Cf. some examples: {Referundae ego habeo linguam natam gratiae. eodem mihi pretio sal praehibetur quo tibi. nisi me haec defendet, numquam delinget salem} "Salt is provided for me at the same price as for yourself; Unless this tongue protects me, it shall never lick a bit of salt" [Persa 428-430]; {Edepol cor miserum meum, quod guttatim contabescit, quasi in aquam indideris salem} "By heavens, my heart is saddened, which, drop by drop is melting away, just as though you were to put salt in water" [Merc. 204-205].
Late Classical Latin:saːɫ {sal}1
Apuleius uses this word only in the meaning 'joke': {Reperias tamen apud ipsum multos sales} "However this may be, you will certainly find his works full of humour" [Florida 16], but there are no reasons to doubt that it also meant 'salt', as it already did in PIE and as it still does in all modern Romance languages.
Some examples are: {sed spatium hoc occidit: brevest curriculo; quam me paenitet} "But this distance is far too short for the course" [Stichus 307]; {canum, varum, ventriosum, bucculentum, breviculum, subnigris oculis, oblongis malis, pansam aliquantulum} "red-headed, bandy-legged, pot-bellied, wide-mouthed, of stunted figure, with darkish eyes, lank jaws, splay-footed rather" [Merc. 639-640].
Late Classical Latin:brˈɛv-ɪs {brevis}1
A good example of the use of 'short (about space)' (unfortunately, the English translation deviates from the original in this passage) is {Grabatus alioquin breviculus et uno pede mutilus} "My bed, being low, with a dodgy foot and its wood rotten" [Met. 1: 11]. The term {curtus} is not attested.
Megleno Romanian:kus {cus}-1
Capidan 1935: 90. Borrowed from Macedonian {kus} 'short'.
Istro Romanian:skurt {scurt}2
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 272; Byhan 1899: 342. Apart from skurt, Byhan also mentions the word kurt {kurt} [Byhan 1899: 259], but it is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Cortiana 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Clementi 2015; Serena 2015. Salgareda: kurt {cùrt} 'short' [Poletto 2015]. Tre, Pezzin and Zanetti mention the form kˈort-o {corto} 'short' of Italian origin [Tre 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015].
Primiero Venetian:kurt {curt}2
Gaio 2015.
Bellunese Venetian:kurt {curt}2
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:kˈort-o {corto}2
Some examples are: {lunga promessa con l'attender corto} "the promise long with the fulfilment short" [Inf. 27]; {sì ch'or mi parran corte queste scale} "so that these stairs will now seem short to me" [Purg. 22]; {vedi che la ragione ha corte l'ali} "thou seest that the reason has short wings" [Par. 2]; {le minuzie d'i corpi, lunghe e corte} "the particles of bodies long and short" [Par. 14]. Once Dante uses brˈɛv-e {breve} in the meaning 'short (in space)', but it is made because of rhyme: {Per che non pioggia, non grando, non neve, // non rugiada, non brina più sù cade // che la scaletta di tre gradi breve} "Because that neither rain, nor hail, nor snow, // nor dew, nor hoar-frost any higher falls // than the short, little stairway of three steps" [Purg. 21].
EDCT 2014: 251. Can be sometimes used in the meaning 'brief'. Distinct from bryef {brief} 'brief, short' [EDCT 2014: 154].
Standard French:kuʁ {court}2
Robert-Collins 1989: 632; Rayevskaya 2013: 451.
Picard:kuʁ {court}2
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:kuːʀ {coûrt}2
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: kuʀ {court} 'short'.
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Archaic Latin:ˈaŋgʷ-ɪs {anguis}1
The examples are: {BROM. Magis iam faxo mira dices. postquam in cunas conditust, devolant angues iubati deorsum in impluvium duo maximi: continuo extollunt ambo capita. AMPH. Ei mihi. BROM. Ne pave. sed angues oculis omnis circumvisere. postquam pueros conspicati, pergunt ad cunas citi. ego cunas recessim rursum vorsum trahere et ducere, metuens pueris, mihi formidans; tantoque angues acrius persequi. postquam conspexit angues ille alter puer, citus e cunis exilit, facit recta in anguis impetum} "BROM. Now shall I make you own to things more wondrous still. After he was laid in the cradle, two immense crested serpents glided down through the skylight; instantly they both reared their heads. AMPH. Ah me! BROM. Be not dismayed - but the serpents began to gaze upon all around. After they beheld the children, quickly they made towards the cradle; I, fearing for the children, alarmed for myself, going backwards, began to draw and pull the cradle to and fro, and so much the more fiercely did the serpents pursue. After that one of the children caught sight of the serpents, he quickly leapt from the cradle, straightway he made an attack upon them, and suddenly he grasped them, one in each hand" [Amph. 1107-1114]; {Puer ambo angues enicat} "The child slew both the serpents" [Amph. 1119]; {eumque filium suom esse qui illos angues vicerit; alterum tuom esse dixit puerum} "and that he was his own son who had overcome those serpents; the other, he said, was your child" [Amph. 1123-1124]; {Nempe uxor rurist tua, quam dudum dixeras te odisse aeque atque anguis} "Your wife's in the country, I suppose, whom you were saying a little time ago you hated full as much as vipers" [Merc. 760-761].
