Some examples are: {aquam frigidam subdole suffundunt} "underhandedly they pour cold water upon us" [Cist. 35]; {aufer illam offam porcinam, probus hic conger frigidus} "put aside that piece of pork; this conger's good when cold; remove it, take and put it aside" [Mil. 760]; {Ne thermipolium quidem ullum instruit, ita salsam praehibet potionem et frigidam} "No hot liquor-shop at all for sure does he provide; so salt and cold the potions that he prepares" [Rud. 529-530].
Late Classical Latin:frˈiːg-ɪd-ʊs {frigidus}1
Cf. some examples: {Haec ego ut accepi, sudore frigido miser perfluo} "When I heard that, my wretched flesh dissolved in a cold sweat" [Met. 11: 13]; {sacra differuntur, templa deformantur, pulvinaria proteruntur, caerimoniae negleguntur; incoronata simulacra et arae viduae frigido cinere foedatae} "Her rites were neglected, her temples abandoned, her cushions were trodden underfoot, the ceremonies uncelebrated, the statues un-garlanded, the altars cold with forsaken ashes" [Met. 4: 29].
Megleno Romanian:rˈac-i {rátsi}2
Capidan 1935: 247.
Istro Romanian:rˈɒč-e {råče}2
Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 264. Kovačec mentions this word only as an adverb, but in the texts it is also used as an adjective, cf.: {E a no av fost råče dela crai̯, råče čå hrana} "But it was cold from the end, the food was cold". Byhan also mentions the word frˈid-u {frídu} [Byhan 1899: 219], which is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:arˈac-e {aráţe}2
Papahagi 1963: 128; Cunia 2010: 100-101; Dalametra 1906: 22; Goɫąb 1984: 200. In the Turia dialect we also have arkurˈos-ŭ {arkurˈos} 'cold' [Bara et al. 2005: 324]; in the other dialects this word means 'sensitive to cold / who is cold' [Papahagi 1963: 136; Cunia 2010: 101; Dalametra 1906: 22].
Romanian:rˈeč-e {rece}2
DER 2004: 181; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1620; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {recens} 'recent, fresh, young' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Distinct from rǝk-or-ˈos {răcoros} 'cool' and frig-ur-ˈos {friguros} 'not protecting from cold (about clothes) / hardly heatable (about a house) / a person, who is sensitive to cold' [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: rˈec-e {reče} 'cold' [Podiko 1973: 1016; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 482].
Dalmatian:gelˈwat {gheluat}3
Some examples are: {el viant fuoro gheluat} "the wind will become cold" [Bartoli 2002: 275]; {la cuórne, que se manáica sant gheluáta} "the meat which is eaten is cold" [Bartoli 2002: 287].
Cf. some examples: {Io sono al terzo cerchio, de la piova // etterna, maladetta, fredda e greve} "in the third circle am I of the rain // eternal, maledict, and cold, and heavy" [Inf. 6]; {ché tutti questi n'hanno maggior sete // che d'acqua fredda Indo o Etïopo} "for all of these have greater thirst for it // than for cold water Ethiop or Indian" [Purg. 26].
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 193. Domus de Maria: frˈið-u {fridu} 'cold', applied to objects and distinct from fri-u {friu} 'cold', applied to weather [Fadda 2015].
Coupier 1995: 628. Distinct from fɾeǯˈus {frejous} 'cold', used while speaking about weather [Coupier 1995: 628].
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:fray {frai}1
Viret 2013: 1032-1033.
Old French:froyt {froit}1
EDCT 2014: 528.
Standard French:fʁwa {froid}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 115; Rayevskaya 2013: 635.
Picard:fʁwe {froéd}1
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:fʀɛ {frèd}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: fʀwɛː {froed} 'cold'.
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Archaic Latin:wɛn-ˈiː-rɛ {venire}1
Cf. some examples: {scin quid est quod ego ad te venio?} "Do you know why it is that I'm come to you?" [Men. 677]; {Quia nos honoris tui causa ad te venimus} "Because for the sake of your own well-doing we came hither" [Poen. 638]; {heri venisti media nocte, nunc abis} "Yesterday, in the middle of the night, you came, and now you are going away" [Amph. 514].
Late Classical Latin:vɛn-ˈiː-rɛ {venire}1
Some examples are: {An potius maritum, qui tuo vulnere periclitatur, intervisere venisti?} "Or are you here to visit that husband of yours, laid low by your own hand?" [Met. 6: 9]; {Nec mora, cum ad flumen mortuum venies} "Not long afterwards you'll reach the river of the dead" [Met. 6: 18].
Papahagi 1963: 524; Cunia 2010: 1110; Dalametra 1906: 105; Bara et al. 2005: 223; Goɫąb 1984: 221.
Romanian:a=ven-ˈi {a veni}1
DER 2004: 186; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1132; Gancz 2015. Distinct from a=sos-ˈi {a sosi} 'to arrive' of Greek origin. Cf. {Vin la București cu trenul. Sosesc la ora 10} "I'll come to Bucharest by train. I'll arrive at 10 o'clock" [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: a=ven-ˈi {a veni} 'to come' [Podiko 1973: 711-712; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 345-346].
Dalmatian:ven-ˈa-r {venár}1
Some examples are: {ju viṅ da dú ke ti víńa té} "I come from where you come from" [Bartoli 2002: 250]; {no potaja venár vu̯ai̯} "I cannot come today" [Bartoli 2002: 237].
Some examples are: {Per che, se del venire io m'abbandono, // temo che la venuta non sia folle} "Therefore, if I resign myself to come, // I fear the coming may be ill-advised" [Inf. 2]; {vegno del loco ove tornar disio} "I come from there, where I would fain return" [Inf. 2].
Voinova et al. 1989: 483. Distinct from ʃǝɣ-ˈa-ɾ {chegar} 'to arrive' [Feyershtein & Starets, 2005: 197; Cândido de Figueiredo I: 613].
Galician:b-i-ɾ {vir}1
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 849, 734; Fernández Armesto 1981: 738; Carré Alvarellos 1972: 1040, 875-876. In colloquial speech, the Spanish borrowing ben-ˈi-ɾ {venir} can be used as well [Montoya Bolaños 2016].
Some examples are: {cur non morior?} "Why don't I die?" [Merc. 471]; {Quem di diligunt adulescens moritur, dum valet sentit sapit. hunc si ullus deus amaret, plus annis decem, plus iam viginti mortuom esse oportuit} "if any God had favoured him, ought to have been dead more than ten years - aye, more than twenty years ago" [Bac. 816-819]; {sues moriuntur angina acerrume} "the hogs die there most shockingly of inflammation in the throat} [Trin. 540].
Late Classical Latin:mˈɔr-iː {mori}1
Cf. some examples: {Nam etsi tu alicuius facinoris tibi conscius scilicet mori cupis, nos cucurbitae caput non habemus ut pro te moriamur} "Even if you've a crime on your conscience and want to die, I'm not pumpkinheaded enough to let you" [Met. 1: 15]; {Sed prius <…> centies moriar quam tuo isto dulcissimo conubio caream} "I'd rather die a hundred times than be robbed of your sweet caresses" [Met. 5: 6].
Cf. some examples: {che la fenice more e poi rinasce} "the phoenix dies, and then is born again" [Inf. 24]; {ma l'un di voi dica // dove, per lui, perduto a morir gissi} "but one of you declare // whither, being lost, he went away to die" [Inf. 26].
Voinova et al. 1989: 659. There are two words for 'to die': muʁ-ˈe-ɾ {morrer} and fɐlǝs-ˈe-ɾ {falecer}. Comparison of their preterit forms ({morreu} and {faleceu}) in the Corpus [CdP 2016] shows that {falecer} is used mostly in obituaries, in sentences like {José Vieira de Carvalho faleceu aos 64 anos, vítima de doença cardíaca} "José Vieira de Carvalho died at the age of 64 years because of heart disease", {Mário Castrim faleceu aos 82 anos em Lisboa, vítima de pneumonia} "Mário Castrim died at the age of 82 years, in Lisbon, because of pneumonia", {Hugo Banzer faleceu aos 75 anos, vítima de cancro} "Hugo Banzer died at the age of 75 years because of cancer", although the use of {morrer} in the obituaries is possible too: {Heinz G. Konsalik morreu aos 78 anos, vítima de apoplexia} "Heinz G. Konsalik died at the age of 78 years because of apoplexy", {Artur Semedo morreu com 76 anos, em Lisboa, vítima de doença prolongada} "Artur Semedo died at the age of 76 years, in Lisbon, because of long disease". The verb {morrer} is much more common in connection with unnatural death causes: in the collocation {morreu/faleceu num accidente} 'to die in an accident' there are 13 examples with {morreu} and only one with {faleceu}. The proportion in collocation with {desastre} 'disaster' is 6:2 in favour of {morreu}. In collocation with {combate} 'battle' the proportion is 5:1. Only {morrer} is used in collocations with {fome} 'hunger' and {medo} 'fear'. Taking these facts into account, we come to the conclusion that {falecer} is much more restricted in use and means simply 'to pass away'. This semantic difference is confirmed by Pimentel Ferreira [Pimentel Ferreira, 2016].
