Cf. some examples: {Ad tonsorem ire dixit} "He said he was going to the barber's" [Asin. 394]; {ego eo ad forum, nisi quid vis} "But why am I delaying to go to the Forum where I had intended" [Asin. 108]; {quin cum it dormitum, follem obstringit ob gulam} "Why, when he goes to sleep, he ties a bag beneath his gullet" [Aul. 302].
Late Classical Latin:ˈiː-rɛ {ire}1
Some examples are: {valvas stabuli absolve, antelucio volo ire} "Open the gate! I want to be gone by daybreak!" [Met. 1: 15]; {itur ad constitutum scopulom montis ardui} "they came to the steep mountain crag decreed" [Met. 4: 35].
Megleno Romanian:ˈamn-u {ámnu}2
Capidan 1935: 12. There are two documented expressions for 'to go': merk {merg} [Capidan 1935: 188] and ˈamn-u {ámnu} [Capidan 1935: 12]. Although the first word was translated by Capidan as Romanian merg 'I go' and the second as Romanian umblu 'I walk', in the meaning 'to go' merk is used only in thedialect of Ţârnareca, but in the other dialects it has a different meaning ({și tu dupu mini să merz} "and you will follow me" (Lugunţa) [Capidan 1928: 28]; {merg mǫnă di mǫnă} "they go hand in hand'" (Oşani) [Capidan 1928: 20], {am un frati, toată zuu̯a din cur ăn cap mearzi} "I have a brother, who is rolling from his bottom to his head all day long" (arshin) [Capidan 1928: 164]) or as a part of the phrase 'it is raining' (for example, {catsǫ să meargă ploai̯ă} "it started raining" (Oşani) [Capidan 1928: 78]). In the meaning 'to go' ˈamnu is usually used; this is confirmed by most of the textual evidence.
Istro Romanian:mˈär-e {mę́re}3
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 227; Byhan 1899: 276; Glavina 1905: 71. In Žejane two suppletive forms are used: yi {i̯í} (infinitive) [Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 233] and bˈoʎe {bóľe} (imperative) [Kovačec 2010].
Apart from that, there is also the verb ǝmn-ˈɒ {âmnå} [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 188; Byhan 1899: 298; Glavina 1905: 72], which is often used in the imperative form ({Âmna din i̯e!} "Go get him!" (Nova Vas); {Beń, âmna.} "Okay, go." (Nova Vas); {Ne renće cu lingura âmnå!} "Don't go toward the middle!" (Žejane); {Âmna âc aduče a cåsa!} "Go get yourself something [to write with] from home!" (Žejane); {Striče, âmna tu ân dvor} "Uncle, you go into the yard" (Šušnjevica); {Tu âmna oi̯ile pocoľi} "You go slaughter the sheep" (Šušnjevica); {Hmoče âmna tu ști} "Go figure" (Šušnjevica); {Âmna tu, Ľubiţa, la Roșo} "Ľubiţa, go to Roșo's" (Nova Vas); {Ma tu âmna pomålico nåzada și inca untråt ča șå spel} "Go slowly back and wash it out one more time" (Nova Vas)), in the expression 'to go to school' ({Și i̯o ľ-am zis ke i̯o nu voi̯ čii̯a ân șula âmna} "I told her that I would not continue going to school there" (Žejane); {i̯o n-am uopće ân prvi razred âmnåt ân Žei̯ân} "I never went to first grade in Žejane" (Žejane); {poșnit âmnå ân șula pac m-am cu i̯å tot ânvecåt} "she started going to school and I learned everything from her" (Žejane); {Måi̯o, i̯o vresu ân școla âmnå} "Mother, I want to go to school" (Jesenovik), as a designation of a long-term action ({Și i̯eľ-a âmnåt tot prin cåsa vižitęi̯ și li n-a lasåt} "And they walked around the house and inspected everything, and they still let us go" (Šušnjevica); {Și i̯eľ âmnu, âmnu} "And they started walking and walking" (Šušnjevica), as a designation of the ability to walk ({Ânca n-av ni âmnåt} "She couldn't even walk" (Žejane); { i̯å s-a prisaturåt, n-å putut âmnå} "She was so full she couldn't walk" (Šušnjevica); {čela mårle om č-av așå pomalo âmnåt} "a tall man with short steps (Žejane)) or in the meaning 'to walk on foot' ({li âmnânda ân Påzin, și męre și veri} "But on foot to Pazin, there and back" (Nova Vas); {Raș fost âmnânda tunče ân Șușńeviţa męre} "You could walk all the way to Šušnjevica" (Kostrčan)). In the personal forms this verb is used more rarely: {ân žos când av âmnat} "when he went down there" (Žejane); {av âmnat cu oţetu ân Pemsko} "used to go to the Czech lands with the vinegar (Žejane); {Bivęi̯t am la Grzele, ma-m saca zi âmnåt la nona lu Magåta} "I lived at the Grzele's, and went over to stay with my grandma Magata every day" (Žejane); {E și pocle la oi̯ me-mnåi̯am} "And then I would go by the sheep" (Šušnjevica).
Aromanian:ˈimn-u {ímnu}2
Papahagi 1963: 575; Cunia 2010: 558; Dalametra 1906: 115; Goɫąb 1984: 221. There are two terms for 'to go' in Aromanian: ˈimn-u {ímnu} and ɲˈerg-u {ńérgu}. The first one is a habitual verb, while the second one means 'to go in a determinate direction'.
Romanian:a=umbl-ˈa {a umbla}2
DER 2004: 416-417; Bolocan et al. 1985: 450-451; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {ambulare} 'to walk' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Like in Aromanian, there are two expressions for 'to go' in Romanian: a=mˈerǯ-e {a merge} 'to go in a determinate direction' and the habitual verb a=umbl-ˈa {a umbla} [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: a=umbl-ˈa {a umbla} 'to go / to walk' [Podiko 1973: 1013-1014; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 481].
Dalmatian:vis {vis} ~ viz {viṡ}4
There are two documented expressions for 'to go': the inherited term ʒ-a-r {żar} and and-wo-r {andu͡ọr} of Venetian origin (both originate from the same root). Cf.: {ko soplúa la búr non potája żar fúr} "When the bora blows, I cannot walk outside" [Bartoli 2002: 236] and {e kosáik ju vis a skól kuṅ ke ju potaja andu͡ọr, fei̯nta i dikdòi̯ jai̯n} "And thus I was going to school, when I was able to go, until I was twelve years" [Bartoli 2002: 223]. This verb is suppletive, like in other Romance languages, see the present paradigm (according to our observations): {vis} ~ {viṡ} 'I go' / {żai̯} 'you go' / {vis} ~ {viṡ} 'he/she/it goes' / {żái̯me} 'we go' / {żái̯te} 'you go' / {żai̯} 'they go'; according to GLD specifications, we choose the 3. sg. form for the list.
Friulian:va {va}4
This verb is suppletive, like in other Romance languages: {jo o voi} 'I go' / {tu tu vâs} 'you go' / {lui al va} 'he goes', {jê e va} 'she goes' / {nô a nin} ~ {nô a lin} 'we go' / {vô o lais} ~ {vô o vais} 'you go' / {lôr a van} 'they go' / {jo o lavi} 'I was walking' (imperfect) / {jo o soi lât} 'I went' (perfect) / {jo larai} 'I will go' / {jo larès} 'I would go' [Decorte 2015]. In the central and eastern area as the infinitive form is used laː {lâ} 'to go' and in the western area ǯi {zi} [Narumov & Sukhachev 2001: 367].
Gardenese Ladin:va {va}4
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 112, 140. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: vˈɛd-ǝ {vede} 'I go' / v-ɛs {ves} 'you go' / v-a {va} 'he/se/it goes' / ž-oŋ {jon} 'we go' / ž-ǝys {jëis} 'you go' / v-a {va} 'they go' / vˈɛd-ǝ {vede} 'I would go' (conj.) / žˈis-ǝ {jise} 'I would go' (cond.) / žˈir-ɛ {jire} 'I will go' / ž-i {jì} 'to go' [Gartner 1923: 9].
Fassano Ladin:va {va}4
DILF 2001: 22-23. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: v-ˈae {vae} 'I go' / v-ɛs {vès} 'you go' / v-a {va} 'he/se/it goes' / ž-oŋ {jon} 'we go' / žˈi-de {jide} 'you go' / v-a {va} 'they go' / v-ˈae {vae} 'I would go' (conj.) / / žir-ˈe {jiré} 'I will go' / ži-r {jir} 'to go' [DILF 2001: 649].
Rumantsch Grischun:va {va}4
Sursilvan Romansh:va {va}4
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {mon} 'I go' / {vas} 'you go' / {va} 'he goes' / {mein} 'we go' / {meis} 'you go' / {van} 'they go' / {mava} 'he was going' (imperf.) / {mà} 'he went' (perf.) / {va} 'go!' (imp. 2. sg.) / {mei} 'go!' (imp. 2. pl.) / {ir} 'to go' [Decurtins 2015].
Surmiran Romansh:va {va}4
Vallader Romansh:va {va}4
Conrad 2015; Vital 2015; Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895: 405-406. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {eu vegn} 'I go' / {tü vast} 'you go' / {el va} 'he goes' / {nus giain} 'we go' / {vus giais} 'you go' / {ellas van} 'they go' / {eu giaiva} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {eu sun i} 'I went' (perf.) / {eu giarà} 'I will go' / {va} 'go!' (imp. 2. sg.) / {ir} 'to go' [Conrad 2015].
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:va {va}4
Gisolo 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {mi i von} 'I go' / {ti i vas} 'you go' / {chiel a va} 'he goes' / {noi i andoma} 'we go' / {voi i andeve} 'you go' / {lor a van} 'they go' / {mi i andarìa} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi i son andàit} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi i andrìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {mi i andrài} 'I will go' / {andè} 'to go' [Gisolo 2015].
Barbania Piemontese:va {va}4
Fiandro 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {i vado} 'I go' / {ti it vade} 'you go' / { } 'he goes' / {noi i andoma} 'we go' / {voi i andeve} 'you go' / {lor a van} 'they go' / {mi i andasìa} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi i son andait} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi i andrìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {mi i andrai} 'I will go' / {andé} 'to go' [Fiandro 2015].
Carmagnola Piemontese:va {va}4
Sanero 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {i von} 'I go' / {it vas} 'you go' / {a va} 'he goes' / {i andoma} 'we go' / {i andeve} 'you go' / {a van} 'they go' / {i andasìa} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {i son andait} 'I went' (perf.) / {i andrìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {i andreu} ~ {i andrai} 'I will go' / {andé} 'to go' [Sanero 2015].
Turinese Piemontese:va {va}4
Davico 2016. This verb is suppletive, like in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {mi i von} 'I go' / {ti it vas} 'you go' / {chiel a va} 'he goes' / {noi i andoma} 'we go' / {voi i andeve} 'you go' / {lor a van} 'they go' / {mi i andasia} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi son andait} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi i andria} (cond.) / {mi i andrai} 'I will go' / {andè} 'to go'.
Vercellese Piemontese:va4
Noris 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: ay=v-ˈak 'I go' / at=v-ˈɛ 'you go' / al=v-ˈa 'he goes' / ya=ŋd-ˈuma 'we go' / ya=ŋd-ˈe 'you go' / i=v-ˈan 'they go' / ya=ŋd-ˈav-a 'I was going' (imperf.) / son aŋd-ˈay 'I went' (perf.) / ya=ŋd-r-ˈia 'I would go' (cond.) / ya=ŋd-r-ˈɔ 'I will go' / aːŋd-ˈɛ 'to go'.
Bergamo Lombard:va {và}4
Garlini 2015. This verb is suppletive, but, unlike in other Gallo-Romance languages, the forms that are descended from {vadere} have only been preserved in the third person of the present tense, cf. the paradigm: {'ndó} 'I go' / {'ndet} 'you go' / {'l và} 'he goes' / {'nvà} 'we go' / {'ndìf} 'you go' / {'l và} 'they go' / {'ndae} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {so 'ndàc} 'I went' (perf.) / {'ndarès} 'I would go' (cond.) / {'ndaró} 'I will go' / {'ndà} 'to go' [Garlini 2015].
Plesio Lombard:va {và}4
Selva 2015. This verb is suppletive, but, unlike in other Gallo-Romance languages, the forms that are descended from {andare} have not been preserved in the present and imperfect, cf. the paradigm: {voo} 'I go' / {vet} 'you go' / {và} 'he goes' / {vemm} 'we go' / {vii} 'you go' / {vann} 'they go' / {vavi} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {vavet} 'you were going' / {vava} 'he was going' / {vavum} 'we were going' / {vavuv} 'you were going' / {vaven} 'they were going' / {somm andaa} 'I went' (perf.) / {andaresi} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andaroo} 'I will go' / {andà} 'to go' [Selva 2015].
Ravennate Romagnol:va {va}4
Ercolani 1960: 512. The 3. sg. form. The infinitive is and-ˈeǝ̯ {andêr} [Ercolani 1960: 13].
Ferrarese Emiliano:va {va}4
Piacentini 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {mi a vàg} 'I go' / {ti at và} 'you go' / {lù al và} 'he goes' / {nù andèn} 'we go' / {vualtàr andè} 'you go' / {lor i và} 'they go' / {mi andàva} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi a son andà} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi andarò} 'I will go' / {mi andarè} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andar} 'to go' [Piacentini 2015].
Carpigiano Emiliano:va {và}4
Sacchi 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {mè a vâg} 'I go' / {tè 't vê} 'you go' / {lò al và} 'he goes' / {nuèt'r a 'ndòm} 'we go' / {uèt'r a 'ndê} 'you go' / {lōr i vân} 'they go' / {mè a 'ndèva} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mè a sun andê} 'I went' (perf.) / {mè a 'ndrò} 'I will go' / {mè a 'ndrèv} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andèr} 'to go' [Sacchi 2015].
Reggiano Emiliano:va {và}4
Chertein 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vâgh} 'I go' / {vêt} 'you go' / {và} 'he goes' / {andòm} 'we go' / {andîv} 'you go' / {vân} 'they go' / {andêva} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {sòun andèe} 'I went' (perf.) / {andrò} 'I will go' / {andrés} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andêr} 'to go' [Chertein 2015].
Rapallo Ligurian:va4
Fasce 2015. This verb is suppletive as in the other Romance languages, see the paradigmː {mì vàggu} 'I go' / {tì vaé} 'you go' / {lé u và} 'he goes' / {nuïàtri ànnémmu} 'we go' / {vuïàtri anné} 'you go' / {i àtri vàn} 'they go' / {mì ànàva} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mì sùn ànaétu} 'I went' (perf.) / {mì andïò} 'I will go' / {mì annïéva} 'I would go' (cond.) / {annà} 'to go' [Fasce 2015].