Another Latin term for 'snake', {serpens}, does not occur in Plautus' texts. However, there is a very interesting context: {fac proserpentem bestiam me, duplicem ut habeam linguam} "make of me the reptile that crawls, so that I may have a double tongue" [Asin. 695].
In Cato's text both terms occur only once: {Pellem anguinam ubi videris, tollito et condito, ne quaeras cum opus siet} "When you see a snake skin, pick it up and put it away, so that you will not have to hunt for one when you need it" [De agri cultura 73]; {Si bovem aut aliam quamvis quadrupedem serpens momorderit} "When a serpent has bitten an ox or any other quadruped" [De agri cultura 102].
It is hard to say if there was any semantic difference or if {serpens} was just a new term, which was replacing the old {anguis}, but {anguis} has a good IE etymology, whereas {serpens} is an evident innovation; because of this, the second variant is more probable. Anyway, from the contexts above it seems that in Plautus' times {anguis} was still more widespread.
Late Classical Latin:sˈɛrp-eːn-s {serpens}2
Some examples are: {quod ramis semiamputatis nodosum gerit, serpentem generosum lubricis amplexibus inhaerere} "noble snake that clings with its slippery knots to Asclepius' staff, the knotty one he carries with the half sawn-off branches" [Met. 1: 4]; {Quodsi te ruris huius vocalis solitudo vel clandestinae veneris faetidi periculosique concubitus et venenati serpentis amplexus delectant, certe piae sorores nostrum fecerimus} "If you delight in the sounding solitude of this rural retreat of yours, the foul and perilous embrace of a clandestine love, the clasp of a venomous serpent, well, at least we loving sisters will have performed our duty" [Met. 5: 18]; {existimationem famamque meam laeseris in serpentes in ignes in feras in aves et gregalia pecua serenos vultus meos sordide reformando} "that you've injured my good name, and destroyed my reputation through scandalous adulteries, transforming my tranquil features vilely into snakes and flames, and birds and beasts, and even cattle" [Met. 6: 22]; {Tuam maiestatem perhorrescunt aves caelo meantes, ferae montibus errantes, serpentes solo latentes, beluae ponto natantes} "The birds flying in the sky, the wild beasts that prowl the mountains, the serpents that lurk underground, the very monsters of the deep tremble at your power" [Met. 11: 25]. The term ˈaŋgʷ-ɪs {anguis} is not attested.
Megleno Romanian:šˈarp-i {șárpi}2
Capidan 1935: 283. Apart from this item, there is a word nǝprɔtkǝ {năprǫtcă} 'grass snake, snake' of substrate origin [Capidan 1935: 203] and a contaminated variant šǝprǝtkǝ {șăprătcă} 'grass snake, snake' [Capidan 1935: 282].
Papahagi 1963: 1000; Cunia 2010: 922; Dalametra 1906: 182; Goɫąb 1984: 252. Distinct from nipˈɨrtik-ǝ {nipîrtică} of substrate origin, which means 'snake' in some dialects and 'viper' in the others [Papahagi 1963: 770; Cunia 2010: 741; Dalametra 1906: 148].
Attested in Cubich's vocabulary [Bartoli 2002: 275].
Friulian:sarp-ˈint {sarpint}2
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 699.
Gardenese Ladin:bˈek-a {beca}3
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 16, 175.
Fassano Ladin:serp-ˈent {serpẹnt} ~ serp {serp}2
DILF 2001: 288.
Rumantsch Grischun:sɛrp {serp}2
Schmid 2015.
Sursilvan Romansh:syarp {siarp}2
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015.
Surmiran Romansh:cɛrp {zerp}2
Schmid 2015.
Vallader Romansh:sɛrp {serp}2
Conrad 2015; Vital 2015; Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895: 673. There are two equivalents for 'snake' in Vallader: sɛrp {serp} and vˈɛrm-ǝ {verma}. According to [Conrad 2015], they are synonyms.
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:sɛrp {serp}2
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 327.
Barbania Piemontese:sɛrp-ˈɛŋt {serp}2
Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 327.
Carmagnola Piemontese:sɛrp {serp}2
Sanero 2015.
Turinese Piemontese:sɛrp {serp}2
Davico 2016.