EDCT 2014: 727-729. With compound tense forms can be used as the transitive verb 'to kill'. Distinct from de=vi-ˈeː-r {devïer}, which is translated in the EDCT as 'to die' [EDCT 2014: 339], but means rather 'to pass away', cf. the only example: {Dame, mes peres me pria, // qant il morut et devia, // que por rien nule ne leissasse // que je an Bretaigne n'alasse, // tantost con chevaliers seroie} "Lady, my father, before he departed this life and died, begged me not to fail to go to Britain as soon as I should be made a knight" (Cligès 4269-4271). The verbs e=stˈẽỹnd-rǝ {esteindre} 'to extinguish' and tres=pas-ˈeː-r {trespasser} 'to pass' can be sometimes also used in the meaning 'to die' [EDCT 2014: 457-458; 1104-1105].
Standard French:muʁ-i-ʁ {mourir}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 169; Rayevskaya 2013: 623. Distinct from de=sed-e {décéder}, which is used in formal language, and s=etɛ̃d-ʁ {s'éteindre}, which has a euphemistic shade [Robert-Collins 1989: 169].
Picard:mweʁ-i-ʁ {mouérir}1
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:mɔʀ-ü {moru}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: mɔʀ-i {mori} 'to die'.
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Archaic Latin:kˈan-ɪs {canis}1
Cf. some examples: {si ita non reperio, ibo odorans quasi canis venaticus} "If so I don't find the man, just like a hound I'll go smelling about" [Mil. 268]; {Mane sis videam, ne canis} "Stop, please; let me see whether the dog" [Most. 848].
Late Classical Latin:kˈan-ɪs {canis}1
Some examples are: {obtruncato protinus eo intestina quidem canibus nostris iacta, ceteram vero carnem omnem operariorum cenae reserva} "Slaughter him now, my lad,' he added, 'throw his guts to the dogs but keep the rest of the meat for our meal" [Met. 7: 22]; {cum viderem canes et modo magnos et numero multos et ursis ac leonibus ad compugnandum idoneos in me convocatos exasperari} "seeing those dogs large in size and many in number, fit to fight bears or lions, gathered and ranged against me" [Met. 4: 3].
Megleno Romanian:kˈɔyn-i {cǫi̯ni}1
Capidan 1935: 75.
Istro Romanian:brek {brec}-1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 193; Byhan 1899: 199. Probably borrowed from Italian {bracco} 'hound' of Germanic origin. Byhan also mentions the word kˈuc-ä {kútsę} of Croatian origin, which is used in baby talk [Byhan 1899: 260]. Žejane (also occurs in Nova Vas): kˈǝr-e {cấre} 'dog' [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 197; Byhan 1899: 253].
Aromanian:kˈɨn-e {cîne}1
Papahagi 1963: 287; Cunia 2010: 254; Dalametra 1906: 58; Bara et al. 2005: 53; Goɫąb 1984: 225. Distinct from kˈut-ǝ {cútă} 'dog', used in baby talk [Papahagi 1963: 344; Cunia 2010: 254].
Romanian:kˈɨyn-e {câine}1
DER 2004: 290; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1392-1393; Gancz 2015. Moldavian: kˈɨn-e {câne} [Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 417].
Dalmatian:kwoŋ {ku͡ọṅ}1
Bartoli 2002: 237. Some examples are: {el ku͡ọṅ ke búi̯ no morsigúa} "the dog which barks does not bite" [Bartoli 2002: 229]; {el kuṅ me ju morsigu͡ọt, ku͡ọńa} "the dog bit me, a she-dog" [Bartoli 2002: 237].
Some examples are: {del mar si fu la dolorosa accorta, // forsennata latrò sì come cane} "of ocean was the dolorous one aware, // out of her senses like a dog she barked" [Inf. 30]; {Vassi caggendo; e quant' ella più 'ngrossa, // tanto più trova di can farsi lupi} "It goes on falling, and the more it grows, // the more it finds the dogs becoming wolves" [Purg. 14].
Some examples are: {quicum ego bibo, quicum edo et amo} "together with whom I drink, with whom I eat and go a-courting" [Bac. 646]; {De mendico male meretur qui ei dat quod edit aut bibat} "He deserves ill of a beggar who gives him what to eat or to drink" [Trin. 339]; {Pal. Neque tu bibisti? Lvc. Di me perdant, si bibi, si bibere potui} "PAL. And you didn't just drink as well? LUC. The Gods confound me if I did drink - if I could drink" [Mil. 833-834].
Late Classical Latin:bˈɪb-ɛ-rɛ {bibere}1
Cf. some examples: {flore persperso adripit poculum ac desuper aqua calida iniecta porrigit bibam} "she showered me with petals, before pouring warm water into a cup of wine and handing it me to drink" [Met. 2: 16]; {sitiensque pocillatore respecto, ciliis alterna conivens, bibere flagitarem} "when I was thirsty I'd look round at a servant and alternately wink my eyes to request a drink" [Met. 10: 17].
Some examples are: {barme mu̯alt véṅ} "we drink a lot of wine"; {ju blai̯ bár deṡmúṅ uṅ pau̯k di asi̯ánz} "I want to drink a little absinth tomorrow" [Bartoli 2002: 242].
Friulian:bˈɛv-i {bevi}1
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 656, 24. In Pirona's dictionary there is also a term čumb-ˈaː {çumbâ} ~ ǯumb-ˈaː {zumbâ} 'to drink' [Pirona 1871: 656], which is not known to Decorte, so it should be obsolete [Decorte 2015].
Cf. some examples: {ché Branca Doria non morì unquanche, // e mangia e bee e dorme e veste panni} "for Branca d' Oria is not dead as yet, // and eats, and drinks, and sleeps, and puts on clothes" [Inf. 34]; {Di bere e di mangiar n'accende cura} "Desire to eat and drink enkindles in us" [Purg. 23].
Voinova et al. 1989: 424-425. Distinct from tum-ˈa-ɾ {tomar} 'to take, to consume, to drink, to eat' [Feyershtein & Starets 2005: 795-796] which is used in the meaning 'to drink' mostly with a specified object: {tomar agua} "to drink water", {tomar chá} "to drink tea", {tomar café} "to drink coffee" [Voinova et al. 1989: 424-425].
Polysemy: 'dry / sober / thirsty'. The examples are: {At scelesta ego praeter alios meum virum frugi rata, siccum, frugi, continentem, amantem uxoris maxume} "Wretched then am I, who have supposed that, beyond others, my husband was sober, decent, chaste, and especially fond of his wife" [Asin. 856-857]; {Vinipollens lepidus Liber, tibi qui screanti, siccae, semisomnae adfert potionem et sitim sedatum it} "The all-powerful in wine, jolly Bacchus; he who, when you're hawking, parched, and half asleep, brings you a draught and comes to quench your thirst" [Curc. 116-118]; {Egon salva sim, quae siti sicca sum?} "How can I have health, who am parched with thirst?" [Curc. 121]; {iam diu factum est, postquam bibimus; nimis diu sicci sumus} "it's a long time now since we last drank; we've been athirst too long" [Persa 822]; {eo vos vestros panticesque adeo madefactatis, quom ego sim hic siccus} "You are a-soaking away yourselves and your paunches too, at the very time that I'm here a-dry" [Pseud. 184]; {quia isti umbram aestate tibi esse audivit perbonam sub sicco lumine usque perpetuom diem} "It was because he heard that here the summer heat was much modified; that this house was wont to be inhabited each day all day long." [Most. 764-765]. Although {siccus} is not attested in the meaning 'dry' in Plautus' plays (there are plenty of examples in the later texts), there is the derivate {siccoculus} 'dryeyed' ({Genus nostrum semper siccoculum fuit} "My family was always a dryeyed one" [Pseud. 77]).
Distinct from ˈaːrɪd-ʊs {aridus} 'dried up / lean / stingy / ready (money)': {At vides me ornatus ut sim vestimentis uvidis: recipe me in tectum, da mihi vestimenti aliquid aridi} "But do you see me, in what wet clothes I'm dressed? Do take me under shelter; lend me some dry clothes" [Rud. 573-574]; {Nullum habemus ignem, ficis victitamus aridis} "We keep no fire, we live upon dried figs" [Rud. 764]; {nam id demum lepidumst, triparcos homines, vetulos, avidos, aridos bene admordere, qui salinum servo obsignant cum sale} "for this, in fact, is a delightful thing, handsomely to bite your thrice-dotted niggardly, antiquated, covetous, spiritless people, who against their servant seal up the saltcellar with the salt" [Persa 266-267]; {pumex non aeque est aridus atque hic est senex} "A pumice stone isn't so dry as is this old fellow" [Aul. 297]; {tu, senex, si istas amas, huc arido argentost opus} "If you are in love with them, old gentleman, you must down here with the ready cash" [Rud. 726].
Late Classical Latin:sˈɪkː-ʊs {siccus}1
The examples are: {aequalitas ista sicci atque umidi} 'that equality of dry and humid' [De dogmate Platonis 17]; {de illa superiore, quam diximus siccam} "about the one mentioned above, which we called dry" (about exhalation) [De mundo 8]. The term ɛk=sˈuːk-t-ʊs {exsuctus} 'dried up' is not attested in Apuleius' texts.
Megleno Romanian:usk-ˈa-t {uscát}2
Capidan 1928: 319. Capidan also mentions a termse̯ak {seác} [Capidan 1935: 262], but it doesn’t occur in the texts.
Istro Romanian:usk-ˈɒ-t {uscåt}2
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 294; Byhan 1899: 337. Byhan also mentions the word {sek} [Byhan 1899: 335], which is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:usk-ˈa-t-ŭ {uscát}2
Papahagi 1963: 1094; Cunia 2010: 1070-1071; Dalametra 1906: 216; Bara et al. 2005: 328; Goɫąb 1984: 257. The term sˈek-ŭ {sec} 'exhausted / dried up / impoverished' can sometimes be used in the meaning 'dry' as well [Papahagi 1963: 937-938; Cunia 2010: 918-919; Dalametra 1906: 186].