Genoese Ligurian:va {va}4
Parodi 2015. This verb is suppletive as in the other Romance languages, see the paradigmː {mi vaggŏ} 'I go' / {ti vè} 'you go' / {lé ŏ va} 'he goes' / {nuîatri anemmŏ} 'we go' / {vuîatri anè} 'you go' / {liatri van} 'they go' / {mi anava} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {sŏn anètŏ} 'I went' (perf.) / {aniô} 'I will go' / {aniæ} 'I would go' (cond.) / {anâ} 'to go' [Parodi 2015].
Stella Ligurian:va {và}4
Piccone 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, see the paradigmː {mi vaggu} 'I go' / {ti ti vè} 'you go' / {lé u và} 'he goes' / {nuiàtri andémmu} 'we go' / {vuiàtri andèi} 'you go' / {lüiàtri i và-nn} 'they go' / {mi andòvu} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi su-nn andò} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi andiö} 'I will go' / {mi andeèivu} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andè} 'to go' [Piccone 2015].
Venice Venetian:va {va}4
Tosi 2015. This verb is suppletive as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vago} 'I go' / {ti va} 'you go' / {el va} 'he goes' / {andemo} 'we go' / {andé} 'you go' / {i va} 'they go' / {'ndavo} (although, an Italianized form {mi ndavo} is more common) 'I was going' (imperf.) / {so 'ndà} 'I went' (perf.) / {andarò} 'I will go' / {andarìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {ndar} 'to go' [Tosi 2015]. Padua: {mi vago} 'I go' / {ti te vè} 'you go' / {eɫo 'l va} 'he goes' / {noialtri ndemo} 'we go' / {voialtri ndè} 'you go' / {ɫori i va} 'they go' / {mi ndava} (although, an Italianized form {mi ndavo} is more common) 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi so ndà} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi ndarò} 'I will go' / {mi ndarìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {ndare} 'to go' [Tre 2015]. Este: {mi vago} 'I go' / {ti te vè} 'you go' / {lu el va} 'he goes' / {noialtri andemo} 'we go' / {voialtri andè} 'you go' / {lori i va} 'they go' / {andavo} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {so andà} 'I went' (perf.) / {andarò} 'I will go' / {andarìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andare} 'to go' [Melon 2015]. Treviso: {a mi vao} 'I go' / {ti te va} 'you go' / {ɫu el va} 'he goes' / {nialtri ndémo} 'we go' / {vialtri ndé} 'you go' / {ɫori i va} 'they go' / {a mi ndavo} ~ {a mi ndao} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi só nda} 'I went' (perf.) / {a mi ndarò} 'I will go' / {a mi ndarìa} 'I would go' (cond.) / {ndar} 'to go' [Busato 2015]. Verona: {vò} 'I go' / {veto} 'you go' / {va} 'he goes' / {nemo} ~ {andemo} 'we go' / {'ndè} 'you go' / { va} 'they go' / {andava} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {son 'ndà} 'I went' (perf.) / {'ndarò} 'I will go' / {naria} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andar} ~ {'ndar} 'to go' [Zanetti 2015].
Primiero Venetian:va {va}4
Gaio 2015. This verb is suppletive as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vaghe} 'I go' / {ti va} 'you go' / {el va} 'he goes' / {ndon} 'we go' / {ndé} 'you go' / {i va} 'they go' / {ndé} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {ò ndat} 'I went' (perf.) / {ndarò} 'I will go' / {ndarìe} 'I would go' (cond.) / {ndar} 'to go' [Gaio 2015].
Bellunese Venetian:va {va}4
Caneve 2015. This verb is suppletive as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vae} 'I go' / {vai} 'you go' / {va} 'he goes' / {andon} 'we go' / {ande} 'you go' / {i va} 'they go' / {andee} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {son andat} 'I went' (perf.) / {andaro} 'I will go' / {andarie} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andar} 'to go' [Caneve 2015].
Old Italian:va {va}4
The paradigm seems to be not much different from the modern one, cf. the following examples: {che di noi // faccia il cammino alcun per qual io vado} "that one of us // maketh the journey upon which I go" [Inf. 9]; {tu che, spirando, vai veggendo i morti} "thou, who dost breathing go the dead beholding" [Inf. 28]; {Sì come cieco va dietro a sua guida} "E'en as a blind man goes behind his guide" [Purg. 16]; {Che andate pensando sì voi sol tre?} "What go ye thinking thus, ye three alone?" [Purg. 24]; {vanno a vicenda ciascuna al giudizio} "they go by turns each one unto the judgment" [Inf. 5]; {Mentr' io andava, li occhi miei in uno // furo scontrati} "While I was going on, mine eyes by one // encountered were" [Inf. 18]; {Ma vieni omai con li occhi sì com' io // andrò parlando} "But now come onward with thine eyes, as I // speaking shall go" [Par. 32]; {I' son Beatrice che ti faccio andare} "Beatrice am I, who do bid thee go" [Inf. 2].
Standard Italian:va {va}4
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1752-1755. This verb is suppletive as in the other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {vado} 'I go' / {vai} 'you go' / {va} 'he goes' / {andiamo} 'we go' / {andate} 'you go' / {vanno} 'they go' / {andavo} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {sono andato} 'I went' (perf.) / {andrò} 'I will go' / {andrei} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andare} 'to go' [Cherdantseva 2005: 190-191].
Grosseto Italian:va {va}4
Marcelli 2015. This verb is suppletive as in other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vo} 'I go' / {vai} 'you go' / {va} 'he goes' / {'gnamo} 'we go' / {andate} 'you go' / {vanno} 'they go' / {andavo} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {so' andato} 'I went' (perf.) / {andrò} ~ {anderò} 'I will go' / {andrei} 'I would go' (cond.) / {andare} 'to go' [Marcelli 2015].
Foligno Italian:va {va}4
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. This verb is suppletive as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {vò} 'I go' / {vai} 'you go' / {va} 'he goes' / {annamo} 'we go' / {annate} 'you go' / {vonno} 'they go' / {annavo} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {sт 'nnatu} 'I went' (perf.) / {anrò} 'I will go' / {anriu} 'I would go' (cond.) / {annà} 'to go' [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016].
Buttu 2015. This verb is not suppletive in Logudorese, see the paradigm: {àndo} 'I go' / {àndas} 'you go' / {àndat} 'he goes' / {àndammus} 'we go' / {andàde} ~ {andàes} 'you go' / {àndana} 'they go' / {andabo} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {sòe andàu} 'I went' (perf.) / {dìad'andare} (cond.) / {hàppo a andare} 'I will go'. The remains of Latin {vadere} are preserved only in the imperative: {bàe} (2nd person, sg.) and {bàdze} (2nd person, pl.) [Buttu 2015].
Campidanese:and-ˈay {andai}2
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 39-40. This verb is not suppletive in Campidanese, cf. the paradigm: {andu} 'I go' / {andasa} 'you go' / {andada} 'he goes' / {andausu} 'we go' / {andaisi} 'you go' / {andanta} 'they go' / {andamu} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {seu andau} 'I went' (perf.) / {emmu andai} (cond.) / {deppu andai} 'I will go' [Pintus 2015]. The Domus de Maria subdialect differs only by three forms: {andammu} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {imm'andai} (cond.) / {app'andai} 'I will go' [Fadda 2015].
Palermitan Sicilian:va {va}4
Messina 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vaiu} ˈI goˈ / {vai} ˈyou goˈ / {va} ˈhe goesˈ / {iàmu} ˈwe goˈ / {iti} ˈyou goˈ / {vannu} ˈthey goˈ / {iàvu} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {ivu} 'I went' (perf.) / {aiu a ghiri} 'I will go' / {issi} 'I would go' (cond.) / {iri} ~ {ghiri} ˈto goˈ [Messina 2015]. Buscemi: ˈi-ɾi {ìri} 'to go' [Coccimiglio 2016].
Corsaro 2015; Salerno 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vaiu} ˈI goˈ / {vai} ˈyou goˈ / {va} ˈhe goesˈ / {iemu} ˈwe goˈ / {iti} ˈyou goˈ / {vanu} ˈthey goˈ / {ievu} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {ìi} 'I went' (perf.) / {issi} 'I would go' (cond.) / {iri} ~ {annari} ˈto goˈ [Corsaro 2015; Salerno 2015].
South-Eastern Sicilian:va {va}4
Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {vaiu} ˈI goˈ / {vai} ˈyou goˈ / {va} ˈhe goesˈ / {iemu} ˈwe goˈ / {iti} ˈyou goˈ / {vanu} ˈthey goˈ / {ia} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {mi nii} 'I went' (perf.) / {mi n'issi} 'I would go' (cond.) / {iri} ˈto goˈ [Leggio 2015]. In the dialect of Agrigento the difference is in the past form {ju mi ni ivu} 'I went' and in the use of future {ju ci aja ghiri} 'I will go' [Miccichè 2015], which is absent in the dialect of Ragusa.
Central Catalan:ba {va}4
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 166. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {jo vaig} ˈI goˈ / {tu vas} ˈyou goˈ / {ell va} ˈhe goesˈ / {nosaltres anem} ˈwe goˈ / {vosaltres aneu} ˈyou goˈ / {ells van} ˈthey goˈ / {anava} ˈI wentˈ / {aniria} ~ {iria} ˈI would goˈ (cond.) / {aniré} ~ {iré} ˈI will goˈ / ǝn-ˈa {anar} ˈto goˈ [Alòs i Font 2015].
North-Western Catalan:ba {va}4
Minorcan Catalan:ba {va}4
Cardona 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {jo vaig} ˈI goˈ / {tu vas} ˈyou goˈ / {ell va} ˈhe goesˈ / {nosaltres nam} ˈwe goˈ / {vosaltres nau} ˈyou goˈ / {ells van} ˈthey goˈ / {nava} ˈI wentˈ / {naria} ˈI would goˈ (cond.) / {naré} ˈI will goˈ / na {anar} ˈto goˈ [Cardona 2015].
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:va {va}4
Barreda 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {jo vaig} ˈI goˈ / {tu vas} ˈyou goˈ / {ell va} ˈhe goesˈ / {nosaltres anem} ˈwe goˈ / {vosaltres aneu} ˈyou goˈ / {ells van} ˈthey goˈ / {anava} ˈI was goingˈ (imp.) / {aní} ˈI wentˈ (perf.)/ {aniria} ˈI would goˈ (cond.) / {aniré} ˈI will goˈ / {anar} ˈto goˈ [Barreda 2015].
Valencia Catalan:ba {va}4
Pérez i Sanchis 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {jo vaig} ˈI goˈ / {tu vas} ˈyou goˈ / {ell va} ˈhe goesˈ / {mosatros anem} ˈwe goˈ / {vosaltres aneu} ˈyou goˈ / {ells van} ˈthey goˈ / {anava} ˈI was goingˈ (imp.) / {aní} ˈI wentˈ (perf.)/ {aniria} ˈI would goˈ (cond.) / {aniré} ˈI will goˈ / {anar} ˈto goˈ [Pérez i Sanchis 2015].
Manises Catalan:ba {va}4
Pedrós 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: bač {vaig} ˈI goˈ / bas {vas} ˈyou goˈ / ba {va} ˈhe goesˈ / an-ˈem {anem} ˈwe goˈ / an-ˈew {aneu} ˈyou goˈ / ban {van} ˈthey goˈ / an-ˈaβ-a {anava} ˈI was goingˈ (imp.) / an-ˈi {aní} ~ bačan-ˈa-ɾ {vaig anar} ˈI wentˈ (perf.)/ an-iɾˈi-a {aniria} ˈI would goˈ (cond.) / an-iɾ-ˈe {aniré} ˈI will goˈ / an-ˈa-ɾ {anar} ˈto goˈ [Pedrós 2015].
Castilian Spanish:ba {va}4
Valén 2015. This verb is suppletive, as in the other Romance languages, cf. the paradigm: {voy} ˈI goˈ / {vas} ˈyou goˈ / {va} ˈhe goesˈ / {vamos} ˈwe goˈ / {vais} ˈyou goˈ / {van} ˈthey goˈ / {iba} ˈI was goingˈ (imperfect) / (he ido) ˈI wentˈ (perfect)/ (fui) ˈI wentˈ (preterite)/ {iría} 'I would go' (cond.) / {iré} ˈI will goˈ / {ir} ˈto goˈ [Valén 2015].
Voinova et al. 1989: 200-201. There are two terms for 'to go': iɾ {ir} and ɐ̃d-a-ɾ {andar}. The first term underlines the fact of moving from one place to another, while the second is used more in the meaning 'to walk / to move' with the accent on the fact of moving [Pimentel Ferreira 2016]. We include the term iɾ {ir} into the list as more suitable for GLD semantic specifications. This verb is suppletive as in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {vou} 'I go' / {vais} 'you go' / {vai} 'he goes' / {vamos} 'we go' / {ides} 'you go' / {vão} 'they go' / {ia} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {fui} 'I went' (perf.) / {irei} 'I will go' / {iria} 'I would go' (cond.) / {ir} 'to go' [Nechayeva 2009: 212].
Galician:bay {vai}4
Montoya Bolaños 2015. This verb is suppletive just like in the other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {vou} 'I go' / {vas} 'you go' / {vai} 'he goes' / {imos} 'we go' / {ides} 'you go' / {van} 'they go' / {ía} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {fun} 'I went' (perf.) / {irei} 'I will go' / {iría} 'I would go' (cond.) / {ir} 'to go' [Montoya Bolaños 2016].
Provençal Occitan:vay {vai}4
Coupier 1995: 55-56.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:vaː {vâ}4
Viret 2013: 122-125. This verb is suppletive, like in other Romance languages, see the paradigm: {vé} 'I go' / {vâ} 'you go' / {vâ} 'he goes' / {alin} 'we go' / {alâ} 'you go' / {von} 'they go' / {alivou} 'I was going' (imperf.) / {vrai} 'I will go' / {vri} 'I would go' (cond.) / {alâ} 'to go'.
DER 2004: 416-417; Bolocan et al. 1985: 450-451; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {mergere} 'to plunge, to dip' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Moldavian: a=mˈerǯ-e {a merge} 'to go' [Podiko 1973: 270-272; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 148].
Dalmatian:ʒ-a-r {żar}2
The second stem.
Friulian:lˈa-v-i {lavi}2
The second stem.
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:i-r {ir}1
Schmid 2015.
Sursilvan Romansh:m-ˈav-a {mava}2
The second stem.
Surmiran Romansh:ɛk-r {eir}1
Schmid 2015.
Vallader Romansh:ǯ-ˈav-a {giaiva}1
The second stem.
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:aŋd-arˈi-a {andarìa}2
The second stem.
Barbania Piemontese:aŋd-azˈi-a {andasìa}2
The second stem.
