Some examples are: {quisque ut steterat iacet optinetque ordinem} "each, as he stood, lay there and kept his rank in death" [Amph. 241]; {Spes atque opes vitae meae iacent sepultae in pectore} "The hopes and resources of my life lie buried in my breast" [Amph. 1053]; {quis hic est senex, qui ante aedis nostras sic iacet?} "Who's this old man that's lying thus before our house?" [Amph. 1072].
Distinct from kʊb-ˈaː-rɛ {cubare} 'to lie (in bed, while sleeping) / to lie (being ill) / to have a sexual intercourse', cf. some examples: {Cubare in navi lippam atque oculis turgidis} "she was in bed, on board the ship, with sore and inflamed eyes" [Mil. 1108]; {Vbi sunt isti scortatores, qui soli inviti cubant?} "Where are those wenchers, who unwillingly lie a-bed alone?" [Amph. 287]; {Immo mecum cenavisti et mecum cubuisti} "On the contrary, you dined with me, and you slept with me" [Amph. 735]; {AMPH. Vbi tu cubuisti? ALC. In eodem lecto tecum una in cubiculo} «AMPH. Where did you lie? ALC. In the chamber, in the same bed together with yourself" [Amph. 808].
Late Classical Latin:yak-ˈeː-rɛ {iacere}1
Some examples are: {atque ego de alto recidens Socraten - nam iuxta me iacebat - superruo cumque eo in terram devolvor} "and I crashed down on top of Socrates who was lying there beside me, and rolled with him on to the ground" [Met. 1: 16]; {Nec deus amator humi iacentem deserens} "As she lay there, her divine lover chose not to desert her" [Met. 5: 24]; { at ille vulnere lucernae dolens in ipso thalamo matris iacens ingemebat} "while he lay in his mother's chamber groaning with pain from his scorched shoulder " [Met. 5: 28]; {Qui praeter altitudinem miniam super quendam etiam vastissimum lapidem propter iacentem} "and he fell from no mean height, onto a huge rock near the house" [Met. 4: 12].
Distinct from kʊb-ˈaː-rɛ {cubare} 'to lie asleep / to have a sexual intercourse': {Ianitor pone stabuli ostium humi cubitans etiam nunc semisomnus} "The porter was lying on the ground at the entrance to the inn, still half-asleep when I cried" [Met. 1: 15]; {tori qua parte cubare consuesti latenter absconde} "hide it in your palm then place it secretly under the pillow where you lie" [Met. 5: 20]; {et pudicissima illa uxore alterorsus disclusa solus ipse cum puero cubans gratissima corruptarum nuptiarum vindicta perfruebatur} "Locking his disgraced wife in another room, he had the boy, and enjoyed the perfect revenge for his ruined marriage" [Met. 9: 28].
Megleno Romanian:zak {zac}1
Capidan 1935: 322. Distinct from mi=kulk {mi culc} 'to lie down' [Capidan 1935: 84]. Cf. {i̯o s-mi culc la ună mārzini, tu la lāntă} "I'll lie down on the one side, you will on the other" [Capidan 1928: 35].
Istro Romanian:zač-ˈɒ {začå}1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 300; Byhan 1899: 388. Distinct from kukˈɒ-se {cucå se} 'to lie down, to go in bed' [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 201; Byhan 1899: 256; Glavina 1905: 72].
Aromanian:ʒˈak-ŭ {dzac}1
Papahagi 1963: 430; Cunia 2010: 424; Dalametra 1906: 86. In the Kruševo dialect there is a construction ˈesku bǝgˈat-ŭ {ésku bǝgátᵘ} 'to lie' [Goɫąb 1984: 207]. Distinct from kˈulk-u {cúlcu} 'to lie down' [Papahagi 1963: 323; Cunia 2010: 347; Dalametra 1906: 71].
Romanian:a=st=ˈa=kulk-ˈat {a sta culcat} ~ a=fˈi=kulk-ˈat {a fi culcat}2
DER 2004: 559; Bolocan et al. 1985: 585; Gancz 2015. Literally 'to stay laid' and 'to be laid'. The verb {a culca} 'to lie down' goes back to the Latin {collocare} 'to put in a particular place' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Distinct from a=zǝč-ˈe̯a {a zăcea} 'to lie very tired, sick or dead' [Gancz 2015]. Moldavian: a=stˈa kulk-ˈat {a sta culcat} 'to lie' [Podiko 1973: 351; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 184].
Dalmatian:
Not attested.
Friulian:yes=i=dis=tir-ˈaːt {jessi distirât}3
Decorte 2015. Literally = 'to be laid'. Distinct from di=stir-ˈaː-si {distirâsi} 'to lie down' [Decorte 2015].
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 70, 159. Literally = 'to stay put', 'to be put'. Besides this term, Forni also mentions the word ǯˈǝž-ǝr {gëjer}, glossed as 'giacere, covare' ('to lie, to become ill') [Forni 2015]; however, it is absent from Gartner's dictionary. Following Forni, we treat these words as synonyms.
Cf. some examples: {Elle giacean per terra tutte quante} "They all were lying prone upon the earth" [Inf. 6]; {chi è quel grande che non par che curi // lo 'ncendio e giace dispettoso e torto} "who is that mighty one who seems to heed not // the fire, and lieth lowering and disdainful" [Inf. 14]; {And I, who have been lying in this pain // five hundred years and more} "E io, che son giaciuto a questa doglia // cinquecent' anni e più" [Purg. 21]. Neither ˈɛsː-e-re=zdray-ˈa-t-o {essere sdraiato} nor ˈɛsː-e-re=korik-ˈa-t-o {essere coricato} are attested.
Standard Italian:ˈɛsː=e=re=zdray-ˈa-t-o {essere sdraiato}7
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1908. Distinct from ˈɛsː-e-re=korik-ˈa-t-o {essere coricato} 'to lie', which is old-fashioned and from ǯač-ˈe-re {giacere} 'to lie', which is less frequent [Vitali 2015]. Distinct from zdray-ˈa-r-si {sdraiarsi} 'to lie down', stˈɛnd-e-r-si {stendersi} to lie down', korik-ˈa-r-si {coricarsi} 'to lie down' [Passerini Tosi 1989: 1908].
Marcelli 2015. Polysemy: 'to lie / to lie down'. Besides this term, the word ǯač-ˈe-re {giacere} ~ dyač-ˈe-re {diacere} 'to lie' is used as well, but it is old-fashioned [Marcelli 2015].
Foligno Italian:štˈɛnː-e-se {stennese}9
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. Distinct from zdrayˈa-sːe {sdrajasse}, cf.{sdrajasse su lu divanu} "to lie down on the sofa" [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016].
Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015. Distinct from kukː-ˈa-ɾi-si {cuccarisi} (Agrigento: kukː-ˈa-ɾi {kukkari}) 'to go to bed' [Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015].