Romanian:usk-ˈa-t {uscat}2
DER 2004: 303; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1467; Gancz 2015. The participle of the verb {a usca} 'to dry', which goes back to Vulgar Latin {*usticare} 'to burn' or {exsucare} 'to dry'. Ciorănescu regards the first version as more probable [Ciorănescu 2015]. There is also another term, sek {sec} 'dry / empty', whose use is restricted [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: usk-ˈat {uscat} 'dry' [Podiko 1973: 923; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 436].
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 698, 424. There are two expressions for 'dry': sut {sut} and sɛk {sec} [Pirona 1871: 375-376] with polysemy: 'dry / lean'. The latter is more restricted in use (cf. the translations of contexts from the GLD specifications: {tiere sute} / {tiere secje} 'dry earth', but {I miei vistîts a son za suts, ma i siei a son ancjemò bagnâts} 'My clothes are already dry, but his are still wet' [Decorte 2015]), so we include only sut {sut} on the list.
Gardenese Ladin:sut {sut} ~ syǝwt {siëut}2
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 81, 83, 187. There are two terms for 'dry': sǝk {sëch} and sut {sut} / syǝwt {siëut}. The available contexts do not allow to differenciate between these terms, cf: {avëi la giames sëces} "to have dry legs"; {l pan devënta sëch do n di} "a bread becomes dry after a day"; {l verzon ie sëch} "the garden is dried up"; {lënia sëcia} "dry wood"; {na resposta sëcia} "a bare answer" (literally "dry"); {ti dé fuech ala pleces sëces} "to set dry leaves on fire"; {avëi la pel suta} "to have dry skin"; {la besc ie suta} "the washing is dry"; {sce ne n'é nia i ciavëi suc ne vedi nia dedora} "if I my hair isn't dry, I don't go out" [Forni 2015]. We have to treat both words as synonyms. Marebbano: sœt {sœt} 'dry'; Badiotto: süt {sʋt} 'dry'; Livinallese: sut {sut} 'dry' [Gartner 1923: 187].
Fassano Ladin:sut {sut}2
DILF 2001: 30, 588; Gartner 1923: 187. Same synonymy as in the Gardenese.
Gaio 2015. Distinct from sek {sech} 'dry', used mainly for soil [Gaio 2015].
Bellunese Venetian:sek {sec}1
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:sˈekː-o {secco}1
Some examples are: {grand' arco tra la ripa secca e 'l mezzo} "a great arc 'twixt the dry bank and the swamp" [Inf. 7]; {Cenere, o terra che secca si cavi, // d'un color fora col suo vestimento} "Ashes, or earth that dry is excavated, // of the same colour were with his attire" [Purg. 9]. The term ašːˈutː-o {asciutto} 'dried up' is also attested: {già t'ho veduto coi capelli asciutti} "I have already seen thee with dry hair" [Inf. 19].
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 259. Distinct from ǝšˈut {eixut} 'dried up', which tends to go extinct under Spanish influence [Alòs i Font 2015].
North-Western Catalan:sek {sec}1
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015.
Minorcan Catalan:sɛk {sec}1
Cardona 2015. Distinct from šˈut {eixut} 'dried up' [Cardona 2015].
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:sek {sec}1
Barreda 2015. Distinct from eyšˈut {eixut} 'dried up' [Barreda 2015].
Valencia Catalan:sek {sec}1
Pérez i Sanchis 2015.
Manises Catalan:sek {sec}1
Pedrós 2015. Distinct from eyšˈut {eixut} 'dried up' [Pedrós 2015].
DILF 2001: 30, 561; Gartner 1923: 187. Same synonymy as in the Gardenese.
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:sɛk {sèch}1
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 323, 19.
Barbania Piemontese:
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:sɛk {sèc}1
Sacchi 2015.
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Archaic Latin:ˈawr-ɪs {auris}1
Some examples are: {nam illius oculi atque aures atque opinio transfugere ad nos. usque adhuc actum est probe} "For his eyes, and ears, and thoughts have come over to us" [Mil. 589-590]; {ne tu quod istic fabuletur auris immittas tuas} "Don't you give ear to what he prates about" [Capt. 548].
Late Classical Latin:ˈawr-ɪs {auris}1
Some examples are: {aures enormes repetunt pristinam parvitatem} "my huge ears shrank back to their former size" [Met. 11: 13]; {frontem curiose exfrico, auris remulceo} "I rubbed the sweat from his forehead, carefully, stroked his ears" (about horse's ears) [Met. 1: 2].
Some examples are: {ju me dolúa la orákla} "my ear hurts" [Bartoli 2002: 241]; {la portúa la mojér su le rákle i rečái̯ni} "the woman has golden earrings in her ears" [Bartoli 2002: 244].
Cf. some examples: {Un altro, che forata avea la gola // e tronco 'l naso infin sotto le ciglia // e non avea mai ch'una orecchia sola} "Another one, who had his throat pierced through, // and nose cut off close underneath the brows, // and had no longer but a single ear" [Inf. 28]; {ond' io li orecchi con le man copersi} "whereat mine ears I covered with my hands" [Inf. 29].
Standard Italian:orˈekːy-o {orecchio} ~ orˈekːy-a {orecchia}1
The basic word for 'earth / land / world', cf. some examples: {facite inter terram atque caelum ut sit <situs>, discindite} "Make him to be between heaven and earth" [Mil. 1395]; {tum genu quemque icero ad terram dabo} "then against whomsoever I dart my knee, I shall bring him to the ground" [Capt. 797]; {Principio ut illo advenimus, ubi primum terram tetigimus} "In the first place, when we arrived there, when first we made land" [Amph. 203]; {postquam id actum est, tubae contra utrimque occanunt, consonat terra, clamorem utrimque efferunt} "After that was done, the trumpets on either side gave the signal; the earth re-echoed, they raised a shout on either side" [Amph. 227-228]; {semul radebat pedibus terram} "he was both scratching the ground with his feet" [Aul. 625]; {foras, lumbrice, qui sub terra erepsisti modo} "Out, out, you earthworm, who have this instant crept out of the earth" [Aul. 628]; {perditissimus ego sum omnium in terra} "I'm the most utterly ruined of all men upon the earth!" [Aul. 723].
Distinct from hˈʊm-ʊs {humus} 'earth / soil'; the only example is {Age tu ocius pinge, humum consperge ante aedis} "Come, do you quickly sweep the ground, and sprinkle before the house" [Stichus 353-354].
Late Classical Latin:tˈɛrː-a {terra}1
Cf. some examples: {atque ego de alto recidens Socraten - nam iuxta me iacebat - superruo cumque eo in terram devolvor} "and I crashed down on top of Socrates who was lying there beside me, and rolled with him on to the ground" [Met. 1: 16]; {vel certe rursum novo caelestium stillarum germine non maria sed terras} "then earth not ocean had given rise to a new creation" [Met. 4: 28].
Megleno Romanian:cˈar-ǝ {tsáră}1
Capidan 1935: 306. Distinct from pimˈint {pimínt} [Capidan 1935: 222], designating earth as a surface as opposed to cˈarǝ 'earth as soil'. Cf. some contexts: {măi̯ră cu grǫp di tsară} "he threw a lump of earth"; {Cǫn si-ń pună tsară pri u̯ocľi} "when my eyes will be covered with earth" (= when I die) [Capidan 1928: 211]; {ună mardzină di pimintu} "the edge of earth" [Capidan 1928: 111]; {u̯a ăn lumea noastră ari acmuă ună lāmńă cari sta sub pimīnt și-u bea toată āpa} "now there is a dragon in our world, he lies under the earth and he drank all the water" [Capidan 1928: 119]; {pimīntu cătso s-creapă și feata zăcătso s-plongă} "the earth began to split and the girl started to cry" [Capidan 1928: 119].
Istro Romanian:pemˈint {pemínt}2
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 248; Byhan 1899: 304. Polysemy: 'earth / country', cf.: {cadę́ pre pemínt} "to fall on earth"; {noi̯ lucrån pemíntu} "we work the land" [Kovačec 2010]; {Ân čuda peminture âi̯ već, pri Europa} "It is in many countries of Europe".
Aromanian:cˈar-ǝ {ţáră}1
Papahagi 1963: 1065; Dalametra 1906: 203; Cunia 2010: 1033. Sometimes the term lˈok-ŭ {lok}'place / land / country' can be used in the meaning 'earth' as well. Cf. {s' cutreámbură lóclu} "the earth quaked"; {mérlu lócu s' feáţe} "the apple became soil"; {mîșcă lóclu} "he bit the dust" (he died) [Papahagi 1963: 637-638]. There is also a less common term pimˈint-u {pimíntu} 'earth', mainly used in proverbs [Papahagi 1963: 844; Cunia 2010: 822; Dalametra 1906: 167].
Romanian:pǝmˈɨnt {pământ}2
DER 2004: 310; Bolocan et al. 1985: 436; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {pavimentum} 'a paved surface or floor, pavement' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Distinct from sol {sol} 'soil' of French origin [DEaLR 2015] and usk-ˈat {uscat} '(dry) land' [DEaLR 2015]. Moldavian: pǝmˈɨnt {pământ} 'earth' [Podiko 1973: 261; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 143].