Carmagnola Piemontese:aŋd-azˈi-a {andasìa}2
The second stem.
Turinese Piemontese:aŋd-azˈi-a {andasia}2
The second stem.
Vercellese Piemontese:ŋd-ˈav-a2
The second stem.
Bergamo Lombard:ndˈa-e {'ndae}2
The second stem.
Plesio Lombard:and-ˈa {andà}2
The infinitive. The second stem.
Ravennate Romagnol:and-ˈeːd-a {andēda}2
Ercolani 1960: 36. The imperfective form ("he was going").
Ferrarese Emiliano:and-ˈav-a {andàva}2
The second stem.
Carpigiano Emiliano:nd-ˈɛv-a {'ndèva}2
The second stem.
Reggiano Emiliano:and-ˈɛːv-a {andêva}2
The second stem.
Rapallo Ligurian:an-ˈav-a {ànàva}2
The second stem.
Genoese Ligurian:an-ˈav-a {anava}2
The second stem.
Stella Ligurian:and-ˈɔv-u {andòvu}2
The second stem.
Venice Venetian:ŋdˈav-o {'ndavo}2
Tosi 2015. The second stem.
Primiero Venetian:ŋd-e {ndé}2
The second stem.
Bellunese Venetian:aŋd-ˈe-e {andee}2
The second stem.
Old Italian:and-ˈav-a {andava}2
The second stem.
Standard Italian:and-ˈav-o {andavo}2
The second stem.
Grosseto Italian:and-ˈav-o {andavo}2
The second stem.
Foligno Italian:anː-ˈav-o {annavo}2
The second stem.
Neapolitan:y-ˈev-ǝ {jevo}1
The second stem.
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:yˈav-u {iavu}1
The second stem.
Messinese Sicilian:anː-ˈav-a {annava}2
The second stem.
Catanian Sicilian:yˈɛv-u {ievu}1
The second stem.
South-Eastern Sicilian:ya {ia}1
The second stem.
Central Catalan:ǝn-ˈaβ-ǝ {anava}2
The second stem. A more colloquial pronunciation is n-ˈaβ-ǝ [Alòs i Font 2015].
North-Western Catalan:an-ˈa {anar}2
The infinitive [Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015].
Minorcan Catalan:n-ˈav-ǝ {nava}2
The second stem.
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:an-ˈav-a {anava}2
The second stem.
Valencia Catalan:an-ˈaβ-a {anava}2
The second stem.
Manises Catalan:an-ˈaβ-a {anava}2
The second stem.
Castilian Spanish:ˈiβa {iba}1
The second stem.
Asturian:dˈiba {diba}1
The second stem.
Standard Portuguese:i-ɾ {ir}1
The second stem.
Galician:i-ɾ {ir}1
The second stem.
Provençal Occitan:an-ˈa {ana}2
The infinitive form. Coupier 1995: 55-56.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:al-ˈaː {alâ}2
The infinitive form.
Old French:al-ˈeː-r {aler}2
The second stem.
Standard French:al-e {aller}2
The second stem.
Picard:al-e {aler}2
The second stem.
Walloon:al-e {aler}2
The second stem.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:i-r {ir}1
The infinitive stem.
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:i-ɾ-ˈe {ire}1
Future tense and conditional mood stem.
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:i-r-ey {irai}1
Future tense and conditional mood stem.
Standard French:i-ʁ-e {irai}1
Future tense and conditional mood stem.
Picard:i-ʁ-e {irai}1
Future tense and conditional mood stem.
Walloon:i-ʀ-ɛː {îrê}1
Future tense and conditional mood stem.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Archaic Latin:kˈal-ɪd-ʊs {calidus}1
Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. The examples are: {atque ubi illi bene sit ligno, aqua calida? cibo, vestimentis?} "where she'll be well off, in wood, warm water, food, and clothing" [Cas. 254]; {Vna edepol opera in furnum calidum condito atque ibi torreto me pro pane rubido} "By my faith, all in an instant shut me up in a hot furnace, and parch me there for a hard-baked biscuit, good mistress, before you shall gain that point of me which you desire" [Cas. 309-310]; {ubi quid subripuere: operto capitulo calidum bibunt} "with their covered pates they are drinking mulled wine" [Curc. 293]; {At edepol tu calidam picem bibito, aegritudo abscesserit} "Then, i' faith, do you drink hot pitch; then your troubles will vanish" [Merc. 140]; {neque equidem heminas octo exprompsi in urceum neque illic calidum exbibit in prandium} "I really didn't just draw for him eight half pints into a pitcher, and, when drawn, he didn't just drink it hot, at his breakfast" [Mil. 831-832]; {natast in calido loco, ubi rerum omnium bonarum copiast saepissume} "she has been born in a warm spot, where full oft there is an abundance of all good things" [Persa 632-633]; {Calidum prandisti prandium hodie?} "Have you been breakfasting on a hot breakfast today?" [Poen. 759]; {mi vir, lanam, unde tibi pallium malacum et calidum conficiatur tunicaeque hibernae bonae, ne algeas hac hieme'} "Buy me some wool, my dear, with which a soft and warm cloak may be made, and good winter under-clothes, that you mayn't catch cold this winter-weather" [Mil. 687-689]. In the figurative sense: {huic homini opust quadraginta minis celeriter calidis, danistae quas resolvat, et cito} "This man has need of forty minæ, ready money, and in all haste, for him to pay a Banker, and speedily too" [Epid. 141-142]; {Reperiamus aliquid calidi conducibilis consili} "Let us find some clever, useful expedient" [Epid. 256]; {calidum hoc est: etsi procul abest, urit male} "This is of a hot nature; although it is at a distance off, it scorches badly" [Most. 609]; {calidum hercle esse audivi optimum mendacium} "I' faith, I've heard say that a lie piping-hot is the best lie" [Most. 665].
The term tˈɛp-ɪd-ʊs {tepidus} 'warm / lukewarm' is absent in both Plautus' and Cato's texts, but occurs once in Ennius': {sanguine tepido} [OLD 1968: 1923].
Late Classical Latin:kˈal-ɪd-ʊs {calidus}1
Cf. some examples: {adripit poculum ac desuper aqua calida iniecta porrigit bibam} "she showered me with petals, before pouring warm water into a cup of wine and handing it me to drink" [Met. 2: 16]; {"Lucerna" aio "praegrandis et oleum ad lucem luci sufficiens et calida cum oenophoris et calice cenarumque reliquis discus ornatus."} A large lamp," I said, "enough oil to keep it burning till dawn, hot water, wine and a cup, and a plate of what's left from supper"" [Met. 2: 24].
The only example of usage of tˈɛp-ɪd-ʊs {tepidus} is: {Illi etiam ignes, qui terrae secretariis continentur, praetereuntes aquas vaporant et produnt longinquitatem flammae cum tepidiores aquas reddunt, viciniam cum ferventiores opposito incendio aquae uruntur, ut Phlegethontis amnis, quem poetae [s]ciunt in fabulis inferorum} [Florida 17].
Megleno Romanian:kalt {cald}1
Capidan 1935: 55. Apparently with polysemy: 'warm / hot'.
Gisolo 2015. Distinct from kawt {càud} 'hot' [Gisolo 2015].
Barbania Piemontese:tˈǝb-i {tëbbi}2
Fiandro 2015. Used in the following cases: for nice weather; for the temperature of tea or soup that does not scald one's tongue and mouth; for the temperature of radiator that does not scald one's hand; for the temperature of a healthy body. For the temperature of a feverish human body, the term kawd {caud} 'hot' is used instead [Fianco 2016]
Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. A good example where {caldo} means 'warm' is {Or, come ai colpi de li caldi rai // de la neve riman nudo il suggetto // e dal colore e dal freddo primai} "Now, as beneath the touches of warm rays // naked the subject of the snow remains // both of its former colour and its cold" [Par. 2]. The term tˈyɛpid-o {tiepido} is not attested, but the word tyɛpid-ˈec-a {tepidezza} 'lukewarmness' does occur: {ebb' io battesmo; // ma per paura chiuso cristian fu'mi, // lungamente mostrando paganesmo; // e questa tepidezza il quarto cerchio // cerchiar mi fé più che 'l quarto centesmo} "I was baptized, // but out of fear was covertly a Christian, // for a long time professing paganism; and this lukewarmness caused me the fourth circle // to circuit round more than four centuries" [Purg. 22].
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 45. Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. In cases when it is necessary to specify the object's temperature more precisely, the term tˈɛβi {tebi} 'warm' can be used as well [Alòs i Font 2015].
North-Western Catalan:kaɫ-ˈen {calent}1
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015. Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. In cases when it is necessary to specify the object's temperature more precisely, the term tˈɛβi {tebi} 'warm' can be used as well [Montagut 2015].
Minorcan Catalan:kǝˈɫ-en {calent}1
Cardona 2015. Distinct from tˈɛβi {tebi} 'lukewarm' [Cardona 2015].
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:kaɫ-ˈent {calent}1
Barreda 2015. Distinct from tˈɛβi {tebi} 'lukewarm' [Barreda 2015].
Valencia Catalan:kaɫ-ˈent {calent}1
Although Pérez i Sanchis mentioned the form tempɫ-ˈat {templat} [Pérez i Sanchis 2015], it seems to be a mistake and a more commonly used form in the Valencia is kaɫ-ˈent {calent} [Pedrós 2015].
Manises Catalan:kaɫ-ˈent {calent}1
Pedrós 2015. Polysemy: 'warm / hot'.
Castilian Spanish:kal-ˈyent-e {caliente}1
Valén 2015. Distinct from aɾð-ˈyent-e {ardiente} 'hot, burning' [Valén 2015].
Voinova et al. 1989: 631. Distinct from mˈɔɾn-u {morno} 'lukewarm' [Cândido de Figueiredo II: 423] and tˈɛpið-u {tépido} 'lukewarm' [Cândido de Figueiredo II: 1147].
Galician:kˈalið-o {cálido}-1
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 774; Fernández Armesto 1981: 150. Borrowed from Latin {calidus} 'warm / hot'. Distinct from kˈɛnt-e {quente} 'hot' [Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 774; Fernández Armesto 1981: 150].
Leplubo 2016. Polysemy: 'warm/ hot'. Used in the following cases: for nice weather; for the temperature of tea or soup that does not scald one's tongue and mouth; for the temperature of radiator that does not scald one's hand; for the temperature of a feverish body. For the temperature of a healthy human body, the term tyed {tiéde} 'lukewarm / warm' is used [Leplubo 2016].
Some examples are: {aquam frigidam subdole suffundunt} "underhandedly they pour cold water upon us" [Cist. 35]; {atque ubi illi bene sit ligno, aqua calida? cibo, vestimentis?} "where she'll be well off, in wood, warm water, food, and clothing" [Cas. 254]; {Aulas peruortunt, ignem restingunt aqua: illarum oratu faciunt} "They are upsetting the pots, and putting out the fire with the water" [Cas. 775].
Late Classical Latin:ˈakʷ-a {aqua}1
Some examples are: {Nam forte pluviae pridianae recens conceptaculum aquae lutulentae proximum conspicatus ibi memet inprovido saltu totum abicio} "I saw a puddle of water nearby, fresh from yesterday's rain, and without further thought I got down and rolled right in it" [Met. 7: 20]; {adripit poculum ac desuper aqua calida iniecta porrigit bibam} "she showered me with petals, before pouring warm water into a cup of wine and handing it me to drink" [Met. 2: 16].
Papahagi 1963: 116; Cunia 2010: 85-86; Dalametra 1906: 19; Bara et al. 2005: 316; Goɫąb 1984: 200. Papahagi also mentions the term arˈukut-ǝ {arúcută} 'water' [Papahagi 1963: 152; Cunia 2010: 130], but it belongs to the secret language [Capidan 1932: 105].
Bartoli 2002: 234. Some examples are: {iṅ kost véṅ fero joi̯na kal, mis, di jaku̯a e joi̯na kal de véṅ} "the wine there is half water and half wine"; {la jaku̯a ku͡ọlda} "warm water" [Bartoli 2002: 242].
Some examples are: {ché tutti questi n'hanno maggior sete // che d'acqua fredda Indo o Etïopo} "for all of these have greater thirst for it // than for cold water Ethiop or Indian" [Purg. 26]; {e poco eravam iti, // che 'l suon de l'acqua n'era sì vicino} "and little had we gone, // before the sound of water was so near us" [Inf. 16].
Paradigm: noːs {nos} [nom.] / nɔs-tr-ũ {nostrum} [gen.] / noː-biːs {nobis} {dat.} / noːs {nos} [acc.] / noː-biːs {nobis} [abl.]. Some examples are: {Quia nos honoris tui causa ad te venimus} "Because for the sake of your own well-doing we came hither" [Poen. 638]; {Dum haec aguntur, interea uxorem tuam neque gementem neque plorantem nostrum quisquam audivimus; ita profecto sine dolore peperit} "While these things were passing, meanwhile, not one of us heard your wife groaning or complaining; and thus, in fact, without pain was she delivered" [Amph. 1098-1100]; {Mi Libane, ocellus aureus, donum decusque amoris, amabo, faciam quod voles, da istuc argentum nobis} "Apple of my eye, my rose, my life, my delight, Leonida, do give me the money, and don't sever us lovers asunder" [Asin. 691-692]; {vix hodie ad litus pertulit nos ventus exanimatas} "the wind this day has scarce borne us to the shore" [Rud. 371]; {Quid a nobis metuit?} "What does he fear from us?" [Capt. 206].
Late Classical Latin:noː-s {nos}1
Cf. some examples: {nos cucurbitae caput non habemus ut pro te moriamur} "Even if you've a crime on your conscience and want to die, I'm not pumpkinheaded enough to let you" [Met. 1: 15]; {deducti nos duos asinos et equum meum productos e stabulo} "they led the horse and us two asses out of the stable-door" [Met. 3: 28].
Repina & Narumov 2001: 692. Numerous attestations. According to [Repina & Narumov 2001], the paradigm of this pronoun is as follows: noy {noi} ~ noyiltri {noiíltri} [nom.] / ne {ne} [dat.] / ne {ne} [acc.].
Schmid 2015; Haiman & Benincà 1992: 112, 117. According to [Haiman & Benincà 1992], the paradigm of this pronoun in Surmiran is as follows: nows {nous} ~ a {a} (clitic) [nom.] / nows {nous} ~ ans {ans} (clitic) [obl.].
Gaio 2015. The form no-ˈaltr-i {noaltri} 'we' is used as well, but is less frequent [Gaio 2015].
Bellunese Venetian:noy {noi}1
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:nˈoi {noi}1
Cf. some examples: {Noi eravam partiti già da esso, // e brigavam di soverchiar la strada} "From him already we departed were, // and made endeavour to o'ercome the road" [Purg. 20]; {Che farem noi a chi mal ne disira, // se quei che ci ama è per noi condannato?} "What shall we do to those who wish us ill, // if he who loves us be by us condemned?" [Purg. 15].