Central Catalan:ǝst=ˈa=stiɾ-ˈa-t {estar estirat}3
Alòs i Font 2015. Polysemy: ˈto lie / to lie downˈ. Distinct from the obsolete and literary term žˈɛw-ɾǝ {jeure} ˈto lieˈ, restricted to animals in spoken language [Alòs i Font 2015].
Valén 2015. There is also the term ʑaθ-ˈe-ɾ {yacer} 'to lie', but it is almost out of use. Distinct from akost-ˈa-ɾ-se {acostarse} 'to lie down'. Distinct from est-ˈa-ɾ=akost-ˈað-o {estar acostado} 'to lie in bed' [Valén 2015].
Standard Portuguese:išt=ˈa=ɾ=dɐyt-ˈað-u {estar deitado}12
Voinova et al. 1989: 258. Distinct from žaz-ˈe-ɾ {jazer} 'to lie (suffering, wounded or dead) [Pimentel Ferreira 2016]. Distinct from dɐyt-ˈa-ɾ-sǝ {deitar-se} 'to lie down' [Voinova et al. 1989: 261].
Galician:deyt-ˈa-ɾ-se {deitarse}12
Montoya Bolaños 2016. Polysemy: 'to lie / to lie down'.
Provençal Occitan:
Not attested.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Not attested.
Old French:ǯez-ˈi-r {jesir}1
EDCT 2014: 601-602. Polysemy: 'to lie, to be lying down / to be bedridden / to pass the night / to sleep with somebody, have sexual relations with somebody / to be (in a certain state (in the figural use))'. Distinct from kouč-ˈye-r {couchier} 'to put sb. to bed / to lay the body of a person or of an animal somewhere / to lie down, to go to bed to spend the night' [EDCT 2014: 258].
Standard French:ɛt=ʁ=kuš-e {être couché}2
Robert-Collins 1989: 381; Rayevskaya 2013: 459. Apart from this term, the expression ɛt=ʁ=a=lɔ̃ž-e {être allongé} 'to lie' is used as well, but it is applied to people or animals that are lying stretched out [Collins-Robert 1989: 22]. Distinct from sǝ=kuš-e {se coucher} 'to lie down' and s=alɔ̃ž-e {s'allonger} 'to lie down' [Robert-Collins 1989: 381-382; Rayevskaya 2013: 460].
The example is {Lien enecat, renes dolent, pulmones distrahuntur, cruciatur iecur, radices cordis pereunt, hirae omnes dolent} "My spleen is killing me, my reins are in torment, my lungs are being torn asunder, my liver is being tortured, my heart-strings are giving way, all my intestines are in pain" [Curc. 236-238].
Late Classical Latin:yˈɔk-ʊr {iocur}1
The examples are: {An hariolis licet iocinera rimari} "Are augurs to be allowed to explore the livers of victims" [Apologia 41: 3]; {lienem vero iocineri non frustra esse finitimum} "It is not a mere coincidence that a spleen is located near a liver" [De dogmate Platonis 1: 15]. It is worth mentioning that Caelius Aurelianus (V century) defines {iecur} using {ficatum}: {ex jecore, hoc est ficato, sanguis proicitur} [Lewis & Short 1958: 744].
Megleno Romanian:drop {drob}-1
Capidan 1935: 117. Borrowed from Macedonian {crn drob} 'liver' or Bulgarian {čeren drob} 'liver'.
Istro Romanian:fikˈɒc {ficåţ}2
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 212; Byhan 1899: 215. Sârbu and Frăţilă also mention the Croatism yetr-a {ietra} 'liver' [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 218].
Papahagi 1963: 554-555; Cunia 2010: 541; Dalametra 1906: 109. Because of the Slavic influence in Turia and Kruševo, this word is used in combination with the adjective lˈay-ŭ 'black' [Bara et al. 2005: 338; Goɫąb 1984: 220].
Probably should be regarded a semantic borrowing from Turkish {karaciğer} 'liver' and {akciğer} 'lung' via Serbo-Croatian ({crna džigerica} 'liver' and {bela dћigerica} 'lung' (as food)) and Slovene ({črna jetra} 'liver' and {bela jetra} 'thymus / sweetbread', recorded by Oroslav Caf in the XIX century [Pleteršnik 2014). Bulgarian {čeren drob} 'liver' and {byal drob} 'lung') are semantic borrowings from Turkish as well. Cf. also Lezgian and Khinalug terms for 'liver'.
Tosi 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Clementi 2015. Salgareda, Vicenza, Arzignano, Marostica. fˈɛgat-o {fègato} 'liver' [Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Serena 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015]. In Venice and Padua both forms are used [Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015].
Primiero Venetian:fˈɛgat-o {fègato}2
Gaio 2015.
Bellunese Venetian:fˈegat-o {fegato}2
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:fˈegat-o {fegato}2
Not attested in Dante's and Petrarch's works, but Boccaccio provides a good example: {un fegato con tutto il polmone d'un vecchissimo cervio} "a liver with all the lung of a very old deer" [Filocolo 4, 31].
Some examples are: {TR. Quin ego ipse et Philolaches in publico omnis porticus sumus commensi. TH. Quid igitur? TR. Longe omnium longissima est} "TR. Why, I myself and Philolaches have taken the measure sure of all the porches in the public buildings. TH. Well, what then? TR. This is far larger than all of them" [Most. 910-911]; {Ita sunt Persarum mores, longa nomina, contortiplicata habemus} "Such is the way with the Persians; we have long names of many words twisted together" [Persa 707-708]; {quis hic homo est cum tunicis longis quasi puer cauponius?} "Who's this fellow with the long skirts, just like a tavern-boy?" [Poen. 1298].
Late Classical Latin:ɫˈɔŋg-ʊs {longus}1
An example is: {Dextra laevaque cautibus cavatis proserpunt ecce longa colla porrecti saevi dracones inconivae vigiliae luminibus addictis et in perpetuam lucem pupulis excubantibus} "On either side fierce serpents slithered from holes in the cliffs, extending their heads, eyes given to unblinking vigil, their pupils on watch at every moment" [Met. 6: 14].
The contexts are: {la fero lu͡ọṅga…ko blái̯te...čiṅk píns} "it is long...if you want...five feet" [Bartoli 2002: 240]; {i kapu̯át ke-i nu̯éstri vetruni zapatáu̯r portúa, el fero lúṅg fenta le skírp} "The coat that our old diggers wore was long to the shoes" [Bartoli 2002: 233].
Some examples are: {le minuzie d'i corpi, lunghe e corte} "the particles of bodies long and short" [Par. 14]; {Noi discendemmo in su l'ultima riva // del lungo scoglio} "We had descended on the furthest bank // from the long crag" [Inf. 29].
Voinova et al. 1989: 135. According to [Pimentel Ferreira 2016], the term kõm=pɾˈið-u {comprido} is usually used in spoken language, while lˈõŋg-u {longo} occurs mostly in the literary one.