Vercellese Piemontese:sarp-ˈeːŋt2
Noris 2015. Distinct from bˈis-a 'non-venomous snake'.
Bergamo Lombard:serp-ˈɛnt {serpènt}2
Garlini 2015. Distinct from bes {bes} 'little snake' [Garlini 2015].
Old Italian:sˈɛrp-e {serpe} ~ serp-ˈɛnt-e {serpente}2
Cf. some examples: {ben dovrebb' esser la tua man più pia, // se state fossimo anime di serpi} "indeed, thy hand should be more pitiful, // Even if the souls of serpents we had been" [Inf. 13]; {La faccia sua era faccia d'uom giusto, // tanto benigna avea di fuor la pelle, // e d'un serpente tutto l'altro fusto} "The face was as the face of a just man, // its semblance outwardly was so benign, // and of a serpent all the trunk beside" [Inf. 17].
A much less common term for 'snake' is bˈišː-a {biscia}. Dante uses it four times. In modern Italian it means 'grass snake' and in two of the contexts it might have been used in this meaning: {Come le rane innanzi a la nimica // biscia per l'acqua si dileguan tutte} "Even as the frogs before the hostile serpent // across the water scatter all abroad" [Inf. 9]; {I do not think Maremma has so many // serpents as he had all along his back} "Maremma non cred' io che tante n'abbia, // quante bisce elli avea su per la groppa" (Maremma is know by it's swamps) [Inf. 25]. But in the other two contexts {biscia} was clearly used as a generic term for 'snake': {vertù così per nimica si fuga // da tutti come biscia, o per sventura // del luogo} "virtue is like an enemy avoided // by all, as is a serpent, through misfortune // of place" [Purg. 14]; {Da quella parte onde non ha riparo // la picciola vallea, era una biscia, // forse qual diede ad Eva il cibo amaro} "Upon the side on which the little valley // no barrier hath, a serpent was; perchance // the same which gave to Eve the bitter food" [Purg. 8].
Standard Italian:sˈɛrp-e {serpe}2
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2283. Distinct from serp-ˈɛnt-e {serpente} 'snake', which is used in scientific language [Battaglia XIII: 738-739], and from bˈišː-a {biscia} 'non-venomous snake' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 178].
Buttu 2015. Distinct from pˈiber-a {pìbera} 'grass snake' [Buttu 2015].
Campidanese:sˈɛrp-i {serpi}2
Pintus 2015. Domus de Maria: kalˈor-u {caloru} 'snake' [Fadda 2015]. Apart from this term, younger speakers use the Italianism serp-ˈent-i {serpenti} as well [Fadda 2015; Casciu 2006: 384].
Valén 2015. Distinct from kulˈeβɾ-a {culebra} 'small snake' [Valén 2015].
Asturian:kulˈebɾ-a {culebra}5
Riego-Delgado 2016. The Spanish borrowing seɾp-ˈyent-e {serpiente} 'snake' can be used as well [Riego-Delgado 2016]. Langreo: kulˈwebɾ-a {culuebra} 'snake', seɾp-ˈyent-e {serpiente} 'snake' [González Rato 2016].
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: vipeʀ {vipere} 'snake', syɛʀp-ɛ̃ {sierpint} 'snake'. Distinct from sɛʀp-ã {sèrpant} 'snake' of French origin, which belongs to the literary language, and from kulüːf {coulûve} (Rifondou: koluːt {coloûte}) 'non venomous snake'.
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:vˈɛrm-ǝ {verma}4
Conrad 2015; Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895: 804. This term isn’t used by Mrs. Vital.
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Archaic Latin:tˈɛnʊ-ɪs {tenuis}1
The examples are: {LYS. possin tu, si usus venerit, subtemen tenue nere? PAS. Possum. LYS. Si tenue scis, scio te uberius posse nere} "LYS. Can you, if occasion should arise, spin a fine woof? PAS. I can. LYS. If you know how to do a fine one, I'm sure you can spin a coarser one" [Merc. 518-519]; {nam hoc quidem pol e robigine, non est e ferro factum, ita quanto magis extergeo, rutilum atque tenuius fit} "But surely this, i' faith, has been made of rust, and not of iron; so that the more I rub it, it becomes quite red and more slender" [Rud. 1300-1301].
Late Classical Latin:tˈɛnw-ɪs {tenuis}1
Polysemy: 'thin 2D / thin 3D': {vel cum guttis Arabicis obunctus et pectinis arguti dente tenui discriminatus} "or when it's glossed with Arabian oils, and parted with a finely toothed comb" [Met. 2: 9]; {Nam et illa ipsa praeclara magia tua vultum laboresque tibi tantum asini, verum corium non asini crassum sed hirudinis tenue membranulum circumdedit} "That marvellous magic spell of yours may have given you an ass's form, and its labours to perform, but rather than its thick hide it wrapped you in a skin thin as a leech's" [Met. 6: 26]; {calceis feminis albis illis et tenuibus inductus} "and wearing a pair of white and flimsy women's shoes" [Met. 7: 8].