Voinova et al. 1989: 294; Volf 2001: 479. Paradigm: nɔš {nós} [nom.] / nuš {nos} ~ nu {no-} [obj.].
Galician:nɔs {nós}1
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Narumov 2001: 530; Franco Grande 1968: 824, 574; Fernández Armesto 1981: 536; Carré Alvarellos 1972: 993, 558. Undeclinable; in the indirect case is used without stress.
Provençal Occitan:nus {nous}1
Coupier 1995: 946.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:no {no} ~ noz {noz}1
Viret 2013: 1482-1483. The second form is used before a vowel.
Old French:nos {nos}1
Chelysheva 2001: 268. Indeclinable pronoun. Does not have a separate entry in the EDCT, but frequently occurs in texts, cf. some examples: {Nos savomes bien tuit piece a // quel costume li blans cers a} "We all know long since what this custom of the White Stag is" (Erec 43-44); {De mout grant folie vos vient // quant vos rien nos an demandez} "You must be mad to make any demand of us" (Erec 4392-4393).
Leplubo 2016. Paradigm: o {os} [nom.] / no {no} [obl.].
Walloon:ǯü {dju}3
Mahin 2016. Paradigm: ǯü {dju} [nom.] / nuz-ot {nouzôtes} ~ nu {nous} (clitic) [obl.]. In the nominative the inherited form was replaced by the pronoun ǯü {dju} 'I', but this does not lead to misunderstanding due to the difference in verb forms: {dju tchante} "I sing", but {dju tchantans} "we sing"; {dju va vey} "I will see", but {dju vons vey} ~ {dj'alans vey} "we will see". Some examples of oblique forms: {nouzôtes, dju nous plaijhans bin vaici} "we are happy here"; {vin avu nouzôtes} "come with us"; {dju n' nous vons nin bate po ça!} "We won't fight for that!" [Mahin 2016]. Rifondou: nɔ {nos} ~ ǯi {dji} [nom.] / nuz-ot {nouzôtes} ~ nɔ {nos} ~ nz {ns} (before vowel) 'we'. In Rifondou, in contrast to Transinne, {nos} can be used after prepositions as well: {c' est por nos} ~ {c' est po nozôtes} "it is for us" (Transinne: only {c' est pou nouzôtes} "it is for us") [Mahin 2016].
NUMBER:95
WORD:we
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:se {se}2
Oblique stem.
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:či {ci}2
Standard Italian:či {ci}2
Chelysheva & Cherdantseva 2001: 81. The oblique stem.
Grosseto Italian:či {ci}2
Marcelli 2015. The oblique stem.
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:nuz-ot {nouzôtes}1
Oblique form.
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Archaic Latin:kʷɪ-d {quid}1
Some examples are: {sed quid illuc est?} "But what means this?" [Amph. 270]; {Quid ego facerem?} "What have I done?" [Merc. 633].
Late Classical Latin:kʷɪ-d {quid}1
Some examples are: {mi Socrates, quid istud?} "Well, Socrates, my friend, what's happened?" [Met. 1: 6]; {"Quid" inquam "me fiet, ubi iste iugulatus mane paruerit?} "When he's found in the morning,' I said to myself, 'his throat cut, what will happen to you?" [Met. 1: 14].
Papahagi 1963: 1066-1067; Cunia 2010: 1038; Dalametra 1906: 203; Bara et al. 2005: 116; Goɫąb 1984: 209; Capidan 1932: 426-427.
Romanian:če {ce}1
DER 2004: 1035-1036; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1652; Gancz 2015. Moldavian: če {ce} 'what' [Podiko 1973: 1034-1035; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 490].
Dalmatian:kos {kos} ~ ko {ko}1
Some examples are: {ma ni̯ena mája ko vo fói̯te čai̯ko} "But mother, what are you doing here?" [Bartoli 2002: 230]; {kos te búle?} "what do you want?" [Bartoli 2002: 251].
Friulian:če {ce}1
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 57.
Gardenese Ladin:čǝ {cie}1
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 195.
Fassano Ladin:ke-pa {che...pa}1
DILF 2001: 60-61. A discontinuous pronoun, cf. {che fèste pa?} "what are you doing?" [DILF 2001: 60].
Some examples are: {Dunque: che è?} "What is it, then?" [Inf. 2]; {che è quel ch'i' odo?} "what is this which now I hear?" [Inf. 3]. The intensified form {che cosa} is also possible: {Che cosa è questa?} "What thing is this?" [Purg. 29].
Standard Italian:ke {che}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2502-2503. Can be expanded with the element kˈɔs-a {cosa} 'thing', cf. {che vuoi?} / {che cosa vuoi?} "What do you want?" [Passerini Tosi 1989: 2502-2503].
Grosseto Italian:ke {che}1
Marcelli 2015. Can be expanded with the element kˈɔs-a {cosa} 'thing'.
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 246. Domus de Maria: ˈitːa {itta} 'what' [Fadda 2015].
Palermitan Sicilian:ki {chi}1
Ornato 2015; La Bua 2015. Messina mentions the term kˈwɔs-a {cuosa} 'what' [Messina 2015], but it seems to be an Italianism. Buscemi: ki {chi} ~ ki-kːˈɔz-a {chi cosa} 'what' [Coccimiglio 2016].
Messinese Sicilian:ki {chi}1
Salzano 2015; Stornanti 2015; Sorbello 2015.
Catanian Sicilian:ki {chi}1
Corsaro 2015; Salerno 2015. La Mattina mentions the term kˈɔs-a {cosa} 'what' [La Mattina 2015], but it seems to be an Italianism.
South-Eastern Sicilian:ki {chi}1
Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015.
Central Catalan:kɛ {què}1
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 237.
North-Western Catalan:ke {què}1
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015.
Minorcan Catalan:kɛ {què}1
Cardona 2015.
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:ke {què}1
Barreda 2015.
Valencia Catalan:ke {què}1
Pérez i Sanchis 2015.
Manises Catalan:ke {què}1
Pedrós 2015.
Castilian Spanish:ke {qué}1
Valén 2015.
Asturian:ke {qué}1
Riego-Delgado 2016. Langreo: ke {qué} 'what' [González Rato 2016].
Standard Portuguese:u=kǝ {o que}1
Voinova et al. 1989: 701. In the modern language the extended form u=kǝ {o que} is used, cf. the example: {Quem veio e o que trouxe?} "Who came and what did he bring?" [Pimentel Ferreira 2016].
Does not have a separate entry in the EDCT, but frequently occurs in texts, cf. some examples: {Puis dist as chevaliers : "Seignor, // que dites vos? Que vos an sanble?"} "Then he added to the knights: "My lords, what say you? What is your opinion?" (Erec 1736-1737); {Mes qu'ai ge dit?} "But what did I say?" (Erec 4606).
Standard French:kǝ {que}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 806; Rayevskaya 2013: 642. The form kwa {quoi} is used after prepositions [Robert-Collins 1989: 806].
Picard:kwe {quoé}1
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:kwɛ-skü {cwè çku}1
Mahin 2016. With some verbs, the forms kwɛ {cwè} and kü {ku} can also be used: {cwè vuss?} "what would you like?", {ku dîross bin a ça!} "what could you answer to this?". Rifondou: kwɛ-ski {cwè зki} 'what', kwɛ {cwè} 'what', ki {ki} 'what'.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Archaic Latin:ˈaɫb-ʊs {albus}1
There are two terms for 'white': ˈaɫb-ʊs {albus} and kˈand-ɪd-ʊs {candidus}. As in the case of {ater} and {niger}, the difference is traditionally supposed to be 'bright white' vs. 'dull white'. But the actual examples would rather indicate that {candidus} meant 'shining white, dazzling white' and was used for "extraordinarily" white things, while {albus} was the usual, basic designation of generic white colour. Plautus applies {candidus} to 'light', 'star', 'grey-haired head' and 'hand', cf. {nunc te, nox, quae me mansisti, mitto uti cedas die, ut mortalis inlucescat luce clara et candida} "Now Night, thou who hast tarried for me, I permit these to give place to Day, that thou mayst shine upon mortals with a bright and brilliant light" [Amph. 546-547]; {ita sum, ut videtis, splendens stella candida, signum quod semper tempore exoritur suo hic atque in caelo: nomen Arcturo est mihi} "I am, as you see, a bright and shining star, a Constellation that ever in its season rises here on earth and in the heavens. Arcturus is my name" [Rud. 3-5]; {sapere istac aetate oportet, qui sunt capite candido} "Those who have white heads ought at that age to be wiser" [Most. 1148]; {manu candida cantharum dulciferum propinat amicissima amico} "then for your most loving mistress, with her white hand, to be pledging you in the luscious goblet" [Pseud. 1262]. In the case of 'head' and 'hand' this could be a stylistic epithet, emphasizing their whiteness. The words {candidatus} and {candide}, derived from {candidus}, are used for designation of clothes: {At candidatus cedit hic mastigia, stimulorum loculi} "Why, this whip-rascal is marching along in his white garb, a very receptacle for stripes" [Cas. 447]; {Vilicus is autem cum corona candide vestitus lautus exornatusque ambulat} "And then this bailiff is strutting about with his chaplet, clothed in white and finely rigged out" [Cas. 766-767].
The term {albus} is used for the colour of horses, grey-haired beard, teeth, body, wine, and nets: {Ergo aequius vos erat candidatas venire hostiatasque. ad hoc fanum ad istunc modum non veniri solet} "Then it were more fitting that you should have come arrayed in white and provided with victims" [Rud. 269-270]; {Nam si huic sese occasioni tempus supterduxerit, numquam edepol quadrigis albis indipiscet postea} "but if time should intervene upon this opportunity, never, upon my faith, will he hereafter obtain it again, oven with white horses" [Asin. 278-279]; {macilento ore, naso acuto, corpore albo, oculis nigris, subrufus aliquantum, crispus, cincinnatus} "with a thin face, sharp nose, light hair, dark eyes, somewhat ruddy, with hair rather crisp and curling" [Capt. 647-648]; {itaque me albis dentibus meus derideret filius meritissumo} "and so, grinning with his white teeth, my son would have most deservedly laughed at me" [Epid. 429-430]; {Dic mihi hoc quod te rogo: album an atrum vinum potas?} "Tell me this that I ask of you; do you drink white wine or dark-coloured?} [Men. 914-915]; {si id fiat, ne isti faxim nusquam appareant, qui hic albo rete aliena oppugnant bona} "If that were done, assuredly I'd make those nowhere to be seen, who here with their whitened nets lay siege to the property of others" ({albo rete} "with white net" = 'surreptitiously') [Persa 73-74]. The derivates of {albus} are used to designate 'grey-haired head': {hoc est demum quod percrucior, me hoc aetatis ludificari, cano capite atque alba barba miserum me auro esse emunctum} "that I, at my time of life, should be made a fool of, aye, by Heaven, so made a very sport of, and with my hoary head and white beard, that wretched I should be bamboozled out of my gold" [Bac. 1099-1102]; {Si albicapillus hic, videtur neutiquam ab ingenio senex} "If he is seen by you to have white hair, he is by no means an old man in mind" [Mil. 631]; {et item alterum ad istanc capitis albitudinem} "and likewise for another person, with such white hairs on his head as yours" [Trin. 874].
Cato uses {candidus} only twice, both times to indicate extraordinary whiteness: {Lapidem bonum in fornacem quam candidissimum, quam minime varium indito} "Charge the kiln only with good stone, as white and uniform as possible" [De agri cultura 38]; {Salem candidum sic facito} "Recipe for bleaching salt" [De agri cultura 88]. The term {albus} is applied to such objects as a kind of myrtle, bryony, beans, unripe olives, and ulcers: {Sub urbe hortum omne genus, coronamenta omne genus, bulbos Megaricos, murtum coniugulum et album et nigrum} "Near a town it is well to have a garden planted with all manner of vegetables, and all manner of flowers for garlands — Megarian bulbs, conjugulan myrtle, white and black myrtle" [De agri cultura 8]; {vitis albae caules III, fabulos albos III} "3 stalks of bryony, 3 white beans" [De agri cultura 70]; {Eodem vini veteris vel Aminnii vel miscelli albi congios II infundito, misceto probe} "Add 2 congii of old wine, either Aminnian or ordinary white, and after mixing thoroughly pour into a pitched jar and seal" [De agri cultura 106]; {Oleae albae quo modo condiantur} "To season green olives" [De agri cultura 117]; {Oleam albam, quam secundum vindemiam uti voles, sic condito} "To season green olives which you wish to use after vintage" [De agri cultura 118]; {Epityrum album nigrum variumque sic facito. Ex oleis albis nigris variisque nucleos eicito} "Recipe for a confection of green, ripe, and mottled olives. Remove the stones from green, ripe, and mottled olives" [De agri cultura 119]; {murtum coniugulum et murtum album et nigrum} "conjuglan myrtle, as well as white and black myrtle" [De agri cultura 133]; {Cancer ater, is olet et saniem spurcam mittit; albus purulentus est, sed fistulosus et subtus suppurat sub carne} "The black ulcer has a foul odour and exudes putrid pus, the white is purulent but fistulous, and suppurates under the surface" [De agri cultura 167].
Etymologically, {candidus} goes back to {candere} 'to shine', while {albus} has a good IE etymology that seems to support our theory; for this reason, we include only {albus} in the list. See [Normanskaya 2005: 154-160] for a different interpretation.
Late Classical Latin:ˈaɫb-ʊs {albus}1
Cf. some examples: {quidam tunicas albas} "some in white tunics" [Met. 8: 27]; {calceis feminis albis illis et tenuibus inductus} "and wearing a pair of white and flimsy women's shoes" [Met. 9: 8]. The term kˈand-ɪd-ʊs {candidus} can be used in some contexts as well: {equum nemque illum suum candidum vectorem futurum duxisse secum} "he'd arrived on his own white thoroughbred and could easily outpace and frustrate their pursuit, then hide himself miles away" [Met. 9: 2].
Megleno Romanian:alp {alb}1
Capidan 1935: 10. Apart from alb, Capidan's dictionary also lists be̯aɫ {beáɫ} of Slavic origin [Capidan 1935: 36-37], a word that is, however, very rarely used. Furthermore, it is alb 'white' that is opposed to negru 'black': {tots alb, i̯eɫ negru} "all are white, he is black" [Capidan, 1928: 165], {Un cǫmp alb cu oi̯ negri} "a white field with black sheep on it" [Capidan, 1928: 154].