The examples are: {item genus est lenonium inter homines meo quidem animo ut muscae, culices, cimices pedesque pulicesque} "The race of Procurers, among mortals, in my way of thinking at least, are just like flies, gnats, bugs, lice, and fleas" [Curc. 499-500]; {Vbi quamque pedem viderat, subfurabatur omnis} "Every louse he saw, he'd emboodle 'em all" [Vid. 220].
Late Classical Latin:pˈeːd-ɪs {pedis}1
Not attested in Apuleius' or in Gellius' text, but there is no doubt that it was {pedis}, attested already in Plautus' texts and survived in all contemporary Romance languages.
Not attested in Chrétien's texts, but there is an adjective peˈoʎ-os {pëoillos} 'infested with lice' [EDCT 2014: 830]; moreover, the Latin term {pediculus} is preserved in all Romance languages, including Modern French.
Polysemy: 'man / husband'. Some examples are: {perpetuom annum hunc mihi uti serviat nec quemquam interea alium admittat prorsus quam me ad se virum} "throughout all this year she is to be at my service, and that, in the meantime, she is to admit no other man whatever to her, besides myself" [Asin. 235-236]; {qui omnis se amare credit, quaeque aspexerit mulier: eum oderunt qua viri qua mulieres} "who thinks that, whatever woman sees him, all are in love with him; whom all, both men and women, detest" [Mil. 1391-1392]; {hau placet, neque id viri officium arbitror} "It pleases me not, nor do I think that the duty of a man" [Stichus 297]; {Ecastor lege dura vivont mulieres multoque iniquiore miserae quam viri. nam si vir scortum duxit clam uxorem suam, id si rescivit uxor, impunest viro; uxor virum si clam domo egressa est foras, viro fit causa, exigitur matrimonio. utinam lex esset eadem quae uxori est viro; nam uxor contenta est, quae bona est, uno viro: qui minus vir una uxore contentus siet? ecastor faxim, si itidem plectantur viri, si quis clam uxorem duxerit scortum suam, ut illae exiguntur quae in se culpam commerent, plures viri sint vidui quam nunc mulieres} "I' faith, the women do live upon hard terms, and, wretched creatures, on much more unjust ones than the men. For if a husband has been keeping a mistress without the knowledge of his wife, if the wife comes to know it, the husband gets off with impunity; if, unknown to the husband, the wife goes from the house out of doors, a pretext arises for the husband, the marriage is dissolved. I wish the law was the same for the husband as for the wife; for the wife that is a good one, is content with one husband; why, any the less, should the husband be content with one wife? By my troth, I'd give cause, if men were punished in the same way (if any one should be keeping a mistress unknown to his wife), as those women are repudiated who are guilty of a slip, that there should be more divorced men than there are women now" [Merc. 817-829]; {Meus vir hic quidem est} "Surely, this is my husband" [Amph. 660].
Distinct from maːs {mas} 'male', which can be applied to human beings as well: {nam tu quidem ad equas fuisti scitus admissarius, qui consectare qua maris qua feminas} "You have your hands quite full enough with the women" (literary: which chase both men and women) [Mil. 1111-1113]; {patefeci fores, eaque eduxi omnem legionem, et maris et feminas} "I opened the door; and by that road I led out all the troop, both men and women" [Most. 1046-1047]; {non hercle hisce homines me marem, sed feminam vicini rentur esse servi militis} "Faith, but these men here, these servants of my neighbour the Captain, take me not to be a man, but a woman, so much do they trifle with me" [Mil. 486-487]; {tune hic amator audes esse, hallex viri, aut contrectare quod mares homines amant?} "What, do you dare to be acting the lover here, you great toe of a man, or to be meddling with an object which masculine men are fond of?" [Poen. 1309-1310]; SCEP. Sed utrum tu masne an femina es, qui illum patrem voces? PL. Vir sum equidem} "SCEP. But whether are you male or female, who are calling him father? PL. Why really, I'm a man" [Rud. 105-106]. As the last context shows, in certain contexts {mas} and {vir} could be synonyms, but {mas} is definitely less frequent, so we include only {vir} in the list.
Along with {mas}, Plautus also once uses its derivate mˈas-kʊɫ-ʊs {masculus}: {Bona femina et malus masculus volunt te} "A good female and a bad male want you" [Cist. 705].
Late Classical Latin:vɪr {vir}1
Polysemy: 'man / husband': {Tunc influunt turbae sacris divinis initiatae, viri feminaeque omnis dignitatis et omnis aetatis} "A mighty throng of men and women of every age and rank, initiates of the sacred mysteries" [Met. 11: 10]; {Proclamares saltem suppetiatum, si resistere vir tantus mulieri nequibas} "You could at least have shouted for help, if a great man like you couldn't handle the women by yourself" [Met. 1: 14]; {"Magnum" inquit "istum virum ac strenuum negotiatorem nacta sum"} "What a brilliant husband I've got, a masterly negotiator!" [Met. 9: 6].
However the term ˈɔm-oː {homo} is used in the meaning 'man (male)' as well: {suaeque dominae custodelam omnem permittit, carcerem et perpetua vincula, mortem denique illam lentam de fame comminatur, si quisquam hominum vel in transitu digito tenus eam contigisset} "he charged him with guarding the lady, threatening incarceration, everlasting chains, violent and shameful death, if any man so much as brushed her in passing with his fingertips" [Met. 9: 17]; {Sed postquam non cervam pro virgine sed asinum pro homine succidaneum videre, nare detorta magistrum suum varie cavillantur} "But on seeing me, no doe replacing a sacrificial virgin, but an ass instead of a boy, they turned up their noses" [Met. 8: 26]; {Et impulsa mensa protenus remotaque cavea producit hominem crebros anhelitus aegre reflantem} "Pushing the table aside, he raised the cage and dragged out the youth who was struggling for breath" [Met. 9: 25]. It seems that in Apuleius' times {homo} had already become the synonym of {vir} in this meaning, so we include both words in the list.
Distinct from mar-ˈiːt-ʊs {maritus} 'husband': {nec enim Charite maritum suum quaerere patiebatur bestias armatas dente vel cornu} "Charite being unable to endure the thought of her husband seeking creatures armed with tusks or horns" [Met. 8: 4]; {Quo dolore commota statim fletu cum clamore sublato maritum suum pastorem illum suppetiatum ciet} "When she felt the sudden pain she screamed and wept, shouting out to her husband, my overseer" [Met. 8: 17].
Megleno Romanian:bǝrb-ˈat {bărbát}3
Capidan 1935: 33-34. Goes back to the Latin {barbatus} 'bearded'. Distinct from {máscur} 'hero, strong man' [Capidan 1935:184].