Megleno Romanian:slap {slab}2
Capidan 1935: 267. Polysemy: 'thin / weak'. Apparently with polysemy: 'thin 2D / thin 1D'. An old borrowing from Slavic (cf. Macedonian {slab} 'weak, thin', Bulgarian {weak, thin}'weak, thin', Old Church Slavonic {slabŭ} 'weak'), cf. Romanian {slab} 'thin, weak'. Capidan also mentions a word sup=cˈɔr-i {subtsǫri} 'thin', referring to an informant from Oșani village [Capidan 1935: 279], but it does not occur in the texts.
DER 2004: 941; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1499-1500; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {subtilis} 'fine, thin' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Distinct from slab {slab} 'lean, weak' [DEaLR 2015]. Moldavian: sub=cˈir-e {subţire} 'thin' [Podiko 1973: 946; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 447].
Dalmatian:
Not attested.
Friulian:su=tˈiːl {sutîl}3
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 424. There are two expressions for ‘thin’: su=tˈiːl {sutîl} and fiŋ {fin}. According to [Virili 2015], they are synonyms. Distinct from sɛk {sec} 'dry / lean' [Decorte 2015].
Gardenese Ladin:su=tˈil {sutil}3
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 83, 131. There are two words for 'thin' in Forni's dictionary: su=tˈil {sutil} and fiŋ {fin}. The first one is used to characterize people, parts of human body or in the figurative sense, cf. {ëila à la ciavidles fines} "she has thin ankles"; {l ie fin coche n ciavël} "(he/she) is as thin as a hair"; {l ie na persona scialdi fina} "(he/she) is a very lean person"; {na usc fina} "a thin voice". The second was has more broad meaning and satisfies the GLD specifications, cf. {dëic sutii dita sottili} "thin fingers"; {n fil sutil} "a thin thread"; {na rissa sutila} "a thin line" [Forni 2015].
Fassano Ladin:so=tˈil {sotịl}3
DILF 2001: 301.
Rumantsch Grischun:fin {fin}3
Schmid 2015.
Sursilvan Romansh:fin {fin}4
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015. There are two expressions for 'thin' in Sursilvan: fin {fin} and sa=tˈel {satel}. Both seem to correspond to the GLD specifications, cf. {pial fina} 'thin skin', {fegl satel} 'thin leaf', {suga fina} 'thin rope' [Cadruvi 2015], {pupi satel} 'thin paper' [Decurtins 2015].
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 343. There are two expressions for 'thin': su=tˈil and fiŋ. According to [Gisolo 2015], they are synonyms.
Barbania Piemontese:sü=tˈil {sutil}3
Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 343.
Carmagnola Piemontese:sü=tˈil {sutil}3
Sanero 2015. There are two expressions for 'thin': sü=tˈil {sutil} ('two-dimensional thin') and fiŋ {fin} ('one-dimensional thin'). We include both words in the list (see the GLD semantic specifications for 'thin').
Turinese Piemontese:sü=tˈil {sutil}3
Davico 2016. Distinct from fiŋ {fin} 'fine, slight, beautiful'.
Vercellese Piemontese:su=tˈiːl3
Noris 2015. There are two expressions for 'thin': sutˈiːl and fiːŋ. According to [Noris 2015], the second one has a slightly broader compatibility (for example, na pˈuːvra fˈiŋa "a thin powder"), but both of them seem to satisfy the GLD specifications, cf.: pɛl fˈiŋa 'thin skin' and pɛl sutˈiːl 'thin skin'; fˈɔya fˈiŋa 'thin leaf' and fˈɔya sutˈiːl 'thin leaf'; rˈama fˈiŋa 'thin branch' and rˈama sutˈiːl 'thin branch'. We have to treat them as synonyms.
Bergamo Lombard:fi {fì}4
Garlini 2015.
Plesio Lombard:se=tˈi-i {setii}3
Selva 2015.
Ravennate Romagnol:s=til {stil}3
Ercolani 1960: 440.
Ferrarese Emiliano:mˈagar {màgar}5
Piacentini 2015.
Carpigiano Emiliano:mˈɛger {mègher}5
Sacchi 2015.
Reggiano Emiliano:su=tˈiːl {sutîl}3
Chertein 2015.
Rapallo Ligurian:sutː-ˈi3
Fasce 2015.
Genoese Ligurian:sut-ˈiː {sǒtî}3
Parodi 2015.
Stella Ligurian:sɛːt-ˈi {sëtì}3
Piccone 2015.