In addition to the inherited term ywalb {juálb}, there is also a borrowing byaŋk {bi̯aṅk} ''white' and a word blaŋk {blaṅk} 'white', which is, according to Bartoli, a "dalmatianized" form of byaŋk [Bartoli 2002: 424]. Cf. the examples: {Jaime de vain vetrún, juálb, fosc, ruass, dole, garb} "We have wine old, white, black, red, sweet, gentle} (Cubich) [Bartoli 2002: 288-289]; {fúrme un páuk de pun juálb e un páuk de niár: el juálb per mančur nói} "we will make a little white bread and a little brown: the white is for us" (Ive) [Bartoli 2002: 297-298]; {kau̯k le avàs joi̯n fazolét toč bi̯aṅk} "here people had a headscarf, all white"; {i kalzu͡ọni fero bi̯aṅk} "the pants were white" [Bartoli 2002: 232]; {Cost pélo jéra vestiát de blank: el avája la baréta ruássa atuarn el bragáun; la bareta jéra ruássa, el bragáun blank} "This child was dressed in white; he had a red cap and pants; the cap was red and the pants were white" (Ive) [Bartoli 2002: 299]; {jóin pélo cuón blank} "a little dog" (Ive) [Bartoli 2002: 299-300]. All the forms are used by Udina, so we treat them as synonyms.
Friulian:blaŋk {blanc}-1
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 656, 26. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Gardenese Ladin:blaŋk {blanch}-1
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 17, 195. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Fassano Ladin:byaŋk {biạnch}-1
DILF 2001: 44. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 33. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Barbania Piemontese:byaŋk {bianch}-1
Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 33. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Carmagnola Piemontese:byaŋk {bianch}-1
Sanero 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Turinese Piemontese:byaŋk {bianc}-1
Davico 2016. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Vercellese Piemontese:byaːŋk-1
Noris 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Bergamo Lombard:byaŋk {bianch}-1
Garlini 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Plesio Lombard:byaːŋk {bianch}-1
Selva 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Ravennate Romagnol:byãnk {biânc}-1
Ercolani 1960: 46. An old borrowing from some Germanic source. Marchigiano: byaŋk {bianc} 'white' [Pucci 2015].
Ferrarese Emiliano:byaŋk {bianc}-1
Piacentini 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Carpigiano Emiliano:byaŋk {biànc}-1
Sacchi 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Reggiano Emiliano:byaːŋk {biânch}-1
Chertein 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Rapallo Ligurian:ǯˈaːŋk-u-1
Fasce 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Genoese Ligurian:ǯˈaŋk-u {giàncǒ}-1
Parodi 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Stella Ligurian:ǯˈaːŋk-u {giancu}-1
Piccone 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Venice Venetian:bˈyaŋk-o {biànco}-1
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015. Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Clementi 2015; Serena 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Primiero Venetian:byaŋk {bianch}-1
Gaio 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Bellunese Venetian:byaŋk {bianc}-1
Caneve 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Old Italian:bˈyaŋk-o {bianco}-1
Cf. some examples: {come procede innanzi da l'ardore, // per lo papiro suso, un color bruno // che non è nero ancora e 'l bianco more} "E'en as proceedeth on before the flame // Upward along the paper a brown colour, // Which is not black as yet, and the white dies" [Inf. 25]; {L'una era d'oro e l'altra era d'argento; // pria con la bianca e poscia con la gialla} "One was of gold, and the other was of silver; // first with the white, and after with the yellow" [Purg. 9]; {mostrando un'oca bianca più che burro} "display a goose more white than butter is" [Inf. 17]. This term is first time attested in the form {bla(n)cho} in the "Dichiarzaione di Paxia" (1178-1182, Savona) [TdLJdO 2016].
The term ˈalb-o {albo} 'white' is not attested in Dante's works. However we find it contrasted with {negro} 'black' in the Veronese Riddle (VIII-IX centuries): {Se pareba boves alba pratalia araba albo versorio teneba et negro semen seminaba}. Michel regards it as a Latinism [Michel 2011: 45], but this is not necessary. It occurs even after Dante, in the XIV-XVth centuries [TdLJdO 2016], but at the time it was no longer the basic term for 'white'.
Standard Italian:bˈyaŋk-o {bianco}-1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2508-2509. An old borrowing from some Germanic source. Distinct from ˈalb-o {albo} 'white', used only in the literary language [Battaglia I: 291].
Grosseto Italian:bˈyaŋk-o {bianco}-1
Marcelli 2015. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Foligno Italian:vˈyank-u {viancu}-1
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Voinova et al. 1989: 35. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Galician:bɾˈaŋk-o {branco}-1
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 770, 181; Fernández Armesto 1981: 128; Carré Alvarellos 1972: 931; Carré Alvarellos 1972: 41. An old borrowing from some Germanic source. Distinct from albˈeyɾ-o {albeiro} 'white', which is rather restricted in use: {fariña albeira} "white flour", {pan albeiro} "white bread", {un seixo albeiro} "a white pebble" [Montoya Bolaños 2016; DRAG 2016].
Provençal Occitan:blaŋk {blanc}-1
Coupier 1995: 153. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:bʎã {blyan}-1
Viret 2013: 309.
Old French:blãŋk {blanc}-1
EDCT 2014: 137.
Standard French:blɑ̃ {blanc}-1
Robert-Collins 1989: 810; Rayevskaya 2013: 341. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Picard:blɑ̃ {blank}-1
Leplubo 2016. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
Walloon:blã {blanc}-1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: blã {blanc} 'white'. An old borrowing from some Germanic source.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:byaŋk {bi̯aṅk} ~ blaŋk {blaṅk}-1
See the discussion above.
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Archaic Latin:kʷɪ-s {quis}1
Some examples are: {Quis me revocat?} "Who's calling me back?" [Cist. 705]; {Quis hic est homo cum collativo ventre atque oculis herbeis?} "Who is this fellow with extended paunch, and eyes as green as grass?" [Curc. 230-231]; {quis hic est senex, qui ante aedis nostras sic iacet?} "Who's this old man that's lying thus before our house?" [Amph. 1072]; {quis hic homo est cum tunicis longis quasi puer cauponius?} "Who's this fellow with the long skirts, just like a tavern-boy?" [Poen. 1298].
Late Classical Latin:kʷɪ-s {quis}1
Some examples are: {Quis ille?} "Who is he?" [Met. 1: 1]; {Quis enim de duobus comitum alterum sine alterius noxa peremptum crederet? "Who could believe my companion was murdered, and I was innocent?" [Met. 1: 19].
Megleno Romanian:kˈar-i {cari}2
In his dictionary and grammar Capidan for some reason translates ˈkari only as 'which' [Capidan 1935: 61], and does not mention any other words that might mean 'who' [Capidan 1925: 154], but the following contexts clearly show that ˈkari also means 'who': {și lisitsa ạľ zisi: "di tsi cǫta i̯eș bătut, cari ti bătù"}"And the fox said to him: "Why are you so beaten, who beat you?" [Capidan, 1928: 41]; {și ieɫ aľ zisi: "știi̯ i̯o cari sam? i̯o sam frigurea"}"And he said to him: "Do you know, who I am? I am the frost" [Capidan, 1928: 68]. Goes back to the Latin {qualis} 'of what kind or quality?'. The semantic shift obviously arose under Slavic influence (the same shift can be found in Macedonian and Bulgarian {koy} and further within the Balkan Sprachbund (cf. Modern Greek {ποιος} 'who' and Ancient Greek {ποι̃ος} 'of what kind?').
Istro Romanian:čˈire {číre}1
Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 368; Glavina 1905: 71. In the expression {kí zna} 'who knows' the Croatism ki {ki} is used instead [Kovačec 2010].
Aromanian:kˈar-e {cáre}2
Papahagi 1963: 247; Cunia 2010: 235-236; Bara et al. 2005: 116; Goɫąb 1984: 224; Capidan 1932: 426-427. Polysemy: 'who / which'. There is also another term, cˈi-ne {ţíne} [Papahagi 1963: 1071; Cunia 2010: 1040; Dalametra 1906: 206], which is more rare [Capidan 1932: 427].
Some examples are: {Chi siete voi?} "Who are you?" [Inf. 25]; {chi è quel grande che non par che curi // lo 'ncendio e giace dispettoso e torto} "who is that mighty one who seems to heed not // the fire, and lieth lowering and disdainful" [Inf. 14].
Does not have a separate entry in the EDCT, but frequently occurs in texts, cf. some examples: {Qui est? Qui est cil chevaliers?} "Who is yonder knight?" (Erec 753); {Cui? fet il. Vassax, qui es tu, // qui l'esprevier m'as contredit?} "Vassal," he cries, "who art thou who dost thus dispute with me the hawk?" (Erec 840-841).
Standard French:ki {qui}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 811; Rayevskaya 2013: 456.
Picard:ki {qui}1
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:kiː {kî}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: kiː {kî} 'who'.
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Archaic Latin:mˈʊl-ɪɛr {mulier}1
There are two terms for 'woman': mˈʊl-ɪɛr {mulier} and fˈeːm-ɪn-a {femina}. In Plautus' texts {mulier} is much more frequent: it occurs about 300 times [Passera, 1998: 108], while {femina} occurs less than in twenty cases. As for the semantic difference, {femina} could be used in the meaning 'female': {ita illa me ab laeva rabiosa femina adservat canis} "so much does this raving mad female cur watch me on the left side" [Men. 837]; {AST. Mulieres volo convenire vostras. TRVC. Quas tu mulieres mihi narras, ubi musca nulla feminast in aedibus?} "AST. I want to meet with your women. STR. What women art thee talking to me about, when there's not even a single woman-fly within the house?" [Truc. 283-284]; {Nam audivi feminam ego leonem semel parire} "For I heard of a woman's once giving birth to a lion" [Vid.]. The following example should be also added here: {sumne probus, sum lepidus civis, qui Atticam hodie civitatem maximam maiorem feci atque auxi civi femina?} "Am I not a worthy man, am I not a courteous citizen, who this day have made the extensive state of Attica still larger, and increased it by a female citizen?" [Persa 474-475]. For this reason it is often contrasted with the word denoting 'man': nam tu quidem ad equas fuisti scitus admissarius, qui consectare qua maris qua feminas} "You have your hands quite full enough with the women" (literary: which chase both men and women) [Mil. 1111-1113]; {patefeci fores, eaque eduxi omnem legionem, et maris et feminas} "I opened the door; and by that road I led out all the troop, both men and women" [Most. 1046-1047]; {non hercle hisce homines me marem, sed feminam vicini rentur esse servi militis} " Faith, but these men here, these servants of my neighbour the Captain, take me not to be a man, but a woman, so much do they trifle with me" [Mil. 486-487]; {SCEP. Sed utrum tu masne an femina es, qui illum patrem voces? PL. Vir sum equidem} "SCEP. But whether are you male or female, who are calling him father? PL. Why really, I'm a man" [Rud. 105-106].
According to E. Passera, {femina} had a dignified meaning and was sometimes used with some positive epithets. There are indeed some such contexts, cf. {Da mi, optuma femina, manum} "Best of women, give me your hand" [Aul. 135]; {Bona femina et malus masculus volunt te} "A good female and a bad male want you" [Cist. 705]; {A luculenta atque festiva femina, quae te amat tuamque expetessit pulcram pulcritudinem} "From a charming and a handsome lady, one who loves you, and dotes upon your extreme beauty" [Mil. 958-959]; {Tum autem illa ipsa est nimium lepida nimisque nitida femina} "Troth, indeed, she has made an impression already, Palaestrio, at first sight" [Mil. 1003], but there are also examples to the contrary: {Feminam scelestam te astans contra contuor} "Standing opposite to you, looking at a worthless woman" [Persa 208]; {Mala tu femina es, oles unde es disciplinam} "You are an artful damsel" [Truc. 131].
The term {femina} could also be used in a generic meaning: {MERC. observatote <eum>, quam blande mulieri palpabitur. ALC. Ecastor te experior quanti facias uxorem tuam. IVPP. Satin habes, si feminarum nulla est quam aeque diligam?} "MERC. Do you observe him, how blandly he smoothes the lady over. ALC. I' faith, I find by experience how much you value your wife. JUP. If there is no one among women whom I love so much, are you satisfied?" [Amph. 505-507]; {nec me miserior femina est neque ulla videatur magis} "No woman is there more wretched than myself" [Amph. 1060]; {misericordior nulla me est feminarum} "no one among women is more compassionate than I" [Rud. 281].
As we can see, in Plautus' times {femina} and {mulier} started becoming synonymous, but this process was far from completion, and, very importantly, {femina} was much less frequent, so we include only {mulier} in the list. Some examples for {mulier} are: {qui omnis se amare credit, quaeque aspexerit mulier: eum oderunt qua viri qua mulieres} "who thinks that, whatever woman sees him, all are in love with him; whom all, both men and women, detest" [Mil. 1391-1392]; {plures viri sint vidui quam nunc mulieres} "there should be more divorced men than there are women now" [Merc. 829].
Late Classical Latin:mˈʊl-yɛr {mulier}1
Cf. some examples: {Proclamares saltem suppetiatum, si resistere vir tantus mulieri nequibas} "You could at least have shouted for help, if a great man like you couldn't handle the women by yourself" [Met. 1: 14]; {E re nata fallaciosa mulier temerarium tollens cachinnum: "Magnum" inquit "istum virum ac strenuum negotiatorem nacta sum, qui rem, quam ego mulier et intra hospitium contenta iam dudum septem denariis vendidi, minoris distraxit."} "A born deceiver, the wife gave a bold laugh, and said: 'What a brilliant husband I've got, a masterly negotiator! I, a mere woman, without stepping outside, just sold for seven denariisomething he's offloaded for less!'" [Met. 9: 6]; {video mulieres duas altioris aetatis} "I watched two women of rather ripe years" [Met. 1: 12]; {quamvis auro veste gemmis omnique cetero mundo exornata mulier incedat, tamen, nisi capillum distinxerit, ornata non possit audire} "such is the glory of a woman's hair that though she adorns herself with garments, gold and gems and other finery, unless her hair is groomed she cannot be called well-dressed" [Met. 2: 9]; {Quorum quidem unus caput mulieris, quae meum dorsum residebat repente percussit} "One of the latter struck the woman seated on my back" [Met. 8: 17].
The term fˈeːm-ɪn-a {femina} occurs as a complete synonym of {mulier}: {Nec illas scelestas feminas, quas tibi post internecivum odium et calcata sanguinis foedera sorores appellare non licet, vel videas vel audias} "Don't look at or listen to those evil women, who with their murderous hostility, their disregard of the bonds of blood, you should not call sisters" [Met. 5: 12]; {Tunc influunt turbae sacris divinis initiatae, viri feminaeque omnis dignitatis et omnis aetatis, linteae vestis candore puro luminosi} "A mighty throng of men and women of every age and rank, initiates of the sacred mysteries, poured on behind, their linen robes shining radiantly" [Met. 11: 10]. As for the frequency of this term, it had definitely shifted, compared with Plautus' times. The term {femina} occurs in 'Metamorphoses' about 35 times, whereas {mulier} is merely twice as frequent. Because of this, we include both terms in the list.