Istro Romanian:mˈuški {múșki}-1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 231; Byhan 1899: 285. Borrowed from Croatian {muški} 'male, masculine' (adjective). Cf. the informal nominalized adjective {mužský} 'man' in Czech. Another Croatism, muškarac {mușcaraţ} 'man' is mentioned by Sârbu and Frăţilă [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 231]. Byhan also mentions the word bǝrbˈɒt {bo̥rbǫ́t} 'man' [Byhan 1899: 198], which is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:bǝrb-ˈat-ŭ {bărbát}3
Papahagi 1963: 198; Cunia 2010: 189-190; Dalametra 1906: 39; Bara et al. 2005: 346, 355; Goɫąb 1984: 207. Polysemy: 'man / husband'. In the Turia dialect the term misˈokup-ŭ {misˈokupᵘ} 'man' is also used [Bara et al. 2005: 346].
Romanian:bǝrb-ˈat {bărbat}3
DER 2004: 588; Bolocan et al. 1985: 660; Gancz 2015. Distinct from soc {soţ} 'husband' [DER 2004: 473; Bolocan et al. 1985: 659]. Moldavian: bǝrbˈat {bărbat} 'man' [Podiko 1973: 401; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 203].
Dalmatian:om {om} ~ yom {jom}2
Polysemy: 'man / person'. Some examples are: {káu̯k fero tu͡ọnta żi̯ant; joi̯na kál fero tu͡ọnti jóṅ, ne la jultra kál fero tu͡ọnte muľér} "here are a lot of people, one part of us is a lot of men, the other is a lot of women" [Bartoli 2002: 251]; {toče le moľér stentúa: le arúa, le zapúa la tára toča ku̯anta e i ómiṅ tenúa la píp iṅ bu̯ák e kosái̯k i stùa da gu̯ardúrle} "all the women work: they plow, they dig all the ground and the men keep the pipes in their mouth and so they stand watching" [Bartoli 2002: 249]. Distinct from marˈayt {marái̯t} 'husband'. The example is {el mi marái̯t} "my husband" [Bartoli 2002: 246].
Dante uses two terms for 'man': ˈwɔm-o {uomo} (variant: ˈɔm-o {omo}) and mˈasky-o {maschio}. The first one is more frequent in his prosaic texts: {ingegnati, se puoi, d'esser palese // solo con donne o con omo cortese} "do what you can to show your meaning only to ladies, or to men who may be worthy" [VN 19]; {Bieltate appare, dico come questa potenzia si riduce in atto; e prima come si riduce in uomo, poi come si riduce in donna} "And then the beauty, I explain how this potentiality is realized in action: first, how it is realized in a man, then how it is realized in a lady" [VN 20]; {E con ciò sia cosa che, secondo l'usanza de la sopradetta cittade, donne con donne e uomini con uomini s'adunino a cotale tristizia} "And since it was the custom of this city for ladies to gather with ladies and men with men on such occasions" [VN 22]; {Cristo, figliuolo del sovrano Dio e figliuolo di Maria Vergine (femmina veramente e figlia di Giovacchino e d'Adamo); uomo vero, lo quale fu morto da noi, per che ci recò vita} "Christ, son of the sovereign God and son of the Virgin Mary, the true woman and daughter of Joachim and of Adam, the true man who was slain by us, by which he brought us to life" [Conv. 2]; {Dico che "qual donna gentile non crede quello ch'io dico, che vada con lei, e miri li suoi atti" - non dico quale uomo, però che più onestamente per le donne [di donna] si prende esperienza che per l'uomo} "I say that "if some gentle lady disbelieves what I say let her walk with her and mark her gestures" - I do not say "any man," because experience can be acquired more decorously from the example of women than from that of men" [Conv. 3]; {per questi addornamenti vedere cominciaro li uomini ad innamorare di questa donna} "by the sight of these beauties men began to fall in love with this lady" [Conv. 2]. In the Divine Comedy Dante prefers the term mˈasky-o {maschio}: {poi che l'ardite femmine spietate // tutti li maschi loro a morte dienno} "after the daring women pitiless // had unto death devoted all their males" [Inf. 18]; {quando Grecia fu di maschi vòta} "at the time when Greece was void of males} [Inf. 20]; {Vedi Tiresia, che mutò sembiante // quando di maschio femmina divenne} "Behold Tiresias, who his semblance changed, // when from a male a female he became" [Inf. 20]; {poi che le prime etadi fuor compiute, // convenne ai maschi a l'innocenti penne // per circuncidere acquistar virtute} "after the earlier ages were completed, // behoved it that the males by circumcision // unto their innocent wings should virtue add" [Par. 32]; {and many other noble people, not only men but women} "e molt'altra nobile gente, non solamente maschi ma femmine" [Conv. 1]. The attested material does not allow us to differentiate between these terms. In a single occasion, he uses the form vˈir-o {viro}, possibly for rhyming purposes: {ciò avvenia di duol sanza martìri, // ch'avean le turbe, ch'eran molte e grandi, // d'infanti e di femmine e di viri} "and this arose from sorrow without torment, // which the crowds had, that many were and great, // of infants and of women and of men" [Inf. 4].
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 151. Polysemy: ˈman / person / husbandˈ. For an officially married man the word mǝɾˈit {marit} ˈhusbandˈ is also used [Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 186].
North-Western Catalan:ˈɔme {home}2
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015. Polysemy: 'man / person / husband' (more formal word for 'husband' is maɾˈit {marit} [Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015]).
Some examples are: {Edepol, ne tu, aula, multos inimicos habes} "By my faith, you pot, you surely have many enemies" [Aul. 580]; {Cum illa quam tuos gnatus annos multos deamat, deperit, ubi fidemque remque seque teque properat perdere} "With her whom your son has been loving and doting on for years, with whom he's making all haste to ruin credit, property, himself, and yourself" [Epid. 220-221]; {Pauci ex multis sunt amici, homini qui certi sient} "Out of many, there are but few friends that are to be depended upon by a person" [Pseud. 390].
Comparative form: pɫuːs {plus}: {quid ego nunc agam? ne ego edepol veni huc auspicio malo. nummo sum conductus: plus iam medico mercedest opus} "I was hired for a didrachm; I stand in more need now of a surgeon than of wages" [Aul. 447-448]. Superlative form: pɫˈuːr-ʉm-ʊs {plurumus}: {apud aediles pro eius factis plurumisque pessumisque dixi causam, condiciones tetuli tortas, confragosas} "Before the Aedile, in behalf of his doings, very many and very disgraceful, did I plead his cause" [Men. 590-591].
Late Classical Latin:mˈʊɫt-ʊs {multus}1
Cf. some examples: {multarum civitatium obitu et variorum populorum cognito summas adeptum virtutes cecinit} "rightly chose to sing of Odysseus whose powers were refined by seeing many cities and knowing the minds of many men" [Met. 9: 13]; {Multis et variis exanclatis laboribus magnisque Fortunae tempestatibus et maximis actus procellis ad portum Quietis et aram Misericordiae tandem, Luci, venisti} "Lucius, after suffering many labours, buffeted by Fortune's mighty tempests, by the fierce winds of fate, you reach at last the harbour of Peace, the altar of Mercy" [Met. 11: 15].
Megleno Romanian:mult {mult}1
Capidan 1935: 197-198.