Dalmatian:tˈar-a {tára} ~ tˈyar-a {ti̯ára}1
Some examples are: {lau̯da el múr e ti̯ánte a la tár} "praise the sea, but hold the earth" [Bartoli 2002: 229]; {gu̯aliṡu͡ọr la tara} "to level the earth" [Bartoli 2002: 235]; {la pu͡ọs sau̯pra la ti̯ár} "peace on Earth" [Bartoli 2002: 247].
Some examples are: {Elle giacean per terra tutte quante} "They all were lying prone upon the earth" [Inf. 6]; {Cenere, o terra che secca si cavi, // d'un color fora col suo vestimento} "Ashes, or earth that dry is excavated, // of the same colour were with his attire" [Purg. 9].
Coupier 1995: 1386. Earth as soil. Distinct from sɔw {sòu} 'earth as surface' [Coupier 1995: 1386].
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:tˈɛr-a {têra}1
Viret 2013: 2085-2086.
Old French:tˈɛr-ǝ {terre}1
EDCT 2014: 1074-1076. Polysemy: 'ground / battle place / large place, country / arable soil / substance of the land surface / world'. Distinct from sˈyekl-ǝ {siecle} 'era, age / Earth, world' [EDCT 2014: 1033-1034], cf. {Ne sai, tote an sui esgaree, // car onques mes ne panssai // tant a nul home el sieglevivant} "I do not know; I am all confused; for I never thought so much about any man in the world" (Cligès 912-914); {Mes de grant force estoit li cuens // et chevaliers hardiz et buens, // que el sieglemeillor n'eüst, // se fel et traïtres ne fust} "But the Count was a powerful man and a good and hardy knight, whose match it would have been hard to find, had he not been a base traitor" (Cligès 1887-1890).
Standard French:tɛʁ {terre}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 196; Rayevskaya 2013: 423.
Picard:tyɛʁ {tière}1
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:tɛʀ {tère}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: tɛʀ {tere} 'earth'.
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Archaic Latin:ˈeːd-ɛ-rɛ {edere}1
Some examples are: {quicum ego bibo, quicum edo et amo} "together with whom I drink, with whom I eat and go a-courting" [Bac. 646]; {De mendico male meretur qui ei dat quod edit aut bibat} "He deserves ill of a beggar who gives him what to eat or to drink" [Trin. 339]; {quas herbas pecudes non edunt, homines edunt} "Herbage which the cattle eat not, men eat themselves" [Pseud. 825].
Late Classical Latin:ˈeːd-ɛ-rɛ {edere}1
The only example of usage for {edere} is: {Estur ac potatur incondite, pulmentis acervatim, panibus aggeratim, poculis agminatim ingestis} "They ate and drank with abandon, downing mounds of meat, banks of bread and swilling wine like water" [Met. 4: 8], but the frequentative form eː-sɪt-ˈaː- rɛ {esitare} occurs twice: {Quo facto et ipse aliquid indidem sumo eumque avide essitantem aspiciens aliquanto intentiore macie atque pallore buxeo deficientem video} "Having done so, I took something from the sack for myself, and watched him eating avidly, but visibly weaker, somehow more drawn and emaciated, and with the pallor of boxwood" [Met. 1: 19]; {nec tantillum commotus securus esitabam} "I felt quite at ease and went on eating unconcernedly" [Met. 10: 16]. The only example of usage for manduːk-ˈaː-rɛ {manducare} is {Nec me tamen instanter fortiter manducantem vel somnus imminens impedire potuit} "I kept bravely, vehemently chewing away; even impending drowsiness had no effect on me" [Met. 4: 22]. The term kɔm=ˈeːd-ɛ-rɛ {comedere} is not attested.
In Gellius' text {manducare} does not occur, but Gellius mentions a good example of {edere} from contemporary speech: {et fetidum potare, "hic" inquit "eques Romanus apludam edit et flocces bibit"} "This Roman knight," said he, "eats apluda and drinks flocces." (quoting a Roman man) [Attic Nights 11: 7].
In the text of Vulgata both {manducare} and {comedere} are used as synonyms in the meaning 'to eat', cf. the following context: {Maledictus vir, qui comederit panem usque ad vesperam, donec ulciscar de inimicis meis. Et non manducavit universus populus panem} "Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food" (Jacob's Bible translation) [1 Samuel 14: 24].
The present form. The infinitive form was probably borrowed from the Italian {mangiare}. Some examples are: {ju manai̯ko vuai ku͡ọrno per prínz, pi̯as.} "Today I eat meat for lunch, fish" [Bartoli 2002: 242]; {pu̯arta káu̯k uṅ pàu̯k si skalúń ke ju bùle mančúr kol pu͡ọṅ} "bring here some shallot which I want to eat with bread" [Bartoli 2002: 239].
Cf. some examples: {Di bere e di mangiar n'accende cura} "Desire to eat and drink enkindles in us" [Purg. 23]; {ché Branca Doria non morì unquanche, // e mangia e bee e dorme e veste panni} "for Branca d' Oria is not dead as yet, // and eats, and drinks, and sleeps, and puts on clothes" [Inf. 34]. The form manduk-ˈa-re {manducare} 'to eat' is attested twice, both times in the end of a line: {e come 'l pan per fame si manduca} "and even as bread through hunger is devoured" [Inf. 32]; {che ogni senso // co li denti d'Amor già mi manduca} "which already // is devouring all my senses with the teeth // of Love" [Rime 103].
Standard Italian:manǯ-ˈa-re {mangiare}-1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1627. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} 'to eat'.
Grosseto Italian:manǯ-ˈa-re {mangiare}-1
Marcelli 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} 'to eat'.
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 303. Domus de Maria: papː-ˈay {pappai} 'to eat' [Fadda 2015].
Palermitan Sicilian:manč-ˈa-ɾi {manciari}-1
Messina 2015. Ornato 2015; La Bua 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} 'to eat'. Distinct from pisti-ˈa-ɾi {pistiari} of Greek origin, which is more vulgar [Ornato 2015]. Buscemi: manč-ˈa-ɾi {manciari} 'to eat' [Coccimiglio 2016].
Messinese Sicilian:manč-ˈa-ɾɨ {manciari}-1
Salzano 2015; Stornanti 2015. Giarre: manǯ-ˈa-ɾi {mangiari} 'to eat' [Sorbello 2015]. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} 'to eat'.
Catanian Sicilian:manč-ˈa-ɾi {manciari}-1
Corsaro 2015; La Mattina 2015; Salerno 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} 'to eat'.
South-Eastern Sicilian:manč-ˈa-ɾi {manciari}-1
Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} 'to eat'. Distinct from the obsolete term manːuk-ˈa-ɾi {mannucari} 'to eat' [Leggio 2015].
Central Catalan:mǝɲž-ˈa {menjar}-1
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 61. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} ˈto eatˈ.
North-Western Catalan:meɲǯ-ˈa {menjar}-1
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} ˈto eatˈ.
Minorcan Catalan:mǝɲž-ˈa {menjar}-1
Cardona 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} ˈto eatˈ.
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:meɲǯ-ˈa-ɾ {menjar}-1
Barreda 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} ˈto eatˈ.
Valencia Catalan:meɲč-ˈa-ɾ {menjar}-1
Pérez i Sanchis 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} ˈto eatˈ.
Manises Catalan:meɲč-ˈa-ɾ {menjar}-1
Pedrós 2015. Borrowed from Old French {mangier} ˈto eatˈ.
The word for 'egg' is not attested in Plautus' texts, but there are numerous attestations in Cato's texts. Cf. some examples: {Sesquilibram salis frigito, eodem indito et rude misceto usque adeo, donec ovum gallinaceum coctum natabit, desinito miscere} "parch 1½ pounds of salt, add it, and stir with a rod until a boiled hen's egg will float; then stop the stirring" [De agri cultura 106]; {Bos si aegrotare coeperit, dato continuo ei unum ovum gallinaceum crudum; integrum facito devoret} "If an ox begins to sicken, administer at once one hen's egg raw, and make him swallow it whole" [De agri cultura 71].
Late Classical Latin:ˈoːv-ũ {ovum}1
Some examples are: {Non enim ovum, quod scimus, illud; sed pinnis et unguibus et oculis et voce etiam perfectum edidit pullum} "and not the usual egg but a fully-fledged chick, with claws and feathers, an ominous portent, that with open eyes" [Met. 9: 33]; {taeda lucida et ovo et sulpure, sollemnissimas preces de casto praefatus ore} "taking a lighted torch, an egg, and some sulphur, he uttered solemn prayers with reverent lips" [Met. 11: 16].
Megleno Romanian:wow { u̯óu̯}1
Capidan 1935: 316.
Istro Romanian:ov {ov}1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 245; Byhan 1899: 296. Žejane: ošˈor {oșór} 'egg' [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 245], with a diminutive suffix (cf. Romanian {oușor} 'small egg').
Aromanian:ow {oŭ}1
Papahagi 1963: 809-810; Cunia 2010: 779; Dalametra 1906: 161; Bara et al. 2005: 390; Goɫąb 1984: 240.
The examples are: {ché [lo circulo che] ha figura d'uovo non è nobile} "therefore the circle that has the shape of an egg is not noble" [Conv. 4, 16]; {Se non son bionde, tingale in erbag[g]io // e a l'uovo} "If her hair is not blonde, let her dye it with herbs // and eggs" [Il Fiore 166].
Standard Italian:ˈwɔv-o {uovo}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1630.
