dark / dark blue'. Quoted as à=ɕòːʰl 'it is black' in [Andersen 1987: 13]. Quoted as ɕol ~ ɕuol ~ ɕuɔl ~ a=ɕol ~ a=ɕuol ~ ke=ɕol ~ kʋ=ɕol for the majority of Dinka dialects and subdialects in [Roettger 1989: 37]. The only alternate synonym is ma=ɕar in some subdialects of Rek and Agar = ɕar 'black, dirty', ma=ɕaʰr 'black; black male animal' [Nebel 1979: 19, 55].
Reel:ɕar1
Roettger 1989: 37. Quoted as ɕáːʰr in [Reid 2010: 55].
Mabaan:ul-ulo2
Miller 2006: 105. Cf. also ulla-ullo 'dark (very)' [ibid.]. Quoted as ʋl-ʔʋl in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:ʔúl-2
Andersen 2004: 153. Attested as part of the form ʔùl-àŋ 'it is black'. Quoted as ul-ǝŋ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:ʔʋ́l-2
Andersen 2007b: 41. Attested as part of the form ʔʋ́l-ʌ́kı́ 'it is black'.
Mayak:ʔʋl-2
Andersen 1999c: 24. Quoted as ɔl-ǝ-ʔɔl (reduplicated stem) in [Bender 1971: 272].
Reh 1999: 16. Polysemy: 'black / dark / dirty'. Cf. ɕùll-ò 'to become black / to become dirty' [Reh 1999: 17].
Pari:ɕɔ̀l2
Andersen 1988a: 94. Quoted as ɕol in [Simeoni 1978: 97].
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Nuer:riem1
Kiggen 1948: 273. Plural: rim. Quoted as sg. riɛm, pl. rim in [Frank 1999: 84]; as rriyɛm in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:riɛm1
Nebel 1979: 77. Plural: rim (glossed as 'much blood') [ibid.]. Quoted as riɛ́ːm in [Andersen 1987: 4]. Quoted as riɛm for all dialects and subdialects of Dinka in [Roettger 1989: 32].
Reel:riɛm1
Roettger 1989: 32.
Mabaan:yim-go1
Miller 2006: 115. Without the suffix, cf. yim 'dura (red)' [ibid.]. Quoted as yîm-mʌ̀ in [Andersen 1999a: 100]; as yim-gʋ in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:yím-gʌ̀1
Andersen 2004: 139. Plural form; the singulative is yìm-máɲ. Quoted as yim-gǝ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:
Not attested.
Mayak:rım1
Andersen 1999c: 13. Plural form; the singulative is rım. Quoted as rem-at̪ in [Bender 1971: 272]; as sg. rém-àt̪, pl. rém in [Storch 2005: 109].
Shilluk:rɛm-o1
Heasty 1937: 87. Quoted as rem-o in [Kohnen 1994: 169].
Anywa:rɛ̀m-ɔ̄1
Reh 1999: 70. Plural: rɛ̄m.
Pari:rı̀m-ɔ́1
Andersen 1999e: 265. Quoted as rim-o in [Simeoni 1978: 97].
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Nuer:ɕoaɣ1
Kiggen 1948: 59. Plural: ɕou. Quoted as sg. ɕɔɣ, pl. ɕɔːʰɣ in [Frank 1999: 84]; as c̪ʋaː in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:yuom2
Nebel 1979: 99. Plural: yom. Quoted as yuɔːm in [Duerksen 2005: 195]; as sg. yuɔɔ̂ːʰm, pl. yòːm in [Andersen 1987: 16, 18]. Quoted as yuɔm for all dialects and subdialects of Dinka in [Roettger 1989: 32] (the Ageer subdialect also has the additional variant yuom).
Reel:a=ɕa1
Roettger 1989: 32.
Mabaan:oː-no1
Miller 2006: 86. Plural: ow-wo. Quoted as sg. ʔʌ́ː-nʌ́, pl. ʔʌ̂w-wʌ̀ in [Andersen 1999a: 100; Andersen 2006: 12]; as ʋ-nǝ in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:ʔʌ́w-nʌ̀1
Andersen 2004: 145. Plural: ʔʌ́w-gʌ̀. Quoted as ou-nǝ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:ʔʌ̀ːw-ʌ̀t̪1
Andersen 2007b: 51. Plural: ʔʌ̀ːw.
