Munro et al. 1992: 154. Polysemy: 'all / every / everyone / completely'. "The word pay, meaning 'all', is often used in sentences referring to a lot of people, particularly if the dictionary does not list a separate plural form for the verb of the sentence" [Munro et al. 1992: 308]. Secondary synonyms: č=aːm ~ ča=aːm ~ č=uː=aːm ~ č=uːw=aːm 'all / a lot / every' [Munro et al. 1992: 59], kʷ=asent ~ kʷ=asiːnt ~ ku=siːnt ~ ku=sent 'each / every / all / the whole thing' (derived from ʔasent 'one') [Munro et al. 1992: 124], ɲa=kuː=pay 'every / all / only' [Munro et al. 1992: 146].
Cocopa:s=aːm2
Crawford 1989: 241-242. Glossed as 'be or do all or everything in regard to someone or something, do all or everything for someone'. Word class: transitive verb. 3rd person form: s=w=am (but =aː=s=ˈaːm for the benefactive meaning). Secondary synonyms: ɲ=m=aːm (impersonal intransitive verb) 'be only, all, just, almost, the end' [Crawford 1989: 181], and ɲ=k=wiɲ (intransitive verb) 'be complete, all, only, exclusively so' [Crawford 1989: 178]. Examination of contexts in [Crawford 1983] shows that s=aːm is the main synonym for 'to be all'. The meaning of the s= in s=aːm is not clear, but its prefixal nature is confirmed by the third person form s=w=am (third person prefix u=/w= occurs immediately before the root [Crawford 1966: 64]).
Yavapai:pˈay-a1
Shaterian 1983: 340, 530.
Jamul Tiipay:čam-ʎ̥ ~ ɲa=čˈam-ʎ̥2
Miller 2001: 29, 170, 174. Glossed as 'all / in its entirety' [Miller 2001: 170]. According to Miller, čamʎ̥ etymologically (but not synchronically) consists of stem čam and inessive case marker -ʎ̥ [Miller 2001: 29]. The word means both 'omnis' and 'totus', cf. the following examples: t̪iːpˈay pǝyˈa čamʎ̥ uːsˈawax-čuʔu 'Are we going to feed all these people?' [Miller 2001: 46], ...kʷakpˈu čamʎ̥ st̪uːč ɲauːčˈanč... '...when she had gathered all the meat and taken it down...' [Miller 2001: 49].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:nʸaːmat̪3
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 35. Polysemy: 'all / all of them / everything'.
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Mojave:hamʔuːʎ1
Munro et al. 1992: 73. Polysemy: 'ashes / soot'.
Cocopa:xmʔuɬ #1
Crawford 1989: 362. Word class: noun. Cf. xmʔuɬ 'be gray' [ibid.]. Another candidate is kʷiːmˈa ~ kiːmˈa 'ashes' [Crawford 1989: 54]. In all the three instances in [Crawford 1983] where the English translation of the text has 'ashes', Cocopa original has xmʔuɬ [Crawford 1983: 364-365, 374-377].
Munro et al. 1992: 61. Polysemy: 'bark / skin / hide'. Secondary synonyms: hamaʎ 'leaf / bark' [Munro et al. 1992: 73], nuθ=kʷil 'bark (of a tree)' [Munro et al. 1992: 145] (according to Munro et al., related to čaθ=kʷil).
Cocopa:ʂxu=yˈal2
Crawford 1989: 288. Polysemy: 'kindling / bark (of a tree)'. Word class: noun. Cf. ʂxu=yˈal (transitive verb) 'chop (e.g., wood) into small pieces' [ibid.].
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 19. Glossed as 'bark (of a tree)'. Cf. ʔǝ=yaɬ 'a flat or smooth surface (sheet, shell of acorn, bark, husk, leaf), not plentiful' [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 5].
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Mojave:iː=to1
Munro et al. 1992: 103. Polysemy: 'stomach / belly / middle / center'. Short form: to.
Cocopa:ʔi=čˈu1
Crawford 1989: 400. Glossed as 'stomach / mind'. Word class: noun. Textual examples show that the word also actually means 'belly', cf. the following contexts: 'She kept on tickling him on the stomach' [Crawford 1983: 72-73], 'the girl ... tickled his stomach like this' [Crawford 1983: 76-77]. Derived from ču 'middle / center' [Crawford 1989: 31].
Munro et al. 1992: 198. Glossed as 'be big'. Plural forms: va=ʎ=ta-č- ~ va=ta-č-. A synonym with the same root is va=ʎ=teː-k 'be big' [Munro et al. 1992: 199].
Cocopa:p=t̪ay1
Crawford 1989: 221. Glossed as 'be big, large, fat'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: p=u=t̪ˈay. Distributive plural and subject plural form: p=t̪aːy. Secondary synonym: ʔiɲ 'be big' (impersonal intransitive verb) [Crawford 1989: 403]. In Cocopa texts [Crawford 1983], p=t̪ay occurs more frequently than ʔiɲ.