Istro Romanian:čˈuda {čúda}-1
Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 372; Glavina 1905: 71. Borrowed from Croatian Chakavian {čuda} 'much, a lot, many'. In the comparative form may=mˈunt {mai̯ múnt}{U+00A0}the old term is preserved [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 231; Byhan 1899: 284; Glavina 1905: 74]. There are also Croatisms nˈoɣo {nóɣo} 'many' and veȶ {vet″} / vˈiše {víșe} 'more', which are sometimes used as well [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 298].
Aromanian:mˈult-u {múltu}1
Papahagi 1963: 711; Cunia 2010: 679-680; Dalametra 1906: 138; Goɫąb 1984: 236. The term mˈal-ǝ {málă} ~ maʎ-ŭ {maľ} 'wealth / richness' of Turkish origin can be occasionally used in the meaning 'many / much' as well. [Papahagi 1963: 652; Cunia 2010: 610; Dalametra 1906: 127]. In the Kruševo dialect the Turkish borrowing bˈaȡi {bág'i} is also used [Goɫąb 1984: 207].
Romanian:mult {mult}1
DER 2004: 590; Bolocan et al. 1985: 644; Gancz 2015. Moldavian: mult {mult} 'many' [Podiko 1973: 391; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 199].
Dalmatian:mwalt {mu̯alt}1
Bartoli 2002: 255. Some examples are: {barme mu̯alt véṅ} "we drink a lot of wine" [Bartoli 2002: 242]; {mu̯alt debiti̯áṅ} "many debts" [Bartoli 2002: 248].
Friulian:tanȶ {tancj}2
Virili 2015. Plural form. Used with both countable and uncountable nouns. Distinct from uŋ=grˈum {un grum} 'many' (literally 'a heap, a pile') and uŋ=mˈɔnt {un mont} (literally 'a mountain'), used only with uncountable nouns [Virili 2015; Decorte 2015, Pirona 1871: 684, 456, 260].
Gardenese Ladin:trwep {truep}3
Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 95, 192. Distinct from šˈaldi {scialdi} 'very' [Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 83, 192]. Cf. some examples: {l fova truepa jënt} "there were a lot of people"; {truepa mutans} "many girls"; {la ie scialdi bela} "she is very beautiful"; {l fova scialdi frëit} "it was very cold". Distinct from the term grum {grum} 'heap', which can be used in the meaning 'many', but it has an expressive shade [Forni 2015; Gartner 1923: 36].
Fassano Ladin:trop {trop}3
DILF 2001: 188. There are two equivalents for 'many' in Fassano: trop {trop} and n=mˈuye {n mụie} and they seem to be synonymous, cf. {ne é vedù tropes} 'I haven't seen a lot' and {ne é vedù n muie} 'I haven't seen a lot' [DILF 2001: 188].
Rumantsch Grischun:bler {bler}4
Schmid 2015.
Sursilvan Romansh:bya {bia}4
Cadruvi 2015; Decurtins 2015. Distinct from mˈas-ǝ {massa} 'mass' and rˈoš-ǝ {roscha} 'heap' [Decurtins 2015].
Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 205. It is the only term for 'many' in the Lanzo dialect.
Barbania Piemontese:ǝŋ=mˈüč {ën mucc}1
Fiandro 2015. There are two expressions for 'many': ǝŋ=mˈüč {ën mucc} and tˈaŋt-i {tanti}. According to [Fiandro 2015], they are synonyms (although the second one is an Italianism, as he asserts).
Carmagnola Piemontese:tˈaŋt-i {tanti}2
Sanero 2015. Plural form. Distinct from üŋ=mˈüč {un mucc}, which is less common and used figuratively [Sanero 2015].
Turinese Piemontese:tˈaŋt {tant}2
Davico 2016. Distinct from ǝŋ=müč {ën mucc} 'many, a lot of', which is very informal.
Vercellese Piemontese:aŋ=mˈüč1
There are two expressions for 'many': tˈaŋč-i (adjective, pl.) and aŋ=mˈüč (adverb). According to [Noris 2015], they are synonyms, cf. yɛ tˈaŋči prˈɛyi par tˈera "There is a lot of stones on the ground" and aŋ mˈüč ad prˈɛyi par tˈera "There is a lot of stones on the ground"; yo tˈaŋči amˈis "I have a lot of friends" and aŋ mˈüč d amˈis "I have a lot of friends". Distinct from aŋ=muŋtˈoːŋ 'a heap'.
Bergamo Lombard:tˈanč-e {tance}2
Garlini 2015. Plural form.
Plesio Lombard:tˈaːnt-i {tanti}2
Selva 2015. Plural form.
Ravennate Romagnol:un=mˈownt {un mônt}5
Ercolani 1960: 266. Literally 'a mountain'.
Ferrarese Emiliano:parˈɛč {parècc}6
Piacentini 2015.
Carpigiano Emiliano:tant {tant}2
Sacchi 2015. Distinct from na=mˈuča=d {na mùcia 'd} 'many' (colloquial) and from di=mˈɔnd-i {dimòndi} 'many', used for designation of the multitudes, which include various and different objects.
Reggiano Emiliano:taːnt {tânt}2
Chertein 2015.
Rapallo Ligurian:mˈuǯː-u1
Fasce 2015.
Genoese Ligurian:iŋ=mˈuǯː-u {in mǒggiǒ}1
Parodi 2015.
Stella Ligurian:di=bˈäl-i {di bǽli}7
Piccone 2015. Masculine form. Feminine is de=bˈäl-e {de bǽle}. Cf. {Mi de amixi ghe n'ho di bǽli} ~ {Mi ghe n'ho di bǽli amixi} "I have many friends" and {Preie pe taera u ghe n'è de bǽle} "There is a lot of stones on the ground" [Piccone 2015].
Venice Venetian:tˈaŋt-i {tanti}2
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015; Clementi 2015; Serena 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015. Plural form. In colloquial speech the expression un=sˈak-o=de {un saco de} (literally 'a bag of') is also used [Tosi 2015]. Tre, Busato and Poletto also mention the term un=mˈuč-o=de {un mucio de} 'many' as a synonym [Tre 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015]. Among tˈaŋt-i {tanti} Melon mentions the term mˈolt-i {molti} 'many', which should be an Italianism [Melon 2015].
Primiero Venetian:tˈaŋt-i {tanti}2
Gaio 2015. Plural form.
Bellunese Venetian:tˈaŋt-i {tanti}2
Caneve 2015. Plural form.
Old Italian:mˈolt-o {molto}2
Some examples are: {fu imperadrice di molte favelle} "the empress was of many languages" [Inf. 5]; {D'anime nude vidi molte gregge} "Of naked souls beheld I many herds" [Inf. 14]. Distinct from tˈant-o {tanto} 'so many / very', which has an intensified meaning: {e perché tanti secoli giaciuto // qui se'} "and why so many centuries thou hast here // been lying" [Purg. 21]; {e noi venimmo al grande arbore adesso, // che tanti prieghi e lagrime rifiuta} "and now we came unto the mighty tree // which prayers and tears so manifold refuses" [Purg. 24].