Grosseto Italian:ˈɔv-o {ovo}1
Marcelli 2015.
Foligno Italian:ˈɔ-u {ou}1
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. The form ˈɔv-o {ovo} 'egg', borrowed from Standard Italian, can be used as well [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016].
Viret 2013: 1496-1497. Distinct from kok-ˈɔ̃ {kokon} 'egg', used in child speech.
Old French:wœf {uef}1
EDCT 2014: 1112.
Standard French:œf {œuf}1
Robert-Collins 1989: 200; Rayevskaya 2013: 653.
Picard:ɥe {ué}1
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:üː {û}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: uː {oû} 'egg'.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Archaic Latin:ˈɔkʊɫ-ʊs {oculus}1
Some examples are: {Quis hic est homo cum collativo ventre atque oculis herbeis?} "Who is this fellow with extended paunch, and eyes as green as grass?" [Curc. 230-231]; {Specie venusta, ore atque oculis pernigris} "Of agreable form, with a small mouth, and very dark eyes" [Poen. 1113]; {minatur mihi oculos exurere} "he's threatening to burn my eyes out" [Men. 842].
Late Classical Latin:ˈɔkʊɫ-ʊs {oculus}1
Cf. some examples: {Non enim ovum, quod scimus, illud; sed pinnis et unguibus et oculis et voce etiam perfectum edidit pullum} "and not the usual egg but a fully-fledged chick, with claws and feathers, an ominous portent, that with open eyes" [Met. 9: 33]; {oculi caesii quidem, sed vigiles et in aspectu micantes, prorsus aquiline} "the same alert blue-grey eyes, with a brilliant gaze like an eagle's" [Met. 2: 2].
Some examples are: {le popái̯le dei vákli} "the eyelids of the eyes"; {nel vaklo el avás joi̯na pogániz} "he has a stye on his eye" [Bartoli 2002: 241].
Some examples are: {Li occhi ha vermigli} "Red eyes he has" [Inf. 6]; {li occhi lor, ch'eran pria pur dentro molli, // gocciar su per le labbra, e 'l gelo strinse // le lagrime tra essi e riserrolli} "their eyes, which first were only moist within, // gushed o'er the eyelids, and the frost congealed // the tears between, and locked them up again" [Inf. 32].
There were four terms for 'fat' in Latin: pˈɪŋgʷ-ɛ {pingue} 'fat, oil' [OLD 1968: 1380-1381], ɫˈaːrɪd-ʊm {laridum} 'bacon' [OLD 1968: 1003], sˈeːb-ʊm {sebum} 'hard animal fat, suet, tallow' [OLD 1968: 1716], and ˈadɛp-s {adeps} 'soft animal fat, lard, grease' [OLD 1968: 39]. It seems that the Latin of Plautus confirms to this scheme. Although the term {pingue} is not attested in Plautus' texts, he uses its derivate {pinguis} 'fat' (adj.): {CONG. Hercle iniuria dispertivisti: pinguiorem agnum isti habent. PYTH. At nunc tibi dabitur pinguior tibicina} "CONG. By my troth, you've made an unfair division; they've got the fattest lamb. PYTH. But the fattest music-girl shall be given you then" [Aul. 330-332]; {atque agnum afferri proprium pinguem} "and one lamb to be brought here with all haste, a fat one" [Capt. 862]. In addition, Cato provides a good example of the use of {pingue}: {Si ungulam non habebis, addito de perna frustum P. S quam minime pingue} "if you have no hock, a half-pound of ham-scraps with as little fat as possible" [De agri cultura 158].
Examples of {laridum} are: {glandionidam suillam, laridum pernonidam} "or bacon off the gammon" [Men. 210]; {iuben an non iubes astitui aulas, patinas elui, laridum atque epulas foveri foculis ferventibus?} "Will you order, or will you not order, the pots to be put on, and the saucepans to be washed out, the bacon and the dainties to be made warm in the heated cooking-stoves" [Capt. 846-847]; {quanta pernis pestis veniet, quanta labes larido <...> nunc ibo, ut pro praefectura mea ius dicam larido, et quae pendent indemnatae pernae, eis auxilium ut feram} "Now will I go off to my government, to give laws to the bacon, and, those gammons that are hanging uncondemned, to give aid to them" [Capt. 903-908]. The only example of the use of {sebum} is {Vnde excoquat sebum senex} "Enough for him, even, when an old man, to be melting out the tallow" [Capt. 281]. The term {adeps} is not attested.
Late Classical Latin:
Not attested in Apuleius' or in Gellius' texts.
In Vulgata {adips} clearly prevails as a designation of fat: {prodiet quasi ex adipe iniquitas eorum transierunt in affectum cordis} "Their eyes poke out with fat, and their minds are flooded with foolish thoughts" [Psalms 72: 7]; {Non immolabis super fermento sanguinem victimae meae, nec remanebit adeps solemnitatis meae usque mane} "Do not offer bread made with yeast when you sacrifice an animal to me. And make sure that the fat of the animal is burned that same day" [Exodus 23: 18]; {Sumes et adipem totum qui operit intestina, et reticulum iecoris, ac duos renes, et adipem qui super eos est, et offeres incensum super altare} "Then take the fat from the animal's insides, as well as the lower part of the liver and the two kidneys with theirfat, and send them up in smoke on the altar" [Exodus 29: 13]; {tolles adipem de ariete, et caudam et arvinam, quae operit vitalia, ac reticulum iecoris, et duos tenes, atque adipem, qui super eos est, armumque dextrum, eo quod sit aries consecrationis} "This ram is part of the ordination service. So remove its right hind leg, its fat tail, the fat on its insides, as well as the lower part of the liver and the two kidneys with their fat" [Exodus 29: 22]. The term {pingue}, however, also occurs in this meaning once: {et erit in die illa adtenuabitur gloria Iacob et pingue carnis eius marcescet} "When that time comes, the glorious nation of Israel will be brought down; its prosperous people will be skin and bones" [Isaiah 17: 4]. The term {crassus} is still used only as an adjective in Vulgata.
Megleno Romanian:grǝs-ˈim-i {grăsími}2
Capidan 1935: 143. Distinct from sew {séu̯} 'animal fat' [Capidan 1935: 263].
Papahagi 1963: 499; Cunia 2010: 512; Bara et al. 2005: 387. Distinct from sew {seŭ} 'animal fat' [Papahagi 1963: 939; Cunia 2010: 920; Bara et al. 2005: 387; Goɫąb 1984: 248], lˈigd-ǝ {lígdă} 'lard' [Cunia 2010: 586; Goɫąb 1984: 232], lǝrdˈi-e {lărdíe} 'lard, bacon' [Papahagi 1963: 621; Cunia 2010: 580], umt-ˈur-ǝ {umtúră} 'melted pig fat' [Papahagi 1963: 1083; Cunia 2010: 1059]. In Turia there are also such terms as šȶˈep-i {șk'ˈepi} 'suet' and kǝmˈe̯aš-ǝ {kāmeˈașā} 'suet' [Bara et al. 2005:387].
Romanian:grǝs-ˈim-e {grăsime}2
DER 2004: 350; Bolocan et al. 1985: 358; Gancz 2015. Distinct from sew {seu} 'tallow' [DEaLR 2015], unt-ˈur-ǝ {untură} 'melted animal fat' [DEaLR 2015], slǝnˈin-ǝ {slănină} 'the living pig's fat, except the lard / the pig's fat prepared for eating' [Gancz 2015] and osˈɨnz-ǝ {osânză} 'lard' [DEaLR 2015]. Moldavian: grǝs-ˈim-e {grăsime} 'fat' [Podiko 1973: 210; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 112].
Dalmatian:gres {gres}2
The examples are: {la gres del búč} "ox fat" [Bartoli 2002: 238]; {el gres del pu̯árk} "pig fat" [Bartoli 2002: 238]. Distinct from loyt {lói̯t} 'fat, tallow' [Bartoli 2002: 318] (the context is {ju viṡ konpru͡ọr uṅ pau̯k di lói̯t} "I go to buy some tallow" [Bartoli 2002: 237]).
Friulian:gras {gras}2
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 193.
Gardenese Ladin:gras {gras}2
Forni 2015. Distinct from ont {ont} 'grease / fat' [Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 62, 136].
Fassano Ladin:gras {gras}2
DILF 2001: 133. Distinct from ont {ont} 'fat / '(solid) lubrificant / ointment', strˈut-o {struto} 'lard' of Italian origin and sˈony-a {sonja} 'pork fat' [DILF 2001: 133].
Piccone 2015. The second form is Italianized. The collective noun grˈašː-umː-e {grasciumme} is used as well. Distinct from lˈard-u {lardu} 'lard' [Piccone 2015].
This term occurs in the Divine Comedy only once and not exactly in the meaning 'fat', but rather as an abstract concept: {esto pianeto, o, sì come comparte // lo grasso e 'l magro un corpo, così questo // nel suo volume cangerebbe carte} "Or else, as in a body is apportioned // the fat and lean, so in like manner this // would in its volume interchange the leaves" [Par. 2]. However, we have no reason to doubt that this Common Romance term already meant 'fat' in Dante's times.
Standard Italian:grˈasː-o {grasso}2
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1679. Distinct from ˈadip-e {adipe} 'fat', which is used in scientific language [Vitali 2015].
Grosseto Italian:grˈasː-o {grasso}2
Marcelli 2015.