Yavapai:β=tˈe1
Shaterian 1983: 353, 434, 535. Glossed as 'big, large'. Variant forms: β=tˈeˑy-i, β=tˈay-a. Plural form: β=tˈáˑy-i [Shaterian 1983: 142]. Cf. also k=β=tˈeˑ 'big' (Southeastern Yavapai k=o=tˈê) [Shaterian 1983: 390]. Related to ʔ=tˈe 'many / old, grown' [Shaterian 1983: 353].
Jamul Tiipay:t̪ay1
Miller 2001: 78, 96, 125-126, 128, 138, 360. Glossed as 'to be big'. Plural stem: t̪aːy [Miller 2001: 126]. Personal forms: 1st sg. aʔ=t̪ˈay, 2nd sg. mǝ=t̪ˈay, 3rd sg. kʷa=t̪ˈay (1st and 3rd person forms are irregular) [Miller 2001: 138].
Munro et al. 1992: 40. Short form: č=i=yer. Derived from i=yer-k 'fly (verb)' [Munro et al. 1992: 110] with prefixed ʔič 'something' (used with a following verb or descriptive term) [Munro et al. 1992: 37].
Cocopa:ša2
Crawford 1989: 291. Word class: noun.
Yavapai:ʔ=č=sˈa2
Shaterian 1983: 372, 377, 449, 536. Plural form: ʔčsˈa lˈaˑwi [Shaterian 1983: 377]. Related to ʔ=sˈa 'eagle / widow' [Shaterian 1983: 448] (the meaning 'widow' is probably a fortuitous homonymy).
Jamul Tiipay:aʔ=šˈa ~ aː=šˈa2
Miller 2001: 27, 80.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ʔaː=ʂaː2
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 1.
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Mojave:ča=kʸoː-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 59. Polysemy: 'bite / take a bite / bite off a piece'. Plural forms: ča=č=uː=kʸaːv- ~ ča=č=kʸaː- 'bite off several pieces / bite several people'.
Cocopa:ʂaː2
Crawford 1989: 264. Polysemy: 'eat (hard things) / bite'. Word class: transitive verb. See 'eat'.
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 16. Glossed as 'bites'. Plural: čǝ=č=uː=kaːw-p. Derivational prefix čuː= denotes an action performed by mouth [Langdon 1970: 81-82].
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Mojave:ɲaː=ʔiːʎ-1
Munro et al. 1992: 145. Glossed as 'be black'. Plural form: ɲa=č=ʔiːʎ-. Secondary synonym: luːp i-m 'be very dark / be black' (ablaut stem luːp e-) [Munro et al. 1992: 128].
Cocopa:ɲ=iːʎ̥1
Crawford 1989: 172. Glossed as 'be black, dark, dark-complexioned'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: ʔu=ɲˈiːʎ̥ ~ ɲ=w=iʎ̥ (for some speakers ɲ=w=iʎ̥ means 'he is dark-complexioned' and ʔu=ɲˈiːʎ̥ - "he is black (as if painted black)' [ibid.]). Thus, the root varies between =iːʎ̥ and =ɲiːʎ̥.
Munro et al. 1992: 146. Derived from ʔa=hʷat-m ~ ʔa=hʷaːt-m 'be red / bleed / be rusty', q.v.
Cocopa:ɲ=xʷat1
Crawford 1989: 200. Word class: noun. Related to xʷat 'be red' and xʷaːt 'bleed, be bloody' [Crawford 1989: 373].
Yavapai:(ʔ)=hʷˈat-a1
Shaterian 1983: 475, 536. Related to (ʔ)=hʷˈat-i 'red' q.v.
Jamul Tiipay:xʷat1
Miller 2001: 22. Related to xʷat 'to be red' q.v.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ʔǝ=xʷat1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 3. Polysemy: 'blood / ripe'. Also functions as a verb: 'is red / orange / brown'.
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Mojave:ɲ=a=s=ak1
Munro et al. 1992: 149.
Cocopa:ɲ=y=aːk1
Crawford 1989: 200. Word class: noun. Cf. y=aːk 'bone (removed from the body) / skeleton' (in the meaning 'skeleton' reduced from lxʷačˈaq yaːk) [Crawford 1989: 377].
Yavapai:č=y=ˈaˑk-a1
Shaterian 1983: 374, 537.
Jamul Tiipay:ak1
Miller 2001: 13.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:aq1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 12. Glossed as 'his bone'.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Mojave:iː=wa1
Munro et al. 1992: 106. Polysemy: 'heart / chest'. Short form: wa. Plural form: iː=wa-č. Distinct from ɲ=a=ma 'woman's breast / milk / knot (in wood)' [Munro et al. 1992: 148].
Cocopa:xčkaɾ ~ čxkaɾ2
Crawford 1989: 351. Glossed as 'chest'. Word class: noun. Applicable to both men and women, cf. the following textual example: 'He shot the chest of an old woman' [Crawford 1983: 132-133]. Distinct from ɲ=may ~ ʔi=mˈay 'breast, teat' [Crawford 1989: 182, 401].