Standard Italian:mˈolt-o {molto}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1942. Polysemy: 'many / very'. There are two expressions for 'many': mˈolt-o {molto} and tˈant-o {tanto}. According to [Vitali 2015], they are synonyms.
Grosseto Italian:tˈant-o {tanto}2
Marcelli 2015. The form mˈolt-o {molto} 'many' is used as well, but it is less frequent [Marcelli 2015].
Foligno Italian:tˈant-u {tantu}2
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. Apart from this term, the equivalent n=ʒˈakː-u {'n zaccu} 'a lot of' (literary 'a bag of') can also be used [Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016].
Neapolitan:asːˈay-ǝ {assaje}8
Russo 2015; Matarazzo 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Musella 2015; Cerrone 2015. There are two words for 'many' in Neapolitan: asːˈay-ǝ {assaje} and parˈikːy-ǝ {paricchie}. According to [Russo 2015], they are synonymous. Distinct from tˈant-ǝ {tanto} 'many', which is less frequent, from nu=sˈakː-ǝ =ǝ {nu sacco 'e} 'many' (litterally: 'a bag of'), nu=kˈwofan-ǝ =ǝ {nu cuofano 'e} 'many' (literally: 'a chest of'), nu=tˈumːul-ǝ =ǝ {nu tummulo 'e} 'many' and nu=muntˈon-ǝ =ǝ {nu muntone 'e} 'many', which are more colloquial and emphatic [Russo 2015].
Logudorese:mˈed-as {medas}9
Buttu 2015. Plural form.
Campidanese:mˈeða {meda} ~ mˈera {mera}9
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 269. Domus de Maria: mˈeða {meda} 'many' [Fadda 2015].
Palermitan Sicilian:asːˈa-i {assai}8
Messina 2015; Ornato 2015; La Bua 2015. There is also a term un=sˈakː-u {un saccu} 'many' (literally 'a bag') [Messina 2015]. Buscemi: asːˈa-i {assai} 'many' [Coccimiglio 2016].
Messinese Sicilian:asːˈa-i {assai}8
Salzano 2015; Stornanti 2015; Sorbello 2015. There is also a term un=sˈakː-u {un saccu} 'many' (literally 'a bag').
Catanian Sicilian:asːˈa-i {assai}8
Corsaro 2015; La Mattina 2015; Salerno 2015.
South-Eastern Sicilian:asːˈa-i {assai}8
Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015. Distinct from mˈaɲ-u {magnu} 'for a long time' [Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015].
Central Catalan:moɫ {molt}1
Alòs i Font 2015; Llorens 2015; EDCC 1993: 197.
North-Western Catalan:moɫ {molt}1
Montagut 2015; Balletbò 2015.
Minorcan Catalan:moɫt {molt}1
Cardona 2015.
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:moɫt {molt}1
Barreda 2015.
Valencia Catalan:moɫt {molt}1
Pérez i Sanchis 2015.
Manises Catalan:moɫt {molt}1
Pedrós 2015.
Castilian Spanish:mˈuč-o {mucho}1
Valén 2015.
Asturian:mˈunč-o {muncho}1
Riego-Delgado 2016. Cf. the following example: {Tengo munchos collacios} "I have many friends". Langreo: mˈunč-u {munchu} 'many' [González Rato 2016].
Coupier 1995: 140-141. There are two expressions for 'many': fˈɔɾs-o {forço} and bɾav-amˈeŋ {bravamen}. Coupier mentions them as synonyms. Two other expressions for 'many' listed by Coupier are abˈɔɾt {abord} and tutplˈˈeŋ {tout-plen} [Coupier 1995: 140-141].
Most probably of Germanic origin. Does not have a separate entry in the EDCT, but very frequently occurs in texts, cf. some examples: {.I. cercle d'or ovré a flors // de maintes diverses colors // les puceles el chief li metent} "The maids, moreover, wove a fillet of flowers of many various colours and placed it upon her head" (Erec 1639-1641); {antor li avoit mainte dame} "round about her was many a fair lady" (Erec 2405); {Se li ciax chiet et terre font, // dons sera prise mainte aloe} "if the sky fails and the earth melts, then many a lark will be caught" (Erec 4408-4409); {li rois Evrains, cui niés je sui, // m'adoba veant mainz prodomes} "King Evrain, whose nephew I am, dubbed me a knight in the presence of many honourable men" (Erec 6020-6021). The inherited term mowt {mout} is usually used in the meaning 'very', but occasionally occurs as 'many', cf. {Lucans i fu li botelliers; // mout i ot de boens chevaliers} "Lucan the cupbearer was there, too, and many another doughty knight" (Erec 1509-1510).
Leplubo 2016. The example is: {j'ai granmint d' amis} "I have many friends" [Leplubo 2016].
Walloon:bʀaː-mɛ̃ {brâmint}11
Mahin 2016. There are two terms for 'many': bʀaːmɛ̃ {brâmint} and beːkõː {bêcônp}. Their distribution is such that the first one can be used in positive and negative sentences, whereas the second one may only be used in negative contexts, cf. the examples: {gn aveut brâmint des djins} "there were many people" and {i gn aveut nin bêcôp des djins} "there were not many people". We include only the first term in the list. Rifondou: bʀaːmɛ̃ {brеmint} 'many', bɛːkɔ̃ː {beacôp} '(not) many'.
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Archaic Latin:
Late Classical Latin:
Megleno Romanian:
Istro Romanian:may=mˈunt {mai̯ múnt}1
Comparative form.
Aromanian:
Romanian:
Dalmatian:
Friulian:
Gardenese Ladin:
Fassano Ladin:n=mˈuye {n mụie}1
DILF 2001: 188.
Rumantsch Grischun:
Sursilvan Romansh:
Surmiran Romansh:
Vallader Romansh:
Lanzo Torinese Piemontese:
Barbania Piemontese:tˈaŋt-i {tanti}2
Fiandro 2015.
Carmagnola Piemontese:
Turinese Piemontese:
Vercellese Piemontese:tˈaŋč-i2
Noris 2015.
Bergamo Lombard:
Plesio Lombard:
Ravennate Romagnol:
Ferrarese Emiliano:
Carpigiano Emiliano:
Reggiano Emiliano:
Rapallo Ligurian:
Genoese Ligurian:
Stella Ligurian:
Venice Venetian:
Primiero Venetian:
Bellunese Venetian:
Old Italian:
Standard Italian:tˈant-o {tanto}2
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1942.
Grosseto Italian:
Foligno Italian:
Neapolitan:parˈikːy-ǝ {paricchie}6
Russo 2015.