Venice Venetian:fiŋ {fìn}4
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015. There are two terms for 'thin': fiŋ {fìn} 'thin (3D)' and so=tˈil {sotìl} 'thin (2D)', cf. {Quèa xe na pee sotil} "This is a thin skin"; {Questa xe na foia sotil} "This is a thin leaf"; {Questa xe na corda fina} "This is a thin rope"; {Questo xe un ramo fin} "This is a thin branch" [Tosi 2015]. Padua, Marostica:fˈin-o {fino} 'thin' [Tre 2015; Pezzin 2015]. Treviso, Salgareda, Vicenza, Schio, Arzignano, Verona: fiŋ {fin} 'thin' [Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Clementi 2015; Serena 2015; Zanetti 2015].
Primiero Venetian:fiŋ {fin}4
Gaio 2015.
Bellunese Venetian:fiŋ {fin}4
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:sot=tˈil-e {sottile}3
A difficult case. Dante uses both candidates (sot=tˈil-e {sottile} and fˈin-o {fino}) mostly in a figural meaning. The only good example on the usage of {sottile} 'thin' is: {Aguzza qui, lettor, ben li occhi al vero, // ché 'l velo è ora ben tanto sottile, // certo che 'l trapassar dentro è leggero} "Here, Reader, fix thine eyes well on the truth, // for now indeed so subtile is the veil, // surely to penetrate within is easy" [Purg. 8]. The term {fino} is applied to swords, but rather in the meaning 'sharp' than 'thin': {a una donna che l'ha sì incolpato // con fini spade di sottil tagliare, // che in nulla guisa ne pensa scampare} "but she has so struck him with sharp-edged // swords that he thinks // he cannot possibly survive" [Rime 92]; {con una spada molto chiara e fina} "with a very sharp and shiny sword" [Il Fiore 212].
Petrarch's poems do not provide any evidence for 'thin'. As for Boccaccio, who writes about more prosaic things, there are some very good examples on {sottile} as 'thin': {un sottilissimo muro} "a very slight wall" [Dec. 3, 4]; {un vestimento indosso tanto sottile} "so thin a garment" [Dec. 5, 1]; {queste corde sottili} "these thin strings" [Dec. 5, 2]; {un sottil vetro} "a thin glass" [Dec. 6, 10]; {recaron le schiave due lenzuoli bianchissimi e sottili} "the latter brought two very white and fine sheets" [Dec. 8, 10]; {essendosi tutto il bianco vestimento e sottile loro appiccato alle carni} "their thin white garments all clinging to their skins" [Dec. 10, 6]. The only example for {fino} in the Decameron is {e di finissimi panni} "of the finest cloth" [Dec. 3, 7]; for this reason, we include only {sottile} in the list.
Standard Italian:so=tːˈil-e {sottile}3
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2387.
Grosseto Italian:fˈin-o {fino}4
Marcelli 2015.
Foligno Italian:fˈin-u {finu}4
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016.
Neapolitan:fˈin-ǝ {fino}4
Esposito 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Cerrone 2015; Alois 2015. Besides this term, the Italian loanword su=tːˈil-ǝ {suttile} 'thin' can be used as well [Russo 2015; Nagar 2015].
Logudorese:lˈanʒ-u {landzu}6
Buttu 2015.
Campidanese:fˈin-i {fini}4
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015. Domus de Maria: fˈin-i {fini} 'thin' [Fadda 2015].
Voinova et al. 1989: 636. According to [Pimentel Ferreira 2016], the term fˈin-u {fino} 'thin' is usually used in spoken language, while dǝɫɣˈað-u {delgado} 'thin' occurs mostly in the literary one.
Galician:fˈin-o {fino}4
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 800; Fernández Armesto 1981: 382. Distinct from delgˈað-o {delgado} 'lean / thin', which is usually applied to people, but can be also applied to things: {un papel fino} and {un papel delgado} "thin paper" [Montoya Bolaños 2015].
Provençal Occitan:fiŋ {fin}4
Coupier 1995: 595.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:fɛ̃ {fin}4
Viret 2013: 978. Viret provides two terms without any differentiation in this case: fɛ̃ {fin} and prɛ̃ {prin}. We include both in the list.
Old French:tˈɛ̃nv-ǝ {tenve}1
EDCT 2014: 1072-1073. Distinct from fĩn {fin} 'of excellent quality / utter, sheer, total (about abstract things)' [EDCT 2014: 503] and from mˈeygr-ǝ {maigre} 'lean' [EDCT 2014: 661-662].