Mayak:ʔʌːw-ʌt̪1
Andersen 1999c: 13. Plural: ʔʌːp [An.13]. Quoted as sg. ʔáw-it̪, pl. ʔʌ́ːb in [Storch 2005: 107]. Cf. źwǝd̪ 'bone' in [Bender 1971: 272] (perhaps a misprint for *ʌwǝd̪?).
Shilluk:ɕog-o1
Heasty 1937: 21; Kohnen 1994: 31. Plural: ɕu. Quoted as sg. ɕɔ̀ʰːg-ɔ́ʰ, pl. ɕūʰw in [Gilley 1992: 88].
Anywa:ɕòː1
Reh 1999: 16. Plural: ɕùː.
Pari:ɕò-ó1
Andersen 1988a: 68. Quoted as sg. ɕoː, pl. ɕuː in [Simeoni 1978: 97].
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Nuer:kau1
Kiggen 1948: 138. Plural: kaː-t̪. Quoted as sg. kaw, pl. kæːʰ-t̪ in [Frank 1999: 84]; as kaw in [Bender 1971: 271]. Distinct from t̪in, pl. t̪iːn 'female breast' [Kiggen 1948: 313].
Dinka:pɛm2
Nebel 1979: 69. Quoted as sg. pɛːm, pl. pem in [Duerksen 2005: 142]; as pɛɛ̂ːm in [Andersen 1987: 16]. According to Duerksen's dictionary, there is also a Southwestern variant of this word glossed as pɛːk. There are also several other words, scattered across the dictionary and glossed as 'chest': ɐgɐu 'chest (of body)' [Duerksen 2005: 9], ʓou 'chest' [Duerksen 2005: 77], teŋ 'chest (of body)' [Duerksen 2005: 161]; the word 'heart' q.v. can also be used in the same meaning. However, out of all these, only pɛm is found in the meaning 'chest' in Nebel's dictionary, so we tentatively leave it to occupy the primary slot. Distinct from t̪iːn, pl. t̪in '(female) breast, udder' [Nebel 1979: 87].
Reel:
Not attested. Cf. t̪ın 'breasts (female)' in [Roettger 1989: 34].
Mabaan:ʓua-no3
Miller 2006: 51. Plural: ʓɔ-t-ko. Meaning glossed as 'chests (part of body)'. Distinct from sg. tyin-nɛ, pl. tyin-gɛ '(female) breast, teat' [Miller 2006: 101], quoted as sg. t̪ién-nʌ́, pl. t̪îen-gʌ̀ in [Andersen 1999a: 101; Andersen 2006: 4].
Jumjum:
Not attested. Cf. t̪ı́n-nʌ̀ 'female breast' [Andersen 2004: 145], quoted as tɛn-gǝ in [Bender 1971: 269].
Kurmuk:zɔ́3
Andersen 2007b: 39. Meaning glossed as 'chest'.
Mayak:ʓɔk3
Andersen 1999c: 72. Polysemy: 'chest / heart'. Distinct from sg. t̪in-it̪, pl. t̪ın 'female breast' [Andersen 1999d: 8].
Shilluk:ko1
Heasty 1937: 45. Also ko-ɕ ~ koː-r id. Plural: ko-t̪. Quoted as sg. kǝ́w, pl. kōò-d̪ in [Gilley 2000: 6]. Although glossed as 'chest, breast' in Heasty's dictionary, the word is only glossed as 'chest' by Gilley, and there is a distinct word for 'female breast': sg. t̪iʰn̪-o, pl. t̪iʰn̪ [Heasty 1937: 98].
Anywa:kʌ̄w1
Reh 1999: 34. Plural: kóː-t̪í. Meaning glossed as 'chest'. Distinct from t̪ùn̪-ò, pl. t̪ùn̪ 'breast' [Reh 1999: 76].
Pari:
Not attested. Cf. t̪ùn̪-ò 'breast (female)' in [Andersen 1988a: 67].
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Nuer:waŋ1
Kiggen 1948: 323. 3rd p. sg.: waːŋ-ɛ. Quoted as waˤŋ in [Bender 1971: 271]. Transitive and intransitive usage.
Dinka:ɕuaɲ ~ ɕuoɲ2
Nebel 1979: 21, 22. Cf.: ɕuàːɲ 'am I to burn it?' vs. à=ɕuɛ̂ːɲ 'he is burning' in [Andersen 1987: 15]. The verb has both transitive and intransitive usage. Cf. also ɲop 'to burn, roast (on an open fire)' [Nebel 1979: 67] (this seems to have the semantics 'burn to a crisp, roast' rather than the required 'burn smth. down'). In [Roettger 1989: 36], the most commonly listed equivalent for 'to burn' is ɲop (with occasional phonetic variants ɲɔp and ɲuɔp), although several subdialects have dɛp as an alternative or additional synonym; this latter word is glossed as dɛp 'to burn (intr.)' in [Nebel 1979: 24].