Yavapai:ɲ=mˈay-a3
Shaterian 1983: 481, 500, 538. Related to (ʔ)=mˈay-a 'milk' [Shaterian 1983: 481]. The form pˌaˑhmˌiɲmˈáya 'man's breast' [Shaterian 1983: 346] shows that ɲmˈaya is applicable to both male and female breast. Cf. iˑ=wˈá(ˑ)y-a 'heart / chest' [Shaterian 1983: 417].
Jamul Tiipay:t̪ǝ=x=kˈar #2
Miller 2001: 81. Glossed as 'chest'. Cf. ɲǝ=mˈay 'breast' [Miller 2001: 80]. It is not clear which of these words (if any) is applicable to both man's and woman's breast.
Miller 2001: 27, 117, 123. Polysemy: 'to burn (something) / to cremate'. Another candidate is x=ʎ̥ap ~ xǝ=ʎ̥ˈap 'to burn (something) / cremate' [Miller 2001: 68, 94] - an irregularly formed causative of ʎ̥ap 'to be hot / burn (intrans.)' [Miller 2001: 94].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:aː=ɹaːw #4
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 8. Polysemy: 'makes, tends a fire / burns / keeps warm'. Plural: a=čǝ=ɹuw. Alternative candidate: xǝ=ɬʸap 'burns something, causes to be burned up' (plural: xǝ=t̪uː=ɬʸaːp) [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 21], derived from wǝ=ɬʸap 'is burning (with flame)' [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 54].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Mojave:iː=saʎ=kuʎo=ho1
Munro et al. 1992: 101. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw / hoof'. For iː=saʎ, see 'hand'. Cf. iːme kuʎoho 'toenail / hoof' (for iː=me, see 'foot') [Munro et al. 1992: 95], kʷiːkʷay kuʎoho 'hoof' (kʷiːkʷay 'cow / cattle / beaf / meat') [Munro et al. 1992: 126].
Cocopa:ɬka=xʷˈaw ~ ʎ̥ka=xʷˈaw1
Crawford 1989: 101, 106. Word class: noun. Polysemy: 'claw / nail (of finger or toe)'. Reduced form: ɬa=xʷˈaw. Cf. ʔišˈaːʎ̥ ɬka=xʷˈaw 'fingernail' [Crawford 1989: 407] (ʔi=šˈaːʎ̥ means 'finger' [Crawford 1989: 406]).
Yavapai:sl=hβˈoˑ1
Shaterian 1983: 455, 467, 589. Polysemy: 'nail / claw / hoof'. Variant form: sl=hʷˈoˑ (Tolkapaya dialect, informant Warren Gazzam). The prefix ("quasi-classifier", according to Shaterian) sl= goes back to sˈal 'hand'. Cf. sˌal=sl=hʷˈóˑ 'fingernail' [Shaterian 1983: 458], where sˈal is present two times - as prefix and as first member of compound.
Jamul Tiipay:šaʎ̥ nǝ=pˈuːl2
Miller 2001: 80. Glossed as 'fingernail'. Cf. miː nǝ=pˈuːl 'toenail' [ibid.] (šaʎ̥ is 'hand', miː is 'foot').
Miller 2001: 71. Polysemy: 'cloud / rain'. See 'rain' for comments on the semantics.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ʔǝ=kʷiːy1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 3. Glossed as 'clouds'.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Mojave:ha=čuːr-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 69. Glossed as 'be cold'. Secondary synonym: uːθer-m 'be cold, chilly, chilled / shiver' [Munro et al. 1992: 196].
Cocopa:x=suːɾ1
Crawford 1989: 366. Glossed as 'be cold'. Word class: impersonal intransitive verb. For the segmentation of x= cf. x=iː=sˈuɾ 'turn cold / be winter or cold weather' (impersonal intransitive verb) [Crawford 1989: 353] with the prefix iː= 'be, become' [Crawford 1966: 112].
Yavapai:mˈún-i2
Shaterian 1983: 482, 545.
Jamul Tiipay:šuː=kˈat3
Miller 2001: 65, 67, 72, 360. Glossed as 'to be cold'.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:xǝ=čuːɹ1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 20. Glossed as 'is cold'.
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Mojave:i=ðiː-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 87. Plural form: ta=ðiː-. Secondary synonym: i=vaː- 'arrive / come / walk / be here / have arrived' [Munro et al. 1992: 105].
Cocopa:yiː1
Crawford 1989: 381. Glossed as 'come, move in time or space toward a point of reference'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: ʔu=yˈiː [Crawford 1989: 423].
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 56. Glossed as 'comes'. Plural: n̪ǝ=yiw.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Mojave:i=puy-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 99. Polysemy: 'die / be dead'. Plural form: i=poːy-.
Cocopa:mʂ=pa2
Crawford 1989: 144. Polysemy: 'die / be dying or dead / be drunk'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: mʂ=u=pˈa. Suppletive subject plural: ʔiːm.
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