Distinct from ˈʊksɔr {uxor} 'wife': {Nam protinus uxor eius, avara equidem nequissimae illa mulier} "His wife, an avaricious, evil-minded woman" [Met. 7: 15].
Megleno Romanian:muʎˈar-i {muľári}1
Capidan 1935: 197.
Istro Romanian:žˈensk-ä {žénskę}-1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 220; Byhan 1899: 289. Borrowed from Slovene {ženska} 'woman' or Croatian {ženska} 'female, woman's' (a feminine form of adjective {ženski}). Distinct from muʎäre {muľę́re} 'wife' [Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 283]. Byhan also mentions the word žˈeɲe {žéńe} 'married woman' [Byhan 1899: 389], Weigand adds the word gospä {gospę} [Weigand, 1899: 397], both forms are absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:muʎˈe̯ar-e {muľeáre}1
Papahagi 1963: 711; Cunia 2010: 678-679; Dalametra 1906: 138; Bara et al. 2005: 346, 355; Goɫąb 1984: 236. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. In the Turia dialect there is also another term, misˈokup-ǝ {misˈokupā} 'woman' [Bara et al. 2005: 346].
Romanian:femˈey-e {femeie}3
DER 2004: 1044-1045; Bolocan et al. 1985: 354; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {familia} 'family' [Ciorănescu 2015]. The original term {muiare} 'woman' has a pejorative shade in contemporary Standard Romanian [DEaLR 2015]. Distinct from soc-ˈie {soţie} 'wife' [DER 2004: 1040; Bolocan et al. 1985: 354]. Moldavian: femˈey-e {femeie} 'woman' [Podiko 1973: 207; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 111].
Dalmatian:muʎˈer {muľér} ~ moʎˈer {moľér}1
Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Some examples are: {káu̯k fero tu͡ọnta żi̯ant; joi̯na kál fero tu͡ọnti jóṅ, ne la jultra kál fero tu͡ọnte muľér} "here are a lot of people, one part of us is a lot of men, the other is a lot of women" [Bartoli 2002: 251]; {toče le moľér stentúa: le arúa, le zapúa la tára toča ku̯anta e i ómiṅ tenúa la píp iṅ bu̯ák e kosái̯k i stùa da gu̯ardúrle} "all the women work; they plow, they dig all the ground and the men keep the pipes in their mouths and so they stand watching" [Bartoli 2002: 249].
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 12. Goes back to the Latin {illa} 'that / she'. Distinct from fˈǝn-a {fëna} 'wife' [Forni 2015].
Fassano Ladin:fˈemen-a {fémena}2
DILF 2001: 97. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'.
Rumantsch Grischun:fˈɛmn-ǝ {femna}2
Schmid 2015. Distinct from a polite term dˈɔn-ǝ {donna} 'madam'.
Sursilvan Romansh:fˈɛmn-ǝ {femna}2
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015. There are two expressions for 'woman' in Sursilvan: fˈɛmn-ǝ {femna} and dˈun-ǝ {dunna}. According to [Cadruvi 2015], they are synonyms. Distinct from kǝnˈɔsrt-ǝ {consorta} 'wife' [Cadruvi 2015].
Surmiran Romansh:fˈɛmn-ǝ {femna}2
Schmid 2015. Distinct from the polite term dˈun-ǝ {dunna} 'madam'.
There are two designations for 'woman' in Dante's works: fˈemːin-a {femmina} and dˈɔnː-a {donna}. The latter is much more frequent (9 : 96 in 'Divine Comedy'), but the distribution is important: in Inferno {donna} is used only 10 times out of 96, in Purgatorio it is already used 38 times, and half of its usage occurs in Paradiso. What we are actually dealing with is the gradual replacement of {femmina} by {donna}, but it seems that during Dante's life, this replacement had not yet been completed and {donna} still had "elevated" connotations. For a more detailed analysis, see [Passera 1998]. Because of this, we include only {femmina} in the list, as a term of broader and more neutral usage.
It is important that {femmina} can be used not only in stylistically low ({Via, // ruffian! qui non son femmine da conio} "Get thee gone // pander, there are no women here for coin" [Inf. 18]) or neutral contexts, but also in high ones: {Maria Vergine (femmina veramente e figlia di Giovacchino e d'Adamo)} "the Virgin Mary, the true woman and daughter of Joachim and of Adam" [Conv. 2], {che là dove ubidia la terra e 'l cielo, // femmina, sola e pur testé formata} "for there where earth and heaven obedient were, // the woman only, and but just created" (about Eve) [Purg. 29]. Oher contexts with {femmina}: {ciò avvenia di duol sanza martìri, // ch'avean le turbe, ch'eran molte e grandi, // d'infanti e di femmine e di viri} "and this arose from sorrow without torment, // which the crowds had, that many were and great, // of infants and of women and of men" [Inf. 4]; {poi che l'ardite femmine spietate // tutti li maschi loro a morte dienno} "after the daring women pitiless // had unto death devoted all their males" [Inf. 18]; {Vedi Tiresia, che mutò sembiante // quando di maschio femmina divenne} "Behold Tiresias, who his semblance changed, // when from a male a female he became" [Inf. 20]; {quanto in femmina foco d'amor dura} "how long in woman lasts the fire of love" [Purg. 8]; {mi venne in sogno una femmina balba} "there came to me in dreams a stammering woman" [Purg. 19]; {ne le femmine sue più è pudica // che la Barbagia dov' io la lasciai} "by far more modest in its women is // than the Barbagia I have left her in" [Purg. 23]; {Femmina è nata, e non porta ancor benda} "A maid is born, and wears not yet the veil" [Purg. 24].
Some contexts on {donna}: {e donna mi chiamò beata e bella} "and a fair, saintly Lady called to me" [Inf. 2]; {O donna di virtù sola per cui // l'umana spezie eccede ogne contento} "'O Lady of virtue, thou alone through whom // the human race exceedeth all contained" [Inf. 2]; {poscia che tai tre donne benedette} "seeing that three such Ladies benedight" [Inf. 2].
Standard Italian:dˈɔnː-a {donna}5
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2519. Distinct from fˈemːin-a {femmina} 'female' [Battaglia V: 803-805], from mˈoʎː-e {moglie} 'wife' and spˈɔz-a {sposa} 'wife, spouse' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 2511].
Grosseto Italian:dˈɔnː-a {donna}5
Marcelli 2015. Distinct from mˈoʎː-e {moglie} 'wife' [Marcelli 2015].
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 197. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. In the meaning ˈwifeˈ the word muʎˈer {muller} is used as well, especially in formal speech [Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015].
Leplubo 2016. Distinct from buʁž-wɛz {bourjouèse} 'wife' [Leplubo 2016].
Walloon:fam {fame}2
Mahin 2016. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Distinct from ku=meʀ {coumére} 'teenage girl / young not married woman / fiancée / girlfriend / virgin', which is the same as French {commère} 'gossip', derived from Vulgar Latin {commater} 'godmother'. Cf. some examples: {ça dvint ene pitite coumére} "she is turning to a woman" (about 13 years old girl); {Djan è ruvnu avu sa} "John came back with his girlfriend"; {èle est co coumére} "she is still a virgin" [Mahin 2016]. In Rifondou Walloon we observe another situation: ki=mɛʀ {kimere} ~ k=mɛʀ {kmere} ~ ko=mɛʀ {comere} is used as generic term for 'woman' and fɛm {feme} means 'wife', but due to French influence it started extending its meaning to 'woman' in the past decades [Mahin 2016].
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:fˈeːm-ɪn-a {femina}2
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:dˈun-ǝ {dunna}5
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015.
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Archaic Latin:
According to [Solopov 2007: 73-74], there were two basic terms for 'yellow': flˈaːw-ʊs {flavus}, used for colour of wax, sand, lions, young deers, horse's mane and bright hair, and ɫˈuːt-ɛ-ʊs {luteus} (< ɫˈuːt-ʊm {lutum} 'Reseda lutea', used for dying), designating shades of colour between yellow and orange. According to Oxford Latin Dictionary, {flavus} was applied to pale or golden yellow objects [OLD 1968: 711], whereas {luteus} designated bright, reddish or orange yellow objects [OLD 1968: 1053].
The term {flavus} is not attested in Plautus' texts, and there is only one example of {luteus}, used to designate abnormal colours: {Quin tu me interrogas, purpureum panem an puniceum soleam ego esse an luteum?} "Why don't you ask whether I'm wont to eat dark bread, or purple, or yellow?" [Men. 916-917].
Neither {flavus} nor {luteus} occur in Cato's texts. There is only a derived verb: {ubi hordeum flavescit} "when the barley turns yellow" [De agri cultura 151]. There is also an example in the works by Ennius (239 – 169 BC), cited by OLD: {marmore flavo} 'yellow marble' [OLD 1968: 711].
Taking all this into account (including Gelius' evidence that the basic Latin word for yellow was {fulvus}), we have decided not to include any of the terms in the list.
Late Classical Latin:fˈʊɫv-ʊs {fulvus}1
The term fɫˈaːw-ʊs {flavus} is applied by Apuleius only to hair colour: {flavum et inadfectatum capillitium} "tawny hair quiet plainly cut" [Met. 2: 2]; {flavis crinibus usquequaque conspicuous} "attracting all gazes with his blond hair" [Met. 10: 30]; {capillos eorum humi iacentes flavos ac per hoc illi Boeotio iuveni consimiles} "they were blonde, thus very much like her Boeotian's" (about goat wool) [Met. 3: 17]. The same problem occurs with the related term {flavens}: {sed observatis omnibus furatrina facili flaventis auri mollitie congestum gremium Veneri reportat} "and easily filled the folds of her dress with soft gleaming gold, carrying her spoils to Venus" (about wool) [Met. 6: 13].
Distinct from ɫˈuːt-y-ʊs {luteus} 'bright yellow': {Tunica multicolor, bysso tenui pertexta, nunc albo candore lucida, nunc croceo flore lutea, nunc roseo rubore flammida} "Her multi-coloured robe was of finest linen, gleaming here pure white, here a saffron yellow, there flaming rose-red" [Met. 11: 3]; {Tunc de summo montis cacumine per quandam latentem fistulam in excelsum prorumpit vino crocus diluta sparsique deflens pascentis circa capellas odoro perpluit imbre, donec in meliorem maculatae speciem canitiem propriam luteo colore mutarent} "Then, from a pipe concealed on the very top of the mountain, wine mixed with saffron spurted into the air and rained down in a perfumed shower, sprinkling the goats grazing all around until, dyed to a richer beauty, their naturally white coats were stained deep yellow" [Met. 10: 34]; {pedes luteis induti calceis} "with yellow shoes on their feet" [Met. 9: 27]; {pictura ex discordibus pigmentorum coloribus, atris atque albis, luteis et puniceis, confusione modica temperatis, imagines iis quae imitatur similes facit} [Florida 20]. The terms {fulvus} and {galbinus} are not attested.
As for Gellius, the following passage is very important: {"Fulvus" autem videtur de rufo atque viridi mixtus in aliis plus viridis, in aliis plus rufi liabere. Sic poeta verborum diligentissimus "fulvam aquilam" dicit et "iaspidem", "fulvos galeros" et "fulvum aurum" et "arenam fulvam" et "fulvum leonem", sic Q. Ennius in annalibus "aere fulvo" dixit. "Flavus" contra videtur e viridi et rufo et albo concretus: sic "flaventes comae" et, quod mirari quosdam video, frondes olearum a Vergilio "flavae" dicuntur, sic multo ante Pacuvius aquam "flavam" dixit et "fulvum pulverem". Cuius versus, quoniam sunt iucundissimi, libens commemini: cedo tuum pedem mi, lymphis flavis fulvum ut pulverem manibus isdem, quibus Ulixi saepe permulsi, abluam lassitudinemque minuam manuum mollitudine} "But the colour fulvus seems to be a mixture of red and green, in which sometimes green predominates, sometimes red. Thus the poet who was most careful in his choice of words applies fulvus to an eagle, to jasper, to fur caps, to gold, to sand, and to a lion; and so Ennius in his Annals uses fulvus of air. Flavus on the other hand seems to be compounded of green and red and white; thus Virgil speaks of golden hair as flava and applies that adjective also to the leaves of the olive, which I see surprises some; and thus, much earlier, Pacuvius called water flava and dust fulvus. I am glad to quote his verses, for they are most charming: Give me thy foot, that with the same soft hands With which oft times I did Ulysses soothe I may with golden (flavis) waters wash away The tawny (fulvum) dust and heal thy weariness" [Attic Nights 2: 26]. This passage counts as solid evidence that {fulvus} corresponds to GLD specifications better than {flavus}.
There are not so many examples on the usage of 'yellow' in Vulgata, but they seem to correspond to Gellius' description: {Fecit etiam rex Salomon thronum de ebore grandem: et vestivit eum auro fulvo nimis} "His throne was made of ivory and covered with pure gold" [1 Kings 10: 18]; {et capillus flavus, solitoque subtilior} "and the hair in it has thinned out and lost its color" [Leviticus 13: 30]. Based on this, we include {fulvus} in the list.
Gellius describes {luteus} as follows: {"luteus" contra rufus color est dilutior; inde ei nomen quoque esse factum videtur} "luteus, on the other hand, is a more diluted red, and from this dilution its name too seems to be derived" [Attic Nights 2: 26].
Megleno Romanian:gˈalb-in {gálbin}2
Capidan 1935: 135.
Istro Romanian:žut {žut}-1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 221; Byhan 1899: 396. Borrowed from Croatian {žut} 'yellow'. In Žejane the inherited term gˈɒbir {gåbir} 'yellow' is probably preserved [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 187; Byhan 1899: 224]. This word is, however, absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Attested only in Cubich's vocabulary [Bartoli 2002: 272]. Probably a borrowing from Venetian.
Friulian:ǯaːl {zâl}-1
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 674, 474. Borrowed from Italian {giallo} 'yellow' (< Old French {jalne} 'yellow').
Gardenese Ladin:gyǝl {ghiel}-1
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 34, 141. Borrowed from German {gelb}, not derived from Latin {galbinus} (cf. normal phonetic development in the word ǯˈam-a {giama} 'leg' < Vulgar Latin {gamba}).
Fassano Ladin:zal {śal}-1
DILF 2001: 128. Borrowed from some Romance source, not derived from Latin {galbinus} (cf. normal phonetic development in the word ǯˈam-a {giama} 'leg' < Vulgar Latin {gamba}).
Rumantsch Grischun:mˈɛl-ǝn {mellen}3
Schmid 2015.