Standard French:fɛ̃ {fin}4
Robert-Collins 1989: 728; Rayevskaya 2013: 612. There are two terms for 'thin': mɛ̃s {mince} and fɛ̃ {fin} [Robert-Collins 1989: 728; Rayevskaya 2013: 612]. According to the examples given in [LGR 4: 527-528], fɛ̃ {fin} seems to have more broad compatibility, it can be applied both to 2D-thin objects ({tissu fin} 'thin cloth', {papier fin} 'thin paper', {peau fin} 'thin skin') and 1D-thin objects ({aiguille fine} 'fine needle', {fil fin} 'thin thread', {branches fines} 'thin branches'), to something elegantly thin ({taille fine} 'thin waist', {mains fines} 'thin hands') and to something that consists of very small elements ({sable fin} 'fine sand', {sel fine} 'fine salt', {pluie fine} 'drizzling rain'). The term mɛ̃s {mince} seems to be applied mostly to persons or something having nothing or little of fat [LGR 6: 464-465]. Distinct from mɛgʁ {maigre} 'thin, lean', which is applied to persons ({home maigre de nature} 'a person thin by nature', {maigre comme un clou} 'thin as a rake'), something having little fat or none of it ({aliments maigres} 'lean food', {viande maigre} 'lean meat', {jambon maigre} 'lean ham', {lard maigre} 'lean bacon') and to some things in the meaning 'very thin' ({maigre cyprиs} 'thin cypress', {pin maigre} 'thin pine', {un petit lit tout maigre} 'a little bed, very thin') [LGR 6: 148-149].
Picard:fɛ̃ {fin}4
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:tɛn {tène}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: tɛn {tene} 'thin'.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:fiŋ {fin}4
Virili 2015.
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:sa=tˈel {satel}3
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015.
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:š=tiʎ {stigl}3
Vital 2015. There are two expressions for 'thin' in Vallader: fin {fin} and štiʎ {stigl}. According to [Vital 2015] they are synonyms.
Alòs i Font 2015; EDCC 1993: 134. Used for 2D objects.
North-Western Catalan:fi {fi}4
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015. Used for 2D objects.
Minorcan Catalan:fi {fi}4
Cardona 2015. Used for 2D objects.
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:fi {fi}4
Barreda 2015. Used for 2D objects.
Valencia Catalan:fin-ˈet {finet}4
Pérez i Sanchis 2015. Used for 2D objects.
Manises Catalan:fi {fi}4
Pedrós 2015. Used for 2D objects.
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:prɛ̃ {prin}7
Viret 2013: 978.
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Archaic Latin:wˈɛnt-ʊs {ventus}1
Some examples are: {quasi ventus folia aut paniculum tectorium} "just as the wind blows away leaves or the reed-thatched roof" [Mil. 18]; {sed, Simo, ita nunc ventus navem <nostram> deseruit} "but, Simo, in such a way has the breeze now forsaken our ship" [Most. 737]; {vix hodie ad litus pertulit nos ventus exanimatas} "the wind this day has scarce borne us to the shore" [Rud. 371].
Late Classical Latin:vˈɛnt-ʊs {ventus}1
Some examples are: {istud mendacium tam verum est quam siqui velit dicere magico susurramine amnes agiles reverti, mare pigrum conligari, ventos inanimes exspirare, solem inhiberi, lunam despumari, stellas evelli, diem tolli, noctem teneri} "Now that story was about as true as if you'd said magic spells can make rivers flow backwards, chain the sea, paralyze the wind, halt the sun, squeeze dew from the moon, disperse the stars, banish day, and lengthen night!" [Met. 1: 3]; {Sed cum primam plateam vadimus, vento repentino lumen quo nitebamur extinguitur} "But on reaching the nearest square, a gust of wind extinguished the torch on which we were relying" [Met. 2: 32].
Kovačec 2010. Probably borrowed from Italian {bora} 'bora = strong, cold, dry wind'. Kovačec translates bˈor-ä as Croatian {bura} ('bora, north-eastern wind'), but some contexts allow us to suppose that this word is used in a broader sense: {Și čii̯a av bora școdit} "But the wind was damaging there, too" (Žejane); {Tota zii̯a bora} "All day the wind (Jesenovik); {Și bora me bate} "And the wind is beating me" (Jesenovik); {Și scapåt-am lu bore} "I escaped the wind" (Jesenovik); {I'll ask the wind} "Ântrebå voi̯ bora" (Jesenovik); {Și borele pușit-a} "And the winds blew" (Jesenovik); {Și cân s-a ploi̯ele cu bora} "And when the rains and the wind" (Jesenovik). In Žejane the inherited term vint {vint} 'wind' is preserved [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 298; Byhan 1899: 381], but it is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:vˈimt-u {vímtu}1
Papahagi 1963: 1110; Cunia 2010: 1086; Dalametra 1906: 218; Bara et al. 2005: 331; Goɫąb 1984: 259.
Some examples are: {insi̯ár el skúr, perkó fero vi̯ánt} "close the window frame, because there is wind" [Bartoli 2002: 226]; {joi̯na levantu͡ọra fero vi̯ànt máu̯ro} "A levantu͡ọra is a strong wind" [Bartoli 2002: 234].