Reel:waŋ #1
Roettger 1989: 36. Differently in [Reid 2010: 48]: ɕwɛ̀ːʰɲ 'burn'. Roettger's entry is identical to the Nuer equivalent, while Reid's is the same as in Dinka. Reid specifies that the verb is "antipassive", but not "transitive".
Mabaan:t̪oɲ-ga3
Miller 2006: 99. The dictionary lists the following forms: t̪oɲ-ga (trans.) 'ignite a fire, burn something'; t̪oɲ-gan id.; t̪oɲ-ɲo (intrans.) 'ignite a fire'; t̪oːɲ (intrans.) 'ignite many fires'; t̪oːɲ-ga (trans.) 'ignite many fires'; t̪oːɲ-gan id. Quoted as t̪ʌ̀ɲ- 'light, burn' in [Andersen 1999a: 112]. Differently in [Bender 1971: 269]: illǝ 'burn'. This may be a misglossing, cf. illa 'soot' in [Miller 2006: 48].
Jumjum:
Not properly attested. Cf. il 'burn' in [Bender 1971: 268]; however, considering that the same root in Bender's entry for 'to burn' for Mabaan seems to be wrong for the required Swadesh meaning, it is better not to trust his entry for Jumjum, either.
Kurmuk:wàːŋ1
Andersen 2007b: 62. Attested in the phrase "I am burning the dry leaves".
Mayak:t̪ʋɲ3
Andersen 1999c: 77. Attested in the phrase "The person is burning the grass". Differently in [Bender 1971: 272]: el-de 'burn' (cf. Bender's entries for Mabaan and Jumjum).
Shilluk:raʰp4
Heasty 1937: 86; Gilley 1992: 88. Imperative form; the participial form is rab-o. Quoted as rap ~ rab 'to set on fire' in [Kohnen 1994: 167] (the alternate meanings 'to turn up, down, away' probably represent homonyms); cf. wot rab en 'the house has been burned down by him'. The older root waŋ, also listed by Heasty as a potential synonym, is glossed by Kohnen as 'to be partly burnt; to scorch, to scald oneself' [Kohnen 1994: 206], implying a slight semantic shift (examples are: "my dress was partly burnt by the fire", "I scorched my hand", "take care, you will burn yourself", etc.).
Anywa:wāːŋ1
Reh 1999: 80. Detransitivized stem: wʌ́ːŋ-ó.
Pari:wàːŋ1
Andersen 1988a: 89. Cf. á=wáːŋ-ɛ̀ "he burnt it" [Andersen 1988a: 81]. Quoted as waŋ-o in [Simeoni 1978: 97].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Nuer:riob1
Kiggen 1948: 275. Plural: riop. Quoted as sg. rioʰp, pl. roʰːp in [Frank 1999: 86]; as rriʋp in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:riop1
Nebel 1979: 78. Meaning glossed as 'claw', but also as 'fingernail' in the English-Dinka index on p. 139. Quoted as sg. rióːʰp, pl. riòp 'nail' in [Andersen 1987: 12]. Attested phonetic variants in [Roettger 1989: 34] involve riop ~ rioʰp ~ riɛp.
Reel:riop1
Roettger 1989: 34. Meaning glossed as 'claw'.
Mabaan:kɛː-nɛ2
Miller 2006: 49. Plural: kɛy-yɛ. (The complete form is in-tɛ kɛː-nɛ 'fingernail', where the first part = 'hand' q.v.). Quoted as kɛ̂ːn-nʌ̀ in [Andersen 1999a: 104]; as key-yɛn in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:kʋ́rk-ɔ̀n3
Andersen 2004: 145. Cf. also kʋ́rk-ʋ̀gɛ́nɛ́n 'their nails' [Andersen 2004: 136]. Quoted as kɔrk-ʋŋgʋ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:kʋ́rk-ɔ́n3
Andersen 2007b: 64.
Mayak:kɔrk-ɔn #3
Bender 1971: 272. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Shilluk:kwɔʰŋ4
Heasty 1937: 49. The complete form is kwɔʰŋ lwɛd-o, pl. kwoŋ lwɛt-i, where lwɛd-o = 'finger'. Quoted as sg. kwoŋ-o, pl. kwoŋ in [Kohnen 1994: 94], with polysemy: 'nail / claw', and both kwoŋ lwed-o 'finger-nail' and kwoŋ tyel-o 'toe-nail' listed as possible combinations.