Sursilvan Romansh:mˈɛl-ǝn {mellen}3
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015.
Surmiran Romansh:mˈɛl-ǝn {mellen}3
Schmid 2015.
Vallader Romansh:gɛlk {gelg}-1
Conrad 2015; Vital 2015; Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895: 318. Borrowed from German {gelb} 'yellow'.
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:ǯawŋ {giàun}-1
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 139. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Barbania Piemontese:ǯawŋ {giaun}-1
Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 139. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Carmagnola Piemontese:ǯawŋ {giàun}-1
Sanero 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Turinese Piemontese:ǯawŋ {giaun}-1
Davico 2016. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Vercellese Piemontese:ǯalt-1
Noris 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Bergamo Lombard:zalt {zàlt}-1
Garlini 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Plesio Lombard:ǯaːlt {giald}-1
Selva 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Ravennate Romagnol:ʒal {ẓal}-1
Ercolani 1960: 500. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Ferrarese Emiliano:ʒal {zal}-1
Piacentini 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Carpigiano Emiliano:zaːl {śâl}-1
Sacchi 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Reggiano Emiliano:ʒaːl {zâl}-1
Chertein 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne}.
Rapallo Ligurian:ǯˈalː-u-1
Fasce 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow' via Italian {giallo} 'yellow'.
Genoese Ligurian:ǯˈan-u {giànǒ}-1
Parodi 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Stella Ligurian:ǯˈaːn-u {giȃnu}-1
Piccone 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Venice Venetian:zˈae̯-o {zàɫo}-1
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Ricchieri 2015. Borrowed from old French {jalne} 'yellow'. Padua: ǯˈae̯-o {giaɫo} 'yellow' of Italian origin [Tre 2015]. Este, Vicenza, Schio: zˈal-o {zalo} 'yellow' [Melon 2015; Cortiana 2015; Clementi 2015]. Treviso: zˈaɰ-o {xàɫo} 'yellow' [Busato 2015; Serena 2015]. Salgareda: zal {zal} 'yellow' [Poletto 2015]. Marostica, Verona: ǯˈal-o {giàlo} 'yellow' of Italian origin [Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015].
Primiero Venetian:ǯal {gial}-1
Gaio 2015. Borrowed from Italian {giallo} 'yellow'. The obsolete form is ðal {đal} 'yellow' [Gaio 2015].
Bellunese Venetian:ǯal {gial}-1
Caneve 2015. Borrowed from Italian {giallo} 'yellow'.
Old Italian:ǯalː-o {giallo}-1
Cf. some examples: {L'una era d'oro e l'altra era d'argento; // pria con la bianca e poscia con la gialla} "One was of gold, and the other was of silver; // first with the white, and after with the yellow" [Purg. 9]; {L'uno al pubblico segno i gigli gialli // oppone} "To the public standard one the yellow lilies // opposes" [Par. 6].
Standard Italian:ǯalː-o {giallo}-1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2531-2532. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Esposito 2015; Russo 2015; Matarazzo 2015; Cirillo 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Musella 2015; Fattoruso 2015; Morelli 2015; Cerrone 2015; Alois 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Logudorese:grˈog-u {grogu}-1
Buttu 2015. Borrowed from Catalan {groc} 'yellow'.
Campidanese:grˈoɣ-u {grogu}-1
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 206. Borrowed from Catalan {groc} 'yellow'. Domus de Maria: ǯˈalː-u {giallu} 'yellow' of Italian origin [Fadda 2015].
Palermitan Sicilian:ǯˈaɾn-u {giarnu}-1
Messina 2015. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'. The later Italianism ǯˈalː-u {giallu} 'yellow' can be used as well [Ornato 2015; La Bua 2015]. Buscemi: ǯˈalː-u {giallu} 'yellow', ǯˈaɾn-u {giarnu} 'pale' [Coccimiglio 2016].
Messinese Sicilian:ǯˈalː-u {giallu}-1
Salzano 2015; Stornanti 2015; Sorbello 2015. Borrowed from Italian {giallo} 'yellow'.
Catanian Sicilian:ǯˈalː-u {giallu}-1
Corsaro 2015; La Mattina 2015; Salerno 2015. Borrowed from Italian {giallo} 'yellow'.
South-Eastern Sicilian:ȡːˈaɾn-u {gghiarnu}-1
Leggio 2015. The later Italianism ǯˈalː-u {giallu} 'yellow' can be used as well [Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015].
Central Catalan:gɾɔk {groc}4
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 15. Goes back to Latin {crocus} 'saffron', which is borrowed from Ancient Greek {κρόκος} 'saffron', but we do not regard this word as a borrowing, because the meaning shift 'saffron' > 'yellow' took place already in Catalan.
Coupier 1995: 780. Borrowed from Old French {jalne} 'yellow'.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:ðˈon-o {zhôno}2
Viret 2013: 1207.
Old French:ǯˈawn-ǝ {jaune}2
EDCT 2014: 601.
Standard French:žon {jaune}2
Robert-Collins 1989: 830; Rayevskaya 2013: 408.
Picard:gɑ̃n {ganne}2
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:ǯoːn {djaune}2
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: ǯɛn {djaene} 'yellow'.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Archaic Latin:ɫˈɔŋg-eː {longe}1
The examples are: {Atque haud longe abesse oportet, verum longe hinc afuit} "And he cannot be very far off; but he has been a long way off from here" [Amph. 322]; {nego tibi hoc annis viginti fuisse primis copiae, digitum longe a paedagogo pedem ut efferres aedibus} "for your first twenty years you had not even this much liberty, to move your foot out of the house even a finger's length away from your tutor" [Bac. 422-423]; {Scin tu rus hinc esse ad uillam longe quo ducat?} "Do you know that it's to a distance in the country, at the farm-house, that he is to take her?" [Cas. 420]; {Quam longe a me abest?} "How far is he away from me?" [Curc. 119]; {Hac nocte in somnis visus sum viderier procul sedere longe a me Aesculapium} "Last night I seemed in my sleep to behold Æsculapius, seated at a distance far away from me" [Curc. 260-261]; {Non longe hinc abest a nobis} "She isn't far from here" [Merc. 894]; {satin habes, si ego advenientem ita patrem faciam tuom, non modo ne intro eat, verum etiam ut fugiat longe ab aedibus?} "Are you satisfied, if on his arrival I shall so manage your father, not only that he shall not enter, but even that he shall run away to a distance from the house?" [Most. 389-390]; {sed longe ab Athenis esse se gnatam autumet} "But let her declare that she was born at a distance from Athens" [Persa 151]; {Eo ego hinc haud longe.} "I'm going not far hence" [Persa 217]; {illorum navis longe in altum abscesserat} "their ship had got a great way out to sea" [Rud. 66]; {Haud longe abesse oportet homines hinc, ita hic lepidust locus} "There must be people not far hence; it is so delightful a spot" [Rud. 256]; {Ilico hinc imus, haud longule ex hoc loco; verum longe hinc abest unde advectae huc sumus} "Just now, we came from a place there, not a great way from this spot; but it is a great way off from here, whence we have been brought hither" [Rud. 266-267]; {Porro illic longe usque in campis ultimis} "At a distance out away yonder, as far off as the farthest fields" [Rud. 1034]; {fuit edepol Mars meo periratus patri, nam oves illius hau longe absunt a lupis} "Mars has proved very angry with my father; for his sheep are not very far away from the wolves" [Truc. 656-657].
In the meaning "for a long time": {<non> hoc longe destiti instare, usque adeo donec se adiurat anus iam mihi monstrare} "I insisted to such a degree, that the old woman swore that she would soon inform me" [Cist. 582-584]; {ne tibi hercle haud longe est os ab infortunio, ita dentifrangibula haec meis manibus gestiunt} "By my faith, your phiz isn't far off from a mishap; so much are these teeth-crackers longing in my fists" [Bac. 595-596].
In the figurative meaning: {Vt vostrae fortunae meis praecedunt, Libane, longe, qui hodie numquam ad vesperum vivam} "How far superior, Libanus, are your lots to my own, who never will live this day until the evening" [Asin. 629-630]; {solus ego omnis longe antideo stultitia et moribus indoctis} "I singly by far exceed them all in folly and absurd ways" [Bac. 1088-1089]; {divortunt mores virgini longe ac lupae} "there's a great difference between the manners of a maiden and a courtesan" [Epid. 403]; {aliter catuli longe olent, aliter suis} "Puppies have one smell, pigs quite another" [Epid. 579]; {Non hoc longe, Delphium} "Not far from here, Delphium" [Most. 393]; {verum quod ad ventrem attinet, non hercle hoc longe, nisi me pugnis vicerit} "but as to what concerns the stomach - by my troth, not this much, unless he should first have thrashed me with his fists" [Trin. 482-483]; {Ego fateor, sed longe aliter est amicus atque amator} "I confess it; but far different is the friend from the lover" [Truc. 172].
Distinct from prˈɔ=kʊɫ {procul} 'far away / from a distance / into the distance': {sed Ergasilus estne hic, procul quem video?} "But is this Ergasilus, that I see coming at a distance?" [Capt. 788]; {Di hercle me cupiunt seruatum. iam oboluit Casinus procul} "I' troth, the Gods do will me to be preserved at last. I already smell Casina at a distance" [Cas. 817]; {cuia vox sonat procul?} "whose voice is it that I hear at a distance" [Curc. 112]; {procul amantem abesse haud consentaneumst} "it is not becoming for one thus in love to be at a distance" [Curc. 165]; {Hac nocte in somnis visus sum viderier procul sedere longe a me Aesculapium} "Last night I seemed in my sleep to behold Æsculapius, seated at a distance far away from me" [Curc. 260-261]; {Voluptas nullast navitis, Messenio, maior meo animo, quam quom ex alto procul terram conspiciunt} "There's no greater pleasure to voyagers, in my notion, Messenio, than at the moment when from sea they espy the land afar" [Men. 226-228]; {istinc te procul ita volo adsimulare} "I wish you - standing at a distance there" [Mil. 1169-1170]; {et ille chlamydatus quisnam est, qui sequitur procul?} "He, too, in the scarf, that's following at a distance, who is he, I wonder?" [Poen. 620]; {sed quid ego misera video procul in litore?} "But what, to my sorrow, do I see afar upon the shore?" [Rud. 442-450]; {mille modis, Amor, ignorandu's, procul abhibendu's atque abstandu's} "In a thousand ways is Love to be held a stranger, to be kept at a distance, and to be wholly abstained from" [Trin. 263-264]; {Ita haec morata est ianua: extemplo ianitorem clamat, procul si quem videt ire ad se calcitronem} "This door is of this habit; it cries out at once for tho porter, if it sees any door-kicker at a distance coming towards it" [Asin. 391-392]; {Istinc loquere, si quid vis, procul. tamen audiam} "Speak from where you are, if you want anything; though at a distance, I shall hear you" [Capt. 603]; {concedam a foribus huc, hinc speculabor procul, unde advenienti sarcinam imponam seni} "I'll go away from the door to this spot; hence, I'll look out afar in which direction to lay the burden on the old fellow on his arrival" [Most. 429-430]; {Illinc procul nos istuc inspectabimus} "At a distance there we shall be witnesses of that" [Poen. 682]; {si veniat nunc dominus cuiust, ego qui inspectavi procul te hunc habere, fur sum quam tu?} "If now the owner, whose property it is, were to come, how am I, who espied from afar that you had taken this, a bit the less the thief than yourself?" [Rud. 1021-1022]; {tu, puella, istinc procul dicito quid insit et qua facie, memorato omnia} "Do you, young woman, away at a distance there say what's in it, and of what appearance; mention them all" [Rud. 1148-1149]; {procul hinc observabo, meis quid fortunis fuat} "from here at a distance will I observe what is to be my lot" [Truc. 709]; {Secede huc nunciam, si videtur, procul} "Step here then, at a distance now" [Capt. 219]; {proin tu ab istoc procul recedas} "Do you this instant stand away at a distance from him" [Capt. 551]; {repperi qui senem ducerem, quo dolo a me dolorem procul pellerem} "I've hit upon a plan whereby to cajole the old fellow, by means of which to drive grief away from me" [Most. 715-716]; {iam nunc ego illi egredienti sanguinem exsugam procul} "Even now, as he comes forth, I'll suck out his blood at this distance" [Poen. 614]; {Age, illuc abscede procul e conspectu, tace} "Well, go you off there at a distance out of sight; keep silence" [Persa 727].
Late Classical Latin:ɫˈɔŋg-eː {longe}1
Some examples are: {Quae grandem scelerum nancta materiam longe lateque cruentas suas manus porrigit} "The woman, now with ample supplies for further crime, stretched her murderous reach further" [Met. 10: 27]; {isto tamen vel unico solacio aerumnabilis deformitatis meae recreabar, quod auribus grandissimis praedibus cuncta longule etiam dissita facillime sentiebam} "at least I had gained one solace from that wretched and painful change of form, namely that with my vast ears I could hear everything clearly, even at some considerable distance" [Met. 9: 15].
The term prˈɔ=kʊɫ {procul} is usually used with the prepositions {ab} and {ad}: {Sed ubi me procul a civitate gregarius ille perduxerat} "But when the herdsman arrived at the farm, far from the city" [Met. 7: 15], which. however, can be ellided: {sed quam procul semotus et domum celeri gradu pervectus} "He distanced himself from them, and went swiftly homewards" [Met. 9: 19].
Megleno Romanian:di=pˈart-i {dipárti}2
Capidan 1935: 110. di= is a non-productive suffix, retained only in some words inherited from Latin [Capidan, 1925: 196].
Papahagi 1963: 389; Dalametra 1906: 78; Cunia 2010: 393; Goɫąb 1984: 212. There are two documented expressions for 'far': lˈarg-u {lárgu} and di=pˈart-e {dipárte}. Available contexts do not allow to differentiate between these words: {vin'iră di lárgu uclo} "they came from far away"; {di om cu sémnu – lárgu!} "from a man with the sign – far!"; {fudzĭ lárgu di míne} "run far away from me" [Papahagi 1963: 616]; {ɣin di làrgu} "I come from afar" [Dalametra 1906: 118]; {alghiàști ună hoàră aclò làrgu} "he appeares in a village from far away" [Dalametra 1906: 9-10]; {'nɣiliceàști di làrgu} "it shines from afar" [Dalametra 1906: 158]; {dipárte, tu arădzîmurĭ} "far, at the foot of a mountain"; {l-vidzú di dipárti} "he have seen it from afar" [Papahagi 1963: 389]; {ɣin di dipàrti} "I come from afar" [Dalametra 1906: 78]. We have to treat lˈargu and dipˈarte as synonyms.