Friulian:ˈayar {aiar}2
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 708. Polysemy: 'air / wind'. Pirona also mentions the term vint {vint} 'wind' [Pirona 1871: 708, 468.
Some examples are: {Quali dal vento le gonfiate vele // caggiono avvolte, poi che l'alber fiacca} "Even as the sails inflated by the wind // involved together fall when snaps the mast" [Inf. 7]; {Siate, Cristiani, a muovervi più gravi: // non siate come penna ad ogne vento, // e non crediate ch'ogne acqua vi lavi} "Christians, be ye more serious in your movements; // be ye not like a feather at each wind, // and think not every water washes you" [Par. 5].
Viret 2013: 2208-2210. Viret mentions two terms for 'wind' in the Albanais dialect: ve {vé} ~ vɛː {ven} ~ {vê'} and ˈur-a {oura}, but the second one was taken from the 1903 year book Monographie du patois savoyard by Félix Fenouillet, so we include only the first one into the list. However continuants of Latin {aura} occur in many other dialects, sometimes along with continuants of {ventus} [Viret 2013: 2208].
Mahin 2016. An example is: {l'êr est frède} "the wind is cold". Can be expanded by gʀãt {grande} 'big': gʀãt=eːʀ {grande кr} 'wind'. Rifondou: vɛ̃ {vint} 'wind'.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:ˈawɾ-o {auro}3
Coupier 1995: 1468-1469.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Archaic Latin:wˈɛrm-ɪs {vermis}1
There are two terms for 'worm': wˈɛrm-ɪs {vermis} and ɫʊmbr-ˈiːk-ʊs {lumbricus}. The first one is not attested in Plautus' texts, while the second one clearly designates 'earthworms', cf. {nunc ab trasenna hic turdus lumbricum petit} "Now from the springe this thrush is catching at the worm" [Bac. 792]; {Post autem ruri nisi tu taceruom ederis aut quasi lumbricus terram, quod te postules gustare quicquam} "And then, in future, unless in the country you either feed on pulse, or, like a worm, upon the soil, should you require to taste of any better food" [Cas. 126-128]; {foras, lumbrice, qui sub terra erepsisti modo} "Out, out, you earthworm, who have this instant crept out of the earth!" [Aul. 628].
In Cato's "De agri cultura" {lumbricus} is used for 'intestinal worm' ({Ad tormina, et si alvus non consistet, et si taeniae et lumbrici molesti erunt. <...> Idem vinum taenias perpurgat et lumbricos, si sic concinnes} "For gripes, for loose bowels, for tapeworms and stomach-worms, if troublesome <...> The same wine will clear out tapeworms and stomach-worms if it is blended in this way" [De agri cultura 126-127]) and {vermis} for 'maggot' ({Nec tinia nec vermes tangent} "No moths or worms will touch them [hams]" [De agri cultura 162]). But already Lucretius Carus (99-55 BC) uses {vermis} in the sense 'earthworm' as well [OLD 1968: 2037].
Etymologically {lumbricus} was derived from Latin {lumbus} 'loins' [de Vaan 2008: 351-352], while {vermis} has a set of cognates in other IE languages: PGerm. {*wurmiz} 'worm', Greek {rhómos} 'wood-worm', Lithuanian {var̃mas} 'insect, mosquito, botfly', Old Prussian {wormyan} 'red (adv.)', Old Russian {vermije} 'locusts, worms (coll.)' [Kroonen 2013: 600]. Possibly, the old term {vermis} was used for all kinds of worms, including earthworms, while the new term {lumbricus} was applied mainly to earthworms, cf. a similar situation in modern literary Italian: vˈɛrm-e {verme}, generic term for all worms, including earthworms, v.s. lombrˈik-o {lombrico} 'earthworm'.
Late Classical Latin:vˈɛrm-ɪs {vermis}1
The only example is: {et illa morsus ferarum, cum vermes membra laniabunt, et ignis flagrantiam} "while the girl will suffer the countless bites of insects that eat the flesh, and the roasting fires" [Met. 6: 32].
DER 2004: 1047; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1641; Gancz 2015. There are two expressions for 'worm': rˈɨm-ǝ {râmă} and vˈyerm-e {vierme}. The first one means 'earthworm', while the second one means 'worm in general (but excluding earthworm)' [Gancz 2015]. According to the GLD semantic specifications, in this situation it is better to choose the term for 'earthworm', but translation of contexts similar to those in the GLD semantic specifications, made by A. Gancz ({Un vierme se târăște ca un șarpe. Nu au picioare, dar șarpele are ochi, pe când viermele nu are} "A worm crawls like a snake. They have no legs, but the snake has eyes, while the worm hasn't"; {Din pământ s-a târât afară o râmă} "A worm has crawled out of the ground") have persuaded us to include both terms in the list as synonyms. Distinct from limbrˈik {limbric} 'intestinal worm' [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: vˈyerm-e {vierme} 'worm' [Podiko 1973: 1028; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 487].