Logudorese:
Campidanese:
Palermitan Sicilian:
Messinese Sicilian:
Catanian Sicilian:
South-Eastern Sicilian:
Central Catalan:
North-Western Catalan:
Minorcan Catalan:
Castelló de la Plana Catalan:
Valencia Catalan:
Manises Catalan:
Castilian Spanish:
Asturian:
Standard Portuguese:
Galician:
Provençal Occitan:bɾav-amˈeŋ {bravamen}11
Coupier 1995: 140-141.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:
Old French:
Standard French:
Picard:
Walloon:
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Archaic Latin:kˈar-oː {caro}1
Genitive form: kˈarn-ɪs {carnis}. The example is: {adveniens deturbavit totum cum carne carnarium: arripuit gladium, praetruncavit tribus tegoribus glandia} "On his arrival, the whole larder, with the meat, he turned upside down. He seized a knife, and first cut off the kernels of the neck from three sides" [Capt. 914-915].
Late Classical Latin:kˈar-oː {caro}1
Some examples are: {obtruncato protinus eo intestina quidem canibus nostris iacta, ceteram vero carnem omnem operariorum cenae reserva} "throw his guts to the dogs but keep the rest of the meat for our meal" [Met. 7: 22]; {id offerebant mihi, carnes lasere infectas} "they offered me meat seasoned with giant fennel" [Met. 10: 16].
Megleno Romanian:kˈarn-i {cárni}1
Capidan 1935: 61. Capidan also mentions a word ˈbib-ǝ {bíbă} of Albanian origin, referring to an informant from Oșani village [Capidan 1935: 38], but it does not occur in the texts.
Istro Romanian:kˈɒrn-e {cårne}1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 196; Byhan 1899: 251. Sârbu and Frăţilă also mention a Croatism mˈes-o {meso} 'meat' [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 228].
Aromanian:kˈarn-e {cárne}1
Papahagi 1963: 248; Cunia 2010: 236; Dalametra 1906: 49; Bara et al. 2005: 385; Goɫąb 1984: 224.
Some examples are: {ju manai̯ko vuai k̯u͡ọrno per prínz, pi̯as...} "Today I am having meat for lunch, fish…" [Bartoli 2002: 242]; {joi̯n bàr de luṡmaríṅ ke se mi̯at dránte ne la k̯u͡ọrno ráu̯sta} "A tuft of rosemary which is put on the roasted meat" [Bartoli 2002: 239].
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Clementi 2015; Serena 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015. Zanetti also mentions the term čˈič-a {cicia} 'meat' as a synonym in the Veronese dialect [Zanetti 2015].
Primiero Venetian:kˈarn-e {carne}1
Gaio 2015.
Bellunese Venetian:kˈarn-e {carne}1
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:kˈarn-e {carne}1
Cf. some examples: {ciascun rivederà la trista tomba, // ripiglierà sua carne e sua figura} "each one shall find again his dismal tomb, // shall reassume his flesh and his own figure" [Inf. 7]; {l'altr' era come se le carni e l'ossa} "the second was as if her flesh and bones" [Purg. 29].
Standard Italian:kˈarn-e {carne}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 1952.
Grosseto Italian:kˈarn-e {carne}1
Marcelli 2015.
Foligno Italian:čˈičː-a {ciccia}2
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016. In Standard Italian it is used as a word for 'meat' in children's speech. Originates from "baby talk" [Zarko et al. 2002: 170; Prati 1951: 277].
Buttu 2015. Goes back to Vulgar Latin {petia} 'piece', which is borrowed from Gaulish {*pettia} 'piece' < Proto-Celtic {*kezdi-} 'piece, portion', which is probably of substrate origin [Matasović 2009: 179], but we do not regard this word as a borrowing, since the meaning shift {'piece (of meat)' > 'meat'} took place already in Logudorese.
Campidanese:pˈɛcː-a {pezza}3
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 315. See notes on 'meat' for the Logudorese list. Domus de Maria: pˈɛcː-a {pezza} 'meat' [Fadda 2015].
Leplubo 2016. Distinct from šaʁ {char} 'flesh', borrowed from Standard French [Leplubo 2016].
Walloon:čoːʀ {tchaur}1
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: čɔː {tchå} 'meat'.
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Archaic Latin:ɫˈuːn-a {luna}1
Cf. some examples: {nam neque se Septentriones quoquam in caelo commovent, neque se Luna quoquam mutat atque uti exorta est semel} "for neither does the Wain move itself in any direction in the sky, nor does the Moon bestir herself anywhere from where she first arose" [Amph. 273-274]; {Si tu illum solem sibi solem esse diceres, se illum lunam credere esse et noctem qui nunc est dies} "That if you were to say that this sun was the sun, he would believe it was the moon, and that that is the night which is now the day" [Bac. 699-700]; {non ego item facio ut alios in comoediis <vi> vidi amoris facere, qui aut nocti aut die aut soli aut lunae miserias narrant suas} " I am not doing like as I have seen other lovers do in Comedies, who relate their woes either to the night or to the day, or to the Sun or to the Moon" [Merc. 3-5].
Late Classical Latin:ɫˈuːn-a {luna}1
Cf. some examples: {istud mendacium tam verum est quam siqui velit dicere magico susurramine amnes agiles reverti, mare pigrum conligari, ventos inanimes exspirare, solem inhiberi, lunam despumari, stellas evelli, diem tolli, noctem teneri} "Now that story was about as true as if you'd said magic spells can make rivers flow backwards, chain the sea, paralyze the wind, halt the sun, squeeze dew from the moon, disperse the stars, banish day, and lengthen night!" [Met. 1: 3]; {video praemicantis lunae candore nimio completum orbem commodum marinis emergentem fluctibus} "saw the moon's orb at the full, shining with dazzling brilliance, emerging from the sea" [Met. 11: 1].
Distinct from mˈeːns-ɪs {mensis} 'month': {Sed ecce siderum ordinatis ambagibus per numeros dierum ac mensuum remeans annus post mustulentas autumni delicias ad hibernas Capricorni pruinas deflexerat} "But when the stars, moving in their appointed courses, had passed through days and months and the year declined from the delights of the autumn vintage to wintry frosts under Capricorn" [Met. 9: 32].
Megleno Romanian:lˈun-ǝ {lúnă}1
Capidan 1935: 175. Distinct from mes {mes} «month»: {după nǫu̯ meș} "after the new moons"; {pristi un mes di văcǫt} "in a month" [Capidan 1935: 188]; {și tsela fitšoru di una săptămǫnă ca si feasi, ra ca di un an, di un mes ca si feasi, ra ca di zatsi ań. și tsela fitšoru ca si feasi di un doi̯ meș <...>} "And when the boy was one week old, he looked if he were one year old, when he was a month year old, he looked as if he were 10 years old. And when the child was two-months old <...>" [Capidan 1928: 130]; {dupu uneac timp muľarea chinisi greau̯ă și dupu un mes feasi un fitšor}"not long after this woman became pregnant and a month later she gave birth to a son" [Capidan 1928: 74].