Bartoli 2002: 255. Some contexts are: {tu͡ọnt a lontu͡ọn} "very far" [Bartoli 2002: 251]; {kosái̯k ko la ti̯asta i fero, ke se vedua da lontu͡ọn} "They were attached to their heads in such a way that they were seen from afar" [Bartoli 2002: 232]; {e náun fóit tuónt a luntún la mája cuósa} "it is not so far from my house" (Ive) [Bartoli 2002: 296-297]. Cubich mentions {a la luarga} glossed as 'lontano' [Bartoli 2002: 271].
Friulian:lont-ˈaŋ {lontan}1
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015.
Gardenese Ladin:lonč {lonc} ~ da=lˈonč {dalonc}1
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 48.
Fassano Ladin:da=lˈonč {dalọnc}1
DILF 2001: 170.
Rumantsch Grischun:dǝ=lˈunš {dalunsch}1
Schmid 2015. Distinct from lǝntˈan {lontˈan} 'distantly'.
Sursilvan Romansh:lunš {lunsch}1
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015.
Surmiran Romansh:ʎˈunš {glunsch}1
Schmid 2015. Distinct from lǝntˈan {lontˈan} 'distantly'.
Selva 2015. Distinct from dist-ˈant {distant}, which means 'far', but is used to describe division or separation [Selva 2015].
Ravennate Romagnol:lunt-ˈãn {luntân}1
Ercolani 1960: 240.
Ferrarese Emiliano:lunt-ˈan {luntàn}1
Piacentini 2015.
Carpigiano Emiliano:lunt-ˈan {luntàn}1
Sacchi 2015.
Reggiano Emiliano:lunt-ˈaːn {luntân}1
Chertein 2015.
Rapallo Ligurian:luŋt-ˈan1
Fasce 2015.
Genoese Ligurian:luŋt-ˈan {lǒntàn}1
Parodi 2015.
Stella Ligurian:luŋt-ˈan {luntàn}1
Piccone 2015. There are two expressions for 'far': luŋtˈan {luntàn} and dišt-ˈaːŋt-e {distānte}. According to [Piccone 2015], they are synonyms. Distinct from the obsolete term da=lˈuŋʒ-i {da lunzi} 'far'.
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Zanetti 2015. There are two terms for 'far': loŋtˈaŋ {lontan} and distˈaŋt-e {distante}. According to [Tosi 2015; Tre 2015; Busato 2015; Zanetti 2015], they are synonyms.
Primiero Venetian:loŋt-ˈaŋ {lontan}1
Gaio 2015.
Bellunese Venetian:loŋt-ˈaŋ {lontan}1
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:lont-ˈan-o {lontano}1
Some examples are: {Presso e lontano, lì, né pon né leva} "There near and far nor add nor take away" [Par. 30]; {"Noi veggiam, come quei c'ha mala luce, // le cose", disse, "che ne son lontano"} ""We see, like those who have imperfect sight, // the things," he said, "that distant are from us"" [Inf. 10].
Standard Italian:lont-ˈan-o {lontano}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1677. Distinct from di=st-ˈant-e {distante} 'far', which is less frequently used[Vitali 2015].
Does not have a separate entry in the EDCT, but occurs in texts, cf. some examples: {Sivre le me covient adés, //ou soit de loig ou soit de pres, // tant que ge puisse armes trover // ou a loier ou a prester} "So I must follow him at once, far or near, until I find some arms to hire or borrow" (Erec 255-258); {Et sus et jus et pres et loing} "Now up and down, near and far" (Cligès 6531).
Cf. some examples: {quidquid inest, grave quidem inest} "whatever's in it, it's something heavy that's in it" [Rud. 925a]; {si quispiam det qui manus gravior siet} "If any one lays on whose hand is too heavy" [Pseud. 785].
Late Classical Latin:grˈav-ɪs {gravis}1
An example: {rursum nos ac praecipue me longe gravius onustum producunt illi latrones stabulo} "the robbers drove us from the stable, and loaded me in particular with a heavier burden" [Met. 4: 4]. The term {pensans} is not attested.
Megleno Romanian:grew {gréu̯}1
Capidan 1935: 144.
Istro Romanian:grev {grev}1
Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 225; Glavina 1905: 72. There is also the Croatism tˈežǝk {téžâc} [Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 360] which means 'hard, difficult' rather than 'heavy', cf. {čésta aråt i̯e téžâc} "it's hard to plough" [Kovačec 2010]; {ke am fost toc scupa și n-av fost niș teșco} "because we were all together and nothing was too difficult to do".
Bartoli 2002: 255. There is also another word: grev {grev}, translated by Bartoli as 'heavy', but it is attested in only one dubious context: {ju me plúk kol midúl da zupigu͡ọr … kosta ráu̯ba la me restúa sul stúmik perkó fero rau̯ba grév} "I like to suck out the marrow… this thing remains in my stomach, because it is heavy" [Bartoli 2002: 242].
Friulian:pez-ˈant {pesant}2
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015. Pirona mentions the term grɛv {grèv} 'heavy' [Pirona 1871: 194], but today it is obsolete [Decorte 2015].
Conrad 2015; Vital 2015; Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895: 337. There are two equivalents for 'heavy' in Vallader: grɛyf {greiv} and pǝzˈant {pesant}. According to [Conrad 2015; Vital 2015], they are synonyms.
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:grɛv {grev}1
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 244.
Barbania Piemontese:grɛv {grev}1
Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 244. Fiandro also mentions the term pez-ˈaŋt {pesant} 'heavy', which, as he asserts, is an Italianism [Fiandro 2015].
Carmagnola Piemontese:grɛv {grev}1
Sanero 2015. The word pɛyz {pèis} 'heavy' is used as well, but according to [Sanero 2015], it is less common.
Turinese Piemontese:grɛv {grev}1
Davico 2016. Distinct from pez-ˈaŋt {pesant} 'difficult, tiring', cf. {una situassiun pesant-a} 'a difficult situation'.
Vercellese Piemontese:piz-ˈaːŋt2
Noris 2015.
Bergamo Lombard:gref {gref}1
Garlini 2015.
Plesio Lombard:pez-ˈaːnt {pesant}2
Selva 2015.
Ravennate Romagnol:pˈɛz-ãnt {pèşânt}2
Ercolani 1960: 305. Distinct from griv {griv} 'hard (work) / heavy (food)' [Ercolani 1960: 182].
Cf. some examples: {Alte terrà lungo tempo le fronti, // tenendo l'altra sotto gravi pesi} "High will it hold its forehead a long while, // keeping the other under heavy burdens" [Inf. 6]; {se col suo grave corpo non s'accascia} "if with its heavy body it sink not" [Inf. 24]; {Io sono al terzo cerchio, de la piova // etterna, maladetta, fredda e greve} "in the third circle am I of the rain // eternal, maledict, and cold, and heavy" [Inf. 6]; {sotto la guardia de la grave mora} "under the safeguard of the heavy cairn" [Purg. 3]. The term pes-ˈant-e {pesante} 'heavy' is not attested in Dante's works.
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 205. Domus de Maria: gray {grai} 'heavy' [Fadda 2015]. Apart from this term, younger speakers use the Italianism pez-ˈant-i {pesanti} 'heavy' as well [Fadda 2015; Casciu 2006: 314].
Coupier 1995: 830. There are two expressions for 'heavy': luɾd {lourd}, which is evidently borrowed from French, and pˈɛwǯ-e {péuge} ~ pˈez-ant {pesant}. Coupier mentions them as synonyms.
Robert-Collins 1989: 305; Rayevskaya 2013: 617. There are two words for 'heavy': luʁ {lourd} and pǝz-ɑ̃ {pesant} (as an adjective; pǝz-ɑ̃ {pesant} can also be a participle of the verb pǝz-e {peser} 'to weigh') [Robert-Collins 1989: 305; Rayevskaya 2013: 617], cf. {une porte pesante} 'a heavy door' [LGR 7: 309] and {lourde porte} 'heavy door' [LGR 6: 81-83]. However there is a big difference in frequency: in the Lonsdale & Le Bras dictionary the term luʁ {lourd} occurs in the 1026th position, while pǝz-ɑ̃ {pesant} does not even make it to the list of 5 000 most frequent French words [Lonsdale & Le Bras 2009: 47], so we include only luʁ {lourd} in the list.
Some examples are: {Quisnam hic loquitur tam prope nos?} "who's that, talking here so near to us?" [Stichus 330]; {Quis homo est, qui nostras aedes accessit prope?} "What person is it that has come so near to our house?" [Most. 446].
Late Classical Latin:prˈɔp-ɛ {prope}1
A good example is: {Certe quidem iacenti homini ac prope deposito fatum attulit} "Be this as it may, he certainly snatched the man from the jaws of death as he lay there on the verge of burial" [Florida 19].
Cubich notes two words, which he glosses as 'vicino': vičˈayn {viciáin} [Bartoli 2002: 285] and a=lˈič {a lich} [Bartoli 2002: 271]. The first one is probably a noun ('neighbour'), while the second one is the adverb 'near', since {da lich} is glossed by Cubich as 'davanti' ('in front of').
Friulian:dˈɔnȡ-e {dongje}3
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 709, 143.
Gardenese Ladin:da=wžˈiŋ {daujin}4
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 107, 164.
Fassano Ladin:da=vežˈiŋ {davejịn}4
DILF 2001: 351, 414.
Rumantsch Grischun:dǝ=mǝn-ˈayv-ǝl {damanaivel}5
Schmid 2015.
Sursilvan Romansh:dǝ=mǝn-ˈɛyv-ǝl {damaneivel}5
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015. There are two expressions for 'near' in Sursilvan: dǝ=mǝn-ˈɛyv-ǝl {damaneivel} and dǝ=tˈyer {datier}. They seem to be synonyms, cf. {vegnir damaneivel} 'to come closer' and {vegnir datier} 'to come closer' [Decurtins 2015].
Surmiran Romansh:mǝn-ˈev-ǝl {manevel}5
Schmid 2015.
Vallader Romansh:dǝ=štrˈuš {dastrusch}7
Conrad 2015; Vital 2015.
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:da=vzˈiŋ {davzin}4
Gisolo 2015.
Barbania Piemontese:da=vzˈiŋ {davsin}4
Fiandro 2015.
Carmagnola Piemontese:vzˈiŋ {vzin}4
Sanero 2015.
Turinese Piemontese:a=vzˈiŋ {avzin}4
Davico 2016.
Vercellese Piemontese:vziːŋ4
Noris 2015. Distinct from rˈeːŋta 'nearby'.
Bergamo Lombard:izˈi {ìzì}4
Garlini 2015.
Plesio Lombard:vizˈiŋ {visin}4
Selva 2015.
Ravennate Romagnol:bzẽn {bşén}4
Ercolani 1960: 58.
Ferrarese Emiliano:vsin {vsìn}4
Piacentini 2015.
Carpigiano Emiliano:zvɛyn {śvèin}4
Sacchi 2015. Distinct from the less frequent term a=tˈeːs {atēs} 'near' and from arˈɛynt {arèint} 'nearby'.
Reggiano Emiliano:vzeyn {všein}4
Chertein 2015. Besides this word, Chertein mentions the term arˈɛynt {arèint} as a synonym [Chertein 2015].
Rapallo Ligurian:vižˈin4
Fasce 2015.
Genoese Ligurian:vežˈiːn {vexîn}4
Parodi 2015.
Stella Ligurian:vižˈin {vixìn}4
Piccone 2015. Distinct from the obsolete term da=rˈɛŋt-e {da rènte} [Piccone 2015].
The diagnostic context is {Presso e lontano, lì, né pon né leva} "There near and far nor add nor take away" [Par. 30]. Some other good contexts: {presso è un altro scoglio che via face} "near is another crag that yields a path" [Inf. 21]; {Ma se presso al mattin del ver si sogna} "But if when morn is near our dreams are true" [Inf. 26]. Distinct from vičˈin-o {vicino} 'near to, close to': {Io lo seguiva, e poco eravam iti, // che 'l suon de l'acqua n'era sì vicino, // che per parlar saremmo a pena uditi} "I followed him, and little had we gone, // before the sound of water was so near us, // that speaking we should hardly have been heard" [Inf. 16]; {vicino al fin d'i passeggiati marmi} "near to the confine of the trodden marble" [Inf. 17]; {poco è, da un che fu di là vicino} "Lately from one who was a neighbour to it" [Inf. 22]; {per lo furto che frodolente fece // del grande armento ch'elli ebbe a vicino} "by reason of the fraudulent theft he made // of the great herd, which he had near to him" [Inf. 25]; {vicino a' monti de' quai prima uscìo} "near to the mountains whence it issued first" [Par. 6]; {Questi che m'è a destra più vicino} "He who is nearest to me on the right" [Par. 10]; {e vidi com' si move // circa e vicino a lui Maia e Dïone} "and saw how move themselves // around and near him Maia and Dione" [Par. 22].
Buttu 2015. There are two terms for 'near' in Logudorese: a=kˈant-e {a cante} and a=kːˈurcː-u {accurtzu}. According to [Buttu 2015], they are synonyms.
Campidanese:bižin-u {bixinu}4
Pintus 2015. Distinct from a=kˈant-a {acanta} 'close to' [Pintus 2015]. Domus de Maria: a=kːˈant-a {accanta} 'near' [Fadda 2015; Casciu 2006: 16].
Voinova et al. 1989: 42. There are two terms for 'near': pˈɛɾt-u {perto} and pɾˈɔsim-u {próximo} [Voinova et al. 1989: 42]. According to [Pimentel Ferreira 2016], they are synonyms.
Galician:θˈeɾka {cerca}12
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 778; Fernández Armesto 1981: 179. There are two terms for 'near' in Galician: θˈeɾka {cerca} and pɾˈɛto {preto}. It seems that they should be treated as synonyms, cf. {Esta moi cerca de aquí} and {Esta moi preto de aquí} "It's very near here" [Montoya Bolaños 2016].
Provençal Occitan:pɾˈɔč-e {proche}1
Coupier 1995: 1106.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:pre {pré}9
Viret 2013: 1722.
Old French:prɛs {pres}9
Does not have a separate entry in the EDCT, but occurs in texts; see examples on 'far' q.v.
Standard French:pʁɛ {près}9
Robert-Collins 1989: 443. Apart from this term, the expression a=pʁɔks-im-ite {à proximité} 'near / close by / close at hand' can be used as well [Robert-Collins 1989: 567].
Picard:pʁe {pré}9
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:tu=pʀɛ {tout près}9
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: tɔ=pʀɛ {toprès} 'near'.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:dǝ=tˈyer {datier}6
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015.
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:arˈɛynt {arèint}8
Chertein 2015.
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:a=kːˈurcː-u {accurtzu}11
Buttu 2015.
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:pɾˈɔsim-u {próximo}-1
Voinova et al. 1989: 42. Borrowed from Latin {proximus}.
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