Dalmatian:vyarm {vi̯arm}1
Bartoli 2002: 239. Also attested by Cubich as {viárm} 'worm' [Bartoli 2002: 285].
Gaio 2015. There are also such terms as buð-ˈɛl {buđèl} 'worm' and bigˈat {bigat} 'worm', but they are less frequent [Gaio 2015].
Bellunese Venetian:but [but}4
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:vˈɛrm-o {vermo}1
Cf. some examples: {Elle rigavan lor di sangue il volto, // che, mischiato di lagrime, a' lor piedi // da fastidiosi vermi era ricolto} "These did their faces irrigate with blood, // which, with their tears commingled, at their feet // by the disgusting worms was gathered up" [Inf. 3]; {io mi presi // al pel del vermo reo che 'l mondo fóra} "I grasped // the hair of the fell worm, who mines the world" [Inf. 34].
Standard Italian:vˈɛrm-e {verme}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2524. Generic term for all worms, including earthworms. Distinct from lombrˈik-o {lombrico} 'earthworm' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 642], anˈɛlː-id-e {anellide} 'annelid' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 93] and from askˈarid-e {ascaride} 'ascarid, roundworm' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 123].
Voinova et al. 1989: 696. There are two expressions for 'worm': miɲˈɔk-ɐ {minhoca}, borrowed from some African source [Nascentes 1955: 334] and vˈɛɾm-ǝ {verme}. The first one means 'earthworm' [Cândido de Figueiredo II: 385], while the second one means 'worm in general (including earthworm)' [Cândido de Figueiredo II: 1294]. We include both terms in the list. Distinct from lõmbɾˈig-ɐ {lombriga} 'helminth' [Cândido de Figueiredo II: 252]. Distinct from gusˈan-u {gusano} 'Teredo navalis' [Cândido de Figueiredo I: 1360].
Not attested in Chrétien's texts, but there is no doubt that the correct equivalent was vɛrm {verm}, continuing Latin {vermis} 'worm' and preserved in the majority of modern Romance languages. Also attested in other Old French texts [Godefroy 10: 847].
Standard French:vɛʁ {ver}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 823; Rayevskaya 2013: 640. General term for 'worm'. For the designation of the earthworm a more precise term vɛʁ dǝ tɛʁ {ver de terre} is used [Rayevskaya 2013: 640].
Some examples are: {MESS. quot eras annos gnatus, quom te pater a patria avehit? MEN. Septuennis: nam tunc dentes mihi cadebant primulum} "MESS. How many years old were you when your father took you from your native country? MEN. Seven years old; for just then my teeth were changing for the first time. And never since then have I seen my father" [Men. 1115-1116]; {Quem di diligunt adulescens moritur, dum valet sentit sapit. hunc si ullus deus amaret, plus annis decem, plus iam viginti mortuom esse oportuit} "if any God had favoured him, ought to have been dead more than ten years - aye, more than twenty years ago" [Bac. 816-819].
Late Classical Latin:ˈanː-ʊs {annus}1
Cf. some examples: {Sed ecce siderum ordinatis ambagibus per numeros dierum ac mensuum remeans annus post mustulentas autumni delicias ad hibernas Capricorni pruinas deflexerat} "But when the stars, moving in their appointed courses, had passed through days and months and the year declined from the delights of the autumn vintage to wintry frosts under Capricorn" [Met. 9: 32]; {iam octo annorum onere misella illa velut elephantum paritura distenditur} "poor woman's been burdened for eight years or more and she's big as an elephant!" [Met. 1: 9].
Megleno Romanian:an {an}1
Capidan 1935: 14.
Istro Romanian:ɒn {ån}1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 187; Byhan 1899: 296. The Croatism lˈet-o {léto} is used in some idiomatic expressions and in combination with Croatian numerals [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 223; Byhan 1899: 263]. Cf. {ovo léto} 'this year', {sédâm lét} 'seven years'. It seems that another Croatism ɣˈodin-a {ɣódina} can be also occasionally used in the meaning 'year', as is mentioned in [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 215].
Some examples are: {Quando // mi diparti' da Circe, che sottrasse // me più d'un anno là presso a Gaeta} "When I // from Circe had departed, who concealed me // more than a year there near unto Gaeta" [Inf. 26]; {And I, who have been lying in this pain // five hundred years and more} "E io, che son giaciuto a questa doglia // cinquecent' anni e più" [Purg. 21].
Построить дерево