Foligno Italian:lˈard-u {lardu}3
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. The form lˈard-o {lardo} 'fat', influenced by Standard Italian, can be used as well [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016]. Used for solid fat. Distinct from ˈunt-u {untu} 'liquid fat' [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016].
The examples are: {ut quisque acciderat, eum necabam ilico per cerebrum pinna sua sibi, quasi turturem} "As each one dropped, I straightway pierced him through the brain with his own feathers, just like a turtle-dove" [Poen. 486-487]; {Sine pennis volare hau facilest: meae alae pennas non habent} "Without feathers it isn't easy to fly: my wings have got no feathers" [Poen. 871]; {age sis, tu sine pennis vola} "come now, fly you without wings, please" [Asin. 93]. See also the derivates: {ego has habebo usque in petaso pinnulas} "I always shall carry these little wings here upon my broad-brimmed cap" [Amph. 143]; {soleamne esse avis squamosas, piscis pennatos?} "Or whether I'm wont to eat birds with scales, or fish with wings?" [Men. 918]. Another Latin term for 'feather', pɫˈuːm-a {pluma}, is only used figuratively (with such connotations as 'light' or 'insignificant') in Plautus' texts. Probably {pluma} was used for down feathers, as in later Latin or other Romance languages, cf. {verum ita sunt isti nostri divites: si quid bene facias, levior pluma est gratia, si quid peccatumst, plumbeas iras gerunt} "But such are all these rich people of ours: if you do anything of service, their thanks are lighter than a feather; if there's any offence, they show vengeance like lead" [Poen. 811-814]; {Quid ais, homo levior quam pluma, pessime et nequissime, flagitium hominis, subdole ac minimi preti?} "What say you, you fellow lighter than a feather, most rascally and most abandoned - you disgraceful man - you cheat, and most worthless fellow?" [Men. 487-489]; {Pluma haud interest, patronus an cliens probior siet} "It matters not a feather whether a patron or a dependant is the nearest" [Most. 407-408].
Late Classical Latin:pˈɪnː-a {pinna}1
Polysemy: 'feather / wings (in plural)'. Some examples are: {Non enim ovum, quod scimus, illud; sed pinnis et unguibus et oculis et voce etiam perfectum edidit pullum} "and not the usual egg but a fully-fledged chick, with claws and feathers, an ominous portent, that with open eyes" [Met. 9: 33]; {quae pinnis explicitis sine gressu pilae volubilis instabile vestigium plantis roscidis delibantes nec ut maneant inhaerent et iam volare creduntur} "wings outspread, the motionless dew-wet feet barely touching the polished surface of the spinning globe, so as to appear in flight not stationary" (about goddess' statues) [Met. 2: 4]; {eique donaturam istas pinnas et flammas et arcum et ipsas sagittas} "and grant him your wings and torches, bow and arrows" (about Cupid's wings) [Met. 5: 29]; {Iamque alternis conatibus libratis brachiis in avem similis gestiebam; nec ullae plumulae nec usquam pinnulae} "Then I spread out my arms and flapped them up and down one after the other, trying my best to become a bird, as Pamphile had. No plumage appeared, not a single feather!" [Met. 3: 24]. Distinct from pɫˈuːm-a {pluma} 'down feather / down': {sed color psittaco viridis et intimis plumulis et extimis palmulis, nisi quod sola cervice distinguitur} "The parrot is green from the roots of its feathers to their very tips, save only for the markings on the neck" [Florida 12].
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 248; Byhan 1899: 306. Polysemy: 'leaf / feather / peel / fountain pen'. Byhan also mentions the Croatism per {per} [Byhan 1899: 305], which is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:pˈe̯an-ǝ {peánă}1
Papahagi 1963: 835; Cunia 2010: 812; Dalametra 1906: 165; Bara et al. 2005: 390; Goɫąb 1984: 242. Distinct from pˈux-ŭ {puh} 'down' of Slavic origin [Papahagi 1963: 890; Cunia 2010: 864].
Romanian:pˈan-ǝ {pană}1
DER 2004: 352; Bolocan et al. 1985: 986; Gancz 2015. Distinct from puf {puf} 'down' of Slavic origin [Bolocan et al. 1985: 1206]. Moldavian: pˈan-ǝ {pană} 'feather' [Podiko 1973: 593; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 292].
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015. Polysemy: 'feather / down'. Decurtins also mentions the term flum {flum} 'down' of Swiss German origin, but according to Cadruvi, it is not used any more.
The term for the outer feathers: {Non avean penne, ma di vispistrello // era lor modo} "No feathers had they, but as of a bat // their fashion was" (about birds) [Inf. 34]; {Vedi come l'ha dritte verso 'l cielo, // trattando l'aere con l'etterne penne} "See how he holds them pointed up to heaven, // fanning the air with the eternal pinions" (about angel) [Purg. 2] {Verdi come fogliette pur mo nate // erano in veste, che da verdi penne // percosse traean dietro e ventilate} "Green as the little leaflets just now born // their garments were, which, by their verdant pinions // beaten and blown abroad, they trailed behind" (about angels) [Purg. 8]; {in sogno mi parea veder sospesa // un'aguglia nel ciel con penne d'oro} "in dreams it seemed to me I saw suspended // an eagle in the sky, with plumes of gold" [Purg. 9]; {Mosse le penne poi e ventilonne} "He moved his pinions afterwards and fanned us" (about angel) [Purg. 19]; {Tanto voler sopra voler mi venne // de l'esser sù, ch'ad ogne passo poi // al volo mi sentia crescer le penne} "Such longing upon longing came upon me // to be above, that at each step thereafter // for flight I felt in me the pinions growing" [Purg. 27]; {Ognuno era pennuto di sei ali; // le penne piene d'occhi} "Plumed with six wings was every one of them, // the plumage full of eyes" (about the four beasts) [Purg. 29]; {salvo ch'a le penne // Giovanni è meco e da lui si diparte} "saving that in their plumage // John is with me, and differeth from him"(about the four beasts) [Purg. 29]; {e 'l grifon mosse il benedetto carco // sì, che però nulla penna crollonne} "and the Griffin moved his burden benedight, // but so that not a feather of him fluttered" [Purg. 32]; {l'aguglia che lasciò le penne al carro} "the Eagle that left his plumes upon the car" [Purg. 33]; {Siate, Cristiani, a muovervi più gravi: // non siate come penna ad ogne vento, // e non crediate ch'ogne acqua vi lavi} "Christians, be ye more serious in your movements; // be ye not like a feather at each wind, // and think not every water washes you" [Par. 5]; {e sotto l'ombra de le sacre penne // governò 'l mondo lì di mano in mano} "and under shadow of the sacred plumes // it governed there the world from hand to hand" (about eagle) [Par. 6]; {che guidò le penne // de le mie ali a così alto volo} "who piloted // the plumage of my wings in such high flight" [Par. 25]; {e tal ne la sembianza sua divenne, // qual diverrebbe Iove, s'elli e Marte // fossero augelli e cambiassersi penne} "and even such in semblance it became // as Jupiter would become, if he and Mars // were birds, and they should interchange their feathers" [Par. 27]; {e a quel mezzo, con le penne sparte, // vid' io più di mille angeli festanti} "and at that centre, with their wings expanded, // more than a thousand jubilant Angels saw I" [Par. 31]; {ma non eran da ciò le proprie penne} "but my own wings were not enough for this" [Par. 33]. Used also in the figural meaning: {Non ti dovea gravar le penne in giuso, // ad aspettar più colpo} "Thou oughtest not to have stooped thy pinions downward // to wait for further blows" [Purg. 31]; {poi che le prime etadi fuor compiute, // convenne ai maschi a l'innocenti penne // per circuncidere acquistar virtute} "after the earlier ages were completed, // behoved it that the males by circumcision // unto their innocent wings should virtue add" [Par. 32]; {che rïavesse le maschili penne} "ere he could have again his manly plumes" (= gained his primary appearance; about Tiresias) [Inf. 20]. Polysemy: 'feather / pen': {e qui mi scusi // la novità se fior la penna abborra} "and here be my excuse // the novelty, if aught my pen transgress" [Inf. 25]; {Io veggio ben come le vostre penne // di retro al dittator sen vanno strette} "I do perceive full clearly how your pens // go closely following after him who dictates" [Purg. 24]
Distinct from pˈyum-a {piuma} 'down feather': {ché, seggendo in piuma, // in fama non si vien, né sotto coltre} "for sitting upon down, // or under quilt, one cometh not to fame" [Inf. 24]; {pesa il gran manto a chi dal fango il guarda, // che piuma sembran tutte l'altre some} "weighs the great cloak on him from mire who keeps it, // for all the other burdens seem a feather" [Purg. 20]; {tal mi senti' un vento dar per mezza // la fronte, e ben senti' mover la piuma, // che fé sentir d'ambrosïa l'orezza} "so did I feel a breeze strike in the midst // my front, and felt the moving of the plumes // that breathed around an odour of ambrosia" [Purg. 24]; {Quel che rimase, come da gramigna // vivace terra, da la piuma, offerta // forse con intenzion sana e benigna} "That which remained behind, even as with grass // a fertile region, with the feathers, offered // perhaps with pure intention and benign" [Purg. 32].
Russo 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Musella 2015; Cerrone 2015; Alois 2015. Polysemy: 'feather / down'. In addition to this term, the Italian loanword pˈyum-ǝ {piuma} 'feather' can be used as well [Esposito 2015; Matarazzo 2015; Cirillo 2015; Fattoruso 2015]. Grottaminarda: kˈyum-ǝ {chiùme} 'feather' [Morelli 2015].