Bartoli 2002: 236. Some examples are: {toč i ku̯árt de la lói̯na} "all the quarters of the moon" (Udina) [Bartoli 2002: 236]; {Jái̯me la loina pláina} "We have the full moon"; {For la loina nua} "It becomes a new moon" (Cubich, Trieste) [Bartoli 2002: 276]. Distinct from mis {mis} 'month' {joi̯n jái̯n e joi̯n mís} "a year and a month" [Bartoli 2002: 226].
Caneve 2015. Distinct from mˈez-e {mese} 'month' [Caneve 2015].
Old Italian:lˈun-a {luna}1
Some examples are: {e già iernotte fu la luna tonda} "and yesternight the moon was round already" [Inf. 21]; {pria lo scemo de la luna} "sooner had the moon's decreasing disk" [Purg. 10].
Genitive form: mˈɔnt-ɪs {montis}. Some examples are: {neque mihi ulla obsistet amnis nec mons neque adeo mare, nec calor nec frigus metuo neque ventum neque grandinem} "and neither shall any river stand in my way, nor mountain, nor the sea, indeed, nor heat, nor cold" [Merc. 859-860]; {tum argenti montes, non massas habet, Aetna mons non aeque altos} " Then, of silver, he has mountains, not ingots; Aetna is not so high" [Mil. 1065]; {Picis divitiis, qui aureos montes colunt, ego solus supero} "I, by myself, exceed the riches of the Griffins, who inhabit the golden mountains" [Aul. 701-702].
Late Classical Latin:moːn-s {mons}1
Some examples are: {Mons horridus silvestribusque frondibus umbrosus et in primis altus fuit} "The mountain was rugged, shaded by leafy forests, and very high" [Met. 4: 6]; {Nam collo constrictum reductum eum pastores molesti contra montis illius silvosa nemora unde lignum puer solebat egerere} "The aggrieved men roped him by the neck and dragged him towards the forested slope of the mountain where the lad had gone to fetch timber" [Met. 7: 25]; {Tuam maiestatem perhorrescunt aves caelo meantes, ferae montibus errantes, serpentes solo latentes, beluae ponto natantes} "The birds flying in the sky, the wild beasts that prowl the mountains, the serpents that lurk underground, the very monsters of the deep tremble at your power" [Met. 11: 25].
Megleno Romanian:mˈunt-i {munti}1
Capidan 1935: 198.
Istro Romanian:kˈodr-u {códru}2
Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 243. In the southern dialects 'mountain' is designated by the word kˈodru, which, however, means 'woods' in Žejane (in the southern dialects the woods are designated by the word bˈoškä {boŝkę} [Byhan 1899: 196]). Cf. {E din codru cu bașkerle} "From the mountain down in bundles" (Nova Vas); {Su codru åto nu bivescu mę måi̯e ni čåče} "My mother and my father no longer live under the mountain" (Jesenovik); {Męre voi̯ ân te codru neziręi̯ lu stele} "I will go to the mountain to look at the stars" (Jesenovik); {Viro, viro-m nåsta, codru Ân me somnu. Codru, viro...} "Come, come back to me, mountain in my dream. Mountain, come..." (Jesenovik); {Mę selișta și me codru și våle} "My village and my mountain and valley" (Jesenovik); {Co de dvai̯spetega av česta codru raspartit} "They divided these woods around [the year nineteen] twenty-five" (Žejane); {E måi̯a av fost ân codru tota zii̯a} "And my mother was in the woods all day" (Žejane); {Užęi̯t-av i̯i čuda vote pârla måi̯a-betâra preste codru, i̯uva av bivęi̯t. Måi̯a av le Roi̯șebaretiţe vâc cuvintåt neca prin codru vred męže, neca nu ľi se čeva fåče. Și o zi av Roi̯șebaretiţa ân codru âni̯urbåt lupu.} "She often went across the wood to visit her grandmother who lived there. Her mother always advised Little Red Riding Hood to walk fast across the wood so nothing happens to her. One day, Little Red Riding Hood ran into a wolf while walking in the wood." (Žejane). In the Žejane dialect the Croatism planˈin-a {planina} is used in the meaning 'mountain' [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 250]. Cf. {Sus ân čésta planína, sta vârh če se vęde colę Șíia se cľåma} "Above this mountain there is a peak, which can be seen from here, its name is Șíi̯a" [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 52]. The meaning shift 'woods' > 'mountain' (cf. Romanian {codru} 'woods, forest'), is perhaps the result of Slavic influence (cf. Bulgarian {gora} 'woods, forest' < PSl. {*gora} "mountain"). Byhan also mentions three following Slavicisms: briɣ {brig} 'mountain, bank' [Byhan 1899: 199], vr̥h {vrh} 'top, mountain' [Byhan 1899: 386] and gˈor-ä {górę} 'mountain' [Byhan 1899: 224]. Only the first one is present in Kovačec's dictionary, where it is translated as Croatian {brijeg} and {brdo} 'hill'. In Sârbu and Frăţilă glossary this word has the same translation as Romanian {deal} and {colină} 'hill' [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 193]. Apparently, the second one has the same meaning as Croatian {vrh}: 'top, peak'. Cf. some examples: {vrh de vetrina ân cuhińe câtra gåi̯ba} "the cupboard which has a bird cage on top of it"; {la vŕhu de Utška} "auf Höhe von Utschka" [Weigand 1894: 150-151]. The third one is absent from Kovačec's dictionary and from texts.
Aromanian:mˈunt-e {múnte}1
Papahagi 1963: 714; Cunia 2010: 682; Bara et al. 2005: 311; Dalametra 1906: 139; Goɫąb 1984: 236.
Some examples are: {munčái̯ grúnt} "big mountains" [Bartoli 2002: 235] {ju vìs sul mu̯ánt} "I walk on the mountain" [Bartoli 2002: 252].
Friulian:mɔnt {mont}1
Decorte 2015; Virili 2015; Pirona 1871: 685, 260.
Gardenese Ladin:krǝp {crëp}-1
Forni 2015. A possible substrate borrowing. There are two expressions for 'mountain' in Forni's dictionary: krǝp {crëp} and mont {mont}. The second one is used mostly in the meaning 'mountain pasture', figuratively and in some collocations (cf. {jì sa mont a sië} "to go to the mountain pasture to scythe grass"; {na mont de libri} "a heap of books" (literally "a mountain"); {na utia da mont} "alpine refuge"; {l nëiv sun la montes} "it is snowing on the relief"; {jì da mont su} / {jì sa mont} / {jì su per chëla montes} "to go to mountains" [Forni 2015]), while the first one is more common.
Fassano Ladin:krˈep-a {crepa}-1
DILF 2001: 188, 410. A possible substrate borrowing. Distinct from mont {mont} 'heap / mountain' [DILF 2001: 496].
Parodi 2015. Of uknown origin. Besides this term, the Italianism munt-ˈaɲ-a {muntagna} can be used as well.
Stella Ligurian:brˈikː-u {brìccu}5
Piccone 2015. Polysemyː 'hill / mountain'. Distinct from