Anywa:kwʌ̀n-lwɛ́ːd-ɔ́4
Reh 1999: 39. Plural: kwʌ̀-g-lwɛ̀ːd-í. The second component of this compound formation is lwɛ́ːd-ɔ́ 'finger' [Reh 1999: 45]. The first is independently glossed as sg. kwʌ̀nn-ò, pl. kwʌ̀-gì ~ kwʌ̀nn-è 'scale (of fish)' [Reh 1999: 39].
Pari:kùonn-ò4
Andersen 1988a: 69.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Nuer:puaːr1
Kiggen 1948: 259. Plural: puaːr-i. Meaning glossed as 'firmament, cloud'. Quoted as pʷaˤrr in [Bender 1971: 259]. Differently in [Frank 1999: 85]: tiʰk, pl. tiæʰk 'cloud, fog'. In [Kiggen 1948: 296], this word is listed as tiːk, pl. tieɣ 'rainbow', cf. also the compound tiːk puaːr 'shade of clouds, haze, mirage' [ibid.].
Dinka:piol1
Nebel 1979: 71. Meaning glossed as 'white clouds'. The word apparently has a large number of phonetic variants: pial (Northeast, Southwest), piɵːl (Southeast), piɐːr (general) [Duerksen 2005: 142]. In [Andersen 1987: 16], the variant piaáːʰr is attested for the Agar Dinka dialect. In [Roettger 1989: 36], this word is attested as pioʰl in the Bor dialect and in the Malual subdialect of Rek; as poʰl in the Agar dialect; as puɔl in the Rek proper subdialect of Rek. All the subdialects of Padang-Ageer show a completely different root: luaʰt ~ luat ~ luaːʰt (also attested as luɛt in the Twic subdialect of Rek). In [Nebel 1979: 52], this word is attested as luɐt 'cloudy sky; clouds'.
Reel:piar1
Roettger 1989: 36.
Mabaan:pɔl-lo1
Miller 2006: 93. Plural: pɔl-t̪an ~ pɔl-d̪in. Polysemy: 'sky / cloud / heaven'. Quoted as pɔl-o in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:pɔ́l-ɕàn1
Andersen 2004: 145. Totally different in [Bender 1971: 268]: yoyo 'cloud'.
Kurmuk:àgúːrú-1
Andersen 2007b: 41. According to Andersen, borrowed from Berta.
Mayak:kɔl2
Andersen 1999d: 83; Andersen 2000a: 33. According to the second source, the plural form kɔl means 'clouds' the singular form kol-it̪ means 'sky'. Quoted as kɔl 'cloud' in [Bender 1971: 272].
Shilluk:poʰl-o1
Heasty 1937: 83. Plural: pɔl. Quoted as sg. pɔl-o, pl. pɔl in [Kohnen 1994: 162] (cf. also the morphological variant pɔːl 'firmament' in the same source).
Anywa:
Not attested in Reh's dictionary.
Pari:pol-o1
Simeoni 1978: 98. Plural: pol. Not attested in Andersen's papers.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Nuer:kɔɕ1
Kiggen 1948: 147. Adjective and noun. Quoted as kʰɔɕ-kʰɔɕ in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:liɛr2
Nebel 1979: 49. Verbal/adjectival stem: 'to become cold'. Quoted as lır ~ lir ~ liɛr ~ a=lır ~ a=lir ~ ke=lir ~ kɛ=lir ~ kʋ=lir for all the dialects and subdialects of Dinka in [Roettger 1989: 37] (all forms represent phonetic and morphological variants of the same root). Cf. also wir 'cold' (noun) [Nebel 1979: 95].
Reel:kɔɕ1
Roettger 1989: 37.
Mabaan:luy-luy3
Miller 2006: 70. Quoted as lʋ-lui in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:luy-aŋ #3
Bender 1971: 268. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Kurmuk:
Not attested.
Mayak:
Probably not attested. The word is not found in any of T. Andersen's papers, and in [Bender 1971: 272] the equivalent for 'cold' is yɛ́mit̪, which (a) looks like a noun and (b) is identical with the Kurmuk word for 'wind' q.v., so this could easily be an accidental misglossing. Moreover, in [Storch 2005: 104], 'coldness' is glossed as déy-ɔ́n, implying that déy- might be the basic equivalent for 'cold'.