Logudorese:prˈumː-a {prumma}2
Buttu 2015. Polysemy: 'feather / down'.
Campidanese:pˈinː-a {pinna}1
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 318. Domus de Maria: pˈinː-a {pinna} 'feather' [Fadda 2015]. Distinct from frasːˈad-a {frassada} 'down' of Catalan origin [Fadda 2015].
The basic term for 'fire'. The word fˈɔk-ʊs {focus}, which would replace {ignis} in the Romance languages, in Plautus' times meant 'hearth, fire in the hearth'. Some examples of the use of {ignis} are: {ille olim habuit ignem qui signum daret, hunc ipsum exurit; ego sum Vlixes, cuius consilio haec gerunt} "just as the other formerly had the fire with which to give the signal" [Bac. 939-940]; {Aulas peruortunt, ignem restingunt aqua} "They are upsetting the pots, and putting out the fire with the water" [Cas. 775]; {Inde ignem in aram} "Put fire on the altar" [Mil. 411]; {Iam iubebo ignem et sarmenta, carnifex, circumdari} "I shall at once, you villain, order fire and faggots to be placed around you" [Most. 1114]; {Da illi cantharum, extingue ignem, si cor uritur, caput ne ardescat} "put out the fire, if his heart's in flames, that his head mayn't be burnt" [Persa 801-802];{Quia non iam dudum ante lucem ad aedem Veneris venimus, primae ut inferremus ignem in aram} "Why, because we didn't come long since, before daylight, to the Temple of Venus, to be the first to place fire upon her altar" [Poen. 318-319]; {semper petunt aquam hinc aut ignem aut vascula aut cultrum aut veru aut aulam extarem, aut aliquid} "They are always asking here for water, or for fire, or for vessels, or for a knife, or for a spit, or for a pot for cooking, or something or other" [Rud. 133-135]; {LORARIVS Nullum habemus ignem, ficis victitamus aridis. DAEM. Ego dabo ignem, siquidem in capite tuo conflandi copiast} "SERV. We keep no fire, we live upon dried figs. DÆM. I'll find the fire, if only I have the opportunity of kindling it upon your head" [Rud. 764-765]; {Ignem magnum hic faciam} "I'll be making a great fire here" [Rud. 767]; {Iam hercle ego te barba continuo arripiam, in ignem coniciam} "For, by my troth, I'll forthwith seize you by the head and throw you into the fire" [Rud. 769]; {Facilest inventu: datur ignis, tametsi ab inimico petas} "'Tis easy to be found: fire is granted, even though you should ask it of a foe" [Trin. 679]; {date mi huc stactam atque ignem in aram} "Bring me hither some myrrh and fire for the alta" [Truc. 476].
Examples of use of {focus} are: {convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio, urbem agrum aras focos seque uti dederent} "which ever side should be conquered in that battle, they should surrender up their city, lands, altars, hearths. and themselves" [Amph. 225-226]; {sed mi avos huius obsecrans concredidit thensaurum auri clam omnis: in medio foco defodit, venerans me ut id servarem sibi} "He deposited it in the midst of the hearth, praying me that I would watch it for him" [Aul. 6-8]; {nunc tusculum emi hoc et coronas floreas: haec imponentur in foco nostro Lari, ut fortunatas faciat gnatae nuptias} "Now I've bought a bit of frankincense, and these chaplets of flowers; these shall be placed upon the hearth for our household God, that he may grant a propitious marriage to my daughter" [Aul. 385-387]; {ibi ubi tibi erat negotium, ad focum si adesses, non fissile auferres caput: merito id tibi factum est} "If you had stopped by the fireside, where it was your business, you wouldn't have had your head broken" [Aul. 439-440]; {iuben an non iubes astitui aulas, patinas elui, laridum atque epulas foveri foculis ferventibus?} "Will you order, or will you not order, the pots to be put on, and the saucepans to be washed out, the bacon and the dainties to be made warm in the heated cooking-stoves" [Capt. 845-848].
Late Classical Latin:ˈɪŋn-ɪs {ignis}1
Some examples are: {nec mirum, licet modicum igniculum et manibus humanis laboratum, memorem tamen illius maioris et caelestis ignis velut sui parentis} "But it's no surprise that your tiny flame lit by human hands still retains awareness of that greater celestial fire, as if it was its begetter" [Met. 2: 12]; {ipsum ignis totius deum aduris} "scorching the god of flame himself" [Met. 5: 23]. The term fˈɔk-ʊs {focus} is still used in the meaning 'hearthfire, campfire': {"Discede," inquit "miselle, quam procul a meo foculo, discede} "Away with you, my lad, keep far away from the heat" [Met. 2: 7]; {gregariisque omnibus adfirmavit me sponte vicinorum foculos transeuntem titubanti gradu prolapsum ignem ultroneum accersisse mihi} "telling the farmer I'd purposely walked over a neighbour's outside fire, and deliberately stumbled and slipped" [Met. 7: 20]; {Tunc de brachiorum suorum cita fatigatione conquesta procurrit ad focum} "Then complaining that her arms were too quickly tired, she ran to the hearth" [Met. 7: 28]; {non est ueri simile, nisi forte Crassus non in cubiculum reuersus perrexit, sed suo more recta ad focum} "There is no probability in the story, unless indeed Crassus on his return went not to the bedroom, but after his fashion made straight for the kitchen" [Apologia 58: 7].
Some examples are: {el ju čapùt fúk tòč el palúz del komisari̯u͡ọt} "The palace, where the police station was located, was taken by fire" [Bartoli 2002: 222]; {ju vis levúr joi̯n fu̯ás si brúskole per il fuk} "I go to take a bundle of firewood for the fire" [Bartoli 2002: 240].
The form fˈɔk-o {foco}, influenced by Old Sicilian, is possible as well [Patota 2002: 57]. Some examples are: {ch'i' vidi fuochi e senti' pianti} "I fires beheld, and heard laments" [Inf. 17]; {Dentro dai fuochi son li spirit} "Within the fires the spirits are" [Inf. 26]; {per tutto il tempo che 'l foco li abbruscia} "for all the time the fire is burning them" [Purg. 25]. The term ˈiɲ-e {igne} 'fire' occurs only twice, both time Dante needed it for rhyme: {ma leggi Ezechïel, che li dipigne // come li vide da la fredda parte // venir con vento e con nube e con igne} "But read Ezekiel, who depicteth them // As he beheld them from the region cold // Coming with cloud, with whirlwind, and with fire" [Purg. 29]; {distante intorno al punto un cerchio d'igne // si girava sì ratto, ch'avria vinto // quel moto che più tosto il mondo cigne} "Thus distant round the point a circle of fire // So swiftly whirled, that it would have surpassed // Whatever motion soonest girds the world" [Par. 28].
Voinova et al. 1989: 367. There are two terms for fire: fˈoɣ-u {fogo} 'fire' and lˈum-ǝ {lume} 'light, fire' [Voinova et al. 1989: 367]. The second is used mostly for the designation of a small fire, especially of artificial origin: {tem lume?} "have you got a light (= lighter)?", {acender o lume} "build a fire (= campfire)", {ter o leite ao lume} "to set the milk on fire (= stove)", {em lume brando} "on low heat" (about cooking), while the first term is more common and used for designation of big and/or natural fire: {a casa foi consumida pelo fogo} "the house was consumed by fire" [Pimentel Ferreira 2016].
Galician:fˈɔɣ-o {fogo}2
Montoya Bolaños 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 801; Fernández Armesto 1981: 392; Carré Alvarellos 1972: 964. There are two terms for 'fire': fˈɔɣ-o {fogo} and lˈum-e {lume}. It seems that there is no semantic or any other difference between them [Montoya Bolaños 2016; DRAG 2016], so we include both words into the list as synonyms.
Some examples are: {soleamne esse avis squamosas, piscis pennatos?} "Or whether I'm wont to eat birds with scales, or fish with wings?" [Men. 918]; {Tum piscatores, qui praebent populo pisces foetidos} "Then the fishmongers, who supply stinking fish to the public" [Capt. 813]; {Piscibus in alto, credo, praebent pabulum} "Supplying food for the fishes at the bottom, I suppose" [Rud. 513].
Late Classical Latin:pˈɪsk-ɪs {piscis}1
Cf. some examples: {et profusa in medium sportula iubet officialem suum insuper pisces inscendere ac pedibus suis totos obterere} "and he emptied my basket out on the pavement, and ordered an assistant to crush them to pulp with his feet" [Met. 1: 25]; {ille porcorum, pullorum, piscium et cuiusce modi pulmentorum largissima reliquias} "the chef bringing ample portions of fish, roast-pork, chicken, and other meats" [Met. 10: 13].
Megleno Romanian:pˈe̯ašt-i {peáști}1
Capidan 1935: 219.
Istro Romanian:rˈib-ä {ríbę}-1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 268; Byhan 1899: 328. Borrowed from Croatian {riba} 'fish'. Byhan also mentions the word pešt {peŝt} [Byhan 1899: 305], which is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Bartoli 2002: 237. Some examples are: {ju manai̯ko vuai ku͡ọrno per prínz, pi̯as} "Today I am having meat for lunch, fish" [Bartoli 2002: 242]; {pi̯as frit} 'fried fish' [Bartoli 2002: 243].The form pyas {pi̯as} is a "dalmatianized" borrowing from Venetian. The inherited form is attested by Cubich as {pasch} [Bartoli 2002: 280] and by Petris as {pask} [Bartoli 2002: 295].
Cf. some examples: {e sì traevan giù l'unghie la scabbia, // come coltel di scardova le scaglie // o d'altro pesce che più larghe l'abbia} "and the nails downward with them dragged the scab, // in fashion as a knife the scales of bream, // or any other fish that has them largest" [Inf. 29]; {disparve per lo foco, // come per l'acqua il pesce andando al fondo} "he vanished in the fire // as fish in water going to the bottom" [Purg. 26].
Cf. some examples: {Sine pennis volare hau facilest: meae alae pennas non habent} "Without feathers it isn't easy to fly: my wings have got no feathers" [Poen. 871]; {is odos dimissis manibus in caelum volat} "all then does the odour fly towards heaven with its handhanging down" [Pseud. 841].
Late Classical Latin:vɔɫ-ˈaː-rɛ {volare}1
The example is: {quae pinnis explicitis sine gressu pilae volubilis instabile vestigium plantis roscidis delibantes nec ut maneant inhaerent et iam volare creduntur} "wings outspread, the motionless dew-wet feet barely touching the polished surface of the spinning globe, so as to appear in flight not stationary" [Met. 2: 4].
Megleno Romanian:pǝr-ǝy-ˈes {părăi̯és}-1
Capidan 1935: 215. -ǝy- is an imperfective suffix. Probably borrowed from Slavic (cf. Old Church Slavonic {pariti} 'soar, hover').
Some examples are: {E quale il cicognin che leva l'ala // per voglia di volare} "And as the little stork that lifts its wing // with a desire to fly" [Purg. 25]; {Poi, come grue ch'a le montagne Rife // volasser parte, e parte inver' l'arene} "Then as the cranes, that to Riphaean mountains // might fly in part, and part towards the sands" [Purg. 26].
Standard Italian:vol-ˈa-re {volare}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1709. Distinct from z=vol-acː-ˈa-re {svolazzare} 'to flit, to flutter' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 1184-1185].
Genitive form: pˈɛd-ɪs {pedis}. Some examples are: {itidem habet petasum ac vestitum: tam consimilest atque ego; sura, pes, statura, tonsus, oculi, nasum vel labra, malae, mentum, barba, collus: totus} "His leg, foot, stature, shorn head, eyes, nose, even his lips, cheeks, chin, beard, neck - the whole of him" [Amph. 443-445]; {deduco pedes de lecto clam, ne miles sentiat} "and took my legs quietly from off the couch, so that the Captain mightn't perceive it" [Curc. 361]; {Agite apponite obsonium istuc ante pedes illi seni} "Come, do you set down those provisions before the feet of that old gentleman" [Merc. 779-780].
Distinct from kruːs {crus} 'leg', cf. {cecidissetve ebrius aut de equo uspiam, metuerem ne ibi diffregisset crura aut cervices sibi} "Or if one, in liquor, had tumbled anywhere from his horse, I should have been afraid that he had broken his legs or neck on that occasion" [Mil. 721-722]; {Crura hercle diffringentur} "By the powers, your legs shall be broken" [Asin. 474].
Late Classical Latin:peː-s {pes}1
Some examples are: {manus non iam pedes sunt, sed in erecta porriguntur officia} "my hands were no longer feet but reached out in a proper manner" [Met. 11:13]; {et profusa in medium sportula iubet officialem suum insuper pisces inscendere ac pedibus suis totos obterere} "and he emptied my basket out on the pavement, and ordered an assistant to crush them to pulp with his feet" [Met. 1: 25]. Distinct from kruːs {crus} 'leg': {At Psyche statim resurgentis eius crure dextero manibus} "Yet, as he rose, Psyche clasped his right leg with both hands" [Met. 5: 24]; {Tunc uxor egregia diras devotiones in eum deprecata et crurum ei fragium amborum ominata} "That brazen wife cursing him passionately, expressing the hope he'd trip and break a leg" [Met. 9: 23].
Megleno Romanian:pičˈor {pitšór}1
Capidan 1935: 224. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'.
Istro Romanian:pičˈor {pičór}1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 249; Byhan 1899: 308. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'. Cf. {pičórle rabę́ za mnå} "Feet are for walking",{stópa de pičór} "the sole of the foot" [Kovačec 2010]. Distinct from stˈopä {stópę} 'foot, sole of the foot' [Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 355]. In some idiomatic expressions the Croatism nˈog-a {nóga} can be used as well. Cf. {și i̯o dela i̯urdan am na noge verit ân Žei̯ân ânsa} "and I walked from Jurdani to Žejane all alone" (literally "came on foot'); {ân Učca, na noge se mežęi̯a} "we used to walk on foot to Učka".
Aromanian:čičˈor-ŭ {čičór}1
Papahagi 1963: 354; Cunia 2010: 301-302; Dalametra 1906: 54; Bara et al. 2005: 336; Goɫąb 1984: 210. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'. Distinct from pˈat-ǝ {pátă} 'sole of the foot' [Papahagi 1963: 821; Cunia 2010: 792-793] and pǝtˈun-ǝ {pătúnă} 'sole of the foot' [Papahagi 1963: 834; Cunia 2010: 810; Bara et al. 2005: 337] (both terms are borrowed from some Slavic source). In the Kruševo dialect we also have the term lǝpˈud-ǝ {lǝpúdǝ} 'foot' of Slavic origin [Goɫąb 1984: 231], which means 'sock' in other dialects [Papahagi 1963: 621; Cunia 2010: 580].
Romanian:pičˈor {picior}1
DER 2004: 379; Bolocan et al. 1985: 781-782; Gancz 2015. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'. Distinct from lˈaba pičˈoruluy {laba piciorului} 'foot' (literally 'the paw of the leg'), used when one wants to avoid confusion between 'foot' and 'leg' [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: pičˈor {picior} 'foot / leg' [Podiko 1973: 471-472; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 236-237].
Dalmatian:pins {pins}1
Some examples are: {ju nu se potaja muvúr perké me dùl i pins} "I cannot move because my feet hurt"; {joi̯n pins grés} "a big foot" [Bartoli 2002: 241]. Distinct from gwonb {gu͡ọnb} 'leg', cf. {me dùl la gu̯ánb} "my leg hurts"; {el e kaskút a gu͡ọnb levúte} "he took his heels" (literally "he fell on his raised legs") [Bartoli 2002: 241].
Cf. some examples: {Poi che l'un piè per girsene sospese} "After one foot to go away he lifted" [Inf. 28]; {Elle rigavan lor di sangue il volto, // che, mischiato di lagrime, a' lor piedi // da fastidiosi vermi era ricolto} "These did their faces irrigate with blood, // which, with their tears commingled, at their feet // by the disgusting worms was gathered up" [Inf. 3]. Distinct from gˈamb-a {gamba} 'leg': {Tra le gambe pendevan le minugia} "Between his legs were hanging down his entrails" [Inf. 28].
Marcelli 2015. Distinct from gˈamb-a {gamba} 'leg' [Marcelli 2015].
Foligno Italian:fˈetː-a {fetta}2
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. The examples are: {S'è missu la scarpa su la fetta} "He put the shoe on his foot", {Le fette sò pe camminà} "Feet are for walking" [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016]. In Standard Italian this word means 'slice, piece, strip'; in some dialects it is also used as a pejorative word for 'foot' [Zorko et al. 2002: 342-343]. It has no further certain etymology [Prati 1951: 425]. Distinct from ʒˈamp-a {zampa} 'leg' [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016].
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 221. Distinct from kˈam-ǝ {cama} ˈlegˈ [Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015] and from pˈɔt-ǝ {pota} ˈpawˈ [Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015].
Cf. some examples: {apud mensam plenam homini rostrum deliges} "do you bind down the mouth of a man to a full table" [Men. 89]; {librorum eccillum habeo plenum soracum} "I've got a whole carriage-full of books at home" [Persa 392].
Late Classical Latin:pɫˈeːn-ʊs {plenus}1
Cf. some examples: {sed cum primum praegnationem tuam plenus maturaverit uterus, opimiore fructu praeditam devoraturum} "but once your pregnancy reaches full term and burdens you with its richest fruit, he'll devour you" [Met. 5: 18]; {Sic acceptam cum gaudio plenam urnulam Psyche Veneri citata rettulit} "So Psyche regained the little jar, now full, and quickly brought it to Venus" [Met. 6: 16].
Megleno Romanian:ɐm=plˈin {ạmplín}1
Capidan 1935: 13. The plain prefixless form plin {plin} 'full' is also attested[Capidan 1925: 108], occurring in texts: {ań am ună băsearică plină cu caľ aľbi̯} "I have a church full of white horses" [Capidan 1928: 156], {tipsii̯ă plină di butsmani}"tray full of grape bunches" [Capidan 1928: 98]; however, this form is not found in the dictionary.
Some examples are: {toče le kale fero plái̯ne} "all the roads are full (of men)" [Bartoli 2002: 236]; {joi̯na miṡaráu̯la plai̯na di veṅ} "a mezzaruola full of wine" [Bartoli 2002: 235].
Some examples are: {e le cocolle // sacca son piene di farina ria} "and the cowls // are sacks filled full of miserable flour" [Par. 22]; {La tua città, ch'è piena // d'invidia sì che già trabocca il sacco} "Thy city, which is full // of envy so that now the sack runs over" [Inf. 6].
Standard Italian:pˈyɛn-o {pieno}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1729-1730. Distinct from kˈolm-o {colmo} 'full to the brim' [Battaglia III: 303].
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