Shilluk:liʰp4
Heasty 193: 53. Meaning glossed as 'cool, cold'. Quoted as lib 'cool, fresh' in [Kohnen 1994: 102]. This seems to be the default equivalent for 'cold' as applied to objects such as 'water'. But cf. also koʰʓ-o 'cold, coldness' (marked as a noun) [Heasty 1937: 45], a standard term applied to cold weather (e.g. piɲ da koʓ-o 'it is cold', where piɲ = 'earth, world').
Anywa:ŋɛ́ɕ5
Reh 1999: 57. Verbal stem: 'to be cold'.
Pari:ŋı̀ɕ5
Andersen 1988a: 94. Quoted as ŋiɕ in [Simeoni 1978: 98]. The same source also adds the (noun?) koyo as a synonym [ibid.].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Nuer:be-n1
Kiggen 1948: 26, 32. Irregular paradigm: 1st p. sg. baː ~ baː-ɣa, 3rd p. sg. bɛː-ɣɛ. Quoted as bı-rr in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:bɛ-n1
Nebel 1979: 14, 15. Paradigmatic information: main form bɛ-n, indicative form a=bɔ ~ a=ba, imperative sg. ba-r, pl. ba-k. Cf. forms in Agar Dinka: à=bɔ́ʰ 'he is coming' [Andersen 2002: 12], bâːʰ-r 'come!' [Andersen 1987: 2]. Morphological variants of this root in various dialects and subdialects of Dinka, as attested in [Roettger 1989: 35], include bɛ-n ~ bɛʰ-n ~ bɔʰ ~ ba-r ~ baʰ-r.
Reel:bɛ-r1
Roettger 1989: 35.
Mabaan:bɛː-d̪-o1
Miller 2006: 6. Quoted as bɛ-d-i in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:ʔʌ́ːt̪-2
Andersen 2004: 135. Attested in the form ʔʌ́ːt̪-ʌ́n-ʌ̀ 'I came'. Quoted as ǝt̪-ǝ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:ʔód̪-2
Andersen 2007b: 37. Attested in the form ʔòd̪-ú-ud̪-ı́ 'I came'.
Mayak:ɔd-ir #2
Bender 1971: 272. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Simeoni 1978: 98. Not attested in Andersen's papers.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Nuer:liu1
Kiggen 1948: 178. 3rd p. sg.: liu-ɛ. Quoted as liyah in [Bender 1971: 271].
Dinka:t̪ou2
Nebel 1979: 89. Polysemy: 'to die / to break (a pot) / to finish, cease'. Attested as t̪ou in all dialects and subdialects of Dinka (only the Ruweng subdialect has the phonetic variant t̪uou) in [Roettger 1989: 35]. Cf. also riar 'to die, perish' [Nebel 1979: 77] (same root as in the noun riar 'twilight in the evening' [ibid.], with a metaphoric development?); riap 'to die (men, cattle, plants)' [Nebel 1979: 77] (a plural action stem).
Reel:liu1
Roettger 1989: 35.
Mabaan:t̪uː-d̪-o2
Miller 2006: 100. Quoted as t̪u-n̪i- in [Bender 1971: 269].
Jumjum:t̪úw-2
Andersen 2004: 137. Quoted as t̪u-n̪u in [Bender 1971: 268].
Kurmuk:t̪ʋ̀w-2
Andersen 2007b: 33.
Mayak:t̪ɔb-be #2
Bender 1971: 272. Not attested in any of T. Andersen's papers.
Shilluk:t̪ɔ ~ t̪ɔwo2
Heasty 1937: 98. The English-Shilluk section of the dictionary states that t̪ɔ is "used mostly of animals" and adds two euphemistic constructions: (a) lay yino "a polite way of saying a person is dead. It is a combination of two words: laɲ meaning 'lost' and yino meaning 'some far away unknown place'"; (b) laɲ "literally means 'lost'"; lɔɲ "is perhaps from the same word and is used by the Anuaks". In [Kohnen 1994: 199], t̪ɔ is glossed as 'to die; to suffer, to be exhausted; to be most excellent in"; the expression lai yino 'to disappear, to vanish' has the submeaning 'to die' in "distinguished language" [Kohnen 1994: 97]. Based on the comparison of these sources, we suppose that t̪ɔ is still the "neutral" rather than the "markedly vulgar" term, and include it in regular comparison.
Anywa:t̪ɔ̀ː2
Reh 1999: 76. The root is t̪ɔ̀w-.
Pari:t̪o ~ t̪ou2
Simeoni 1978: 99. Not attested in Andersen's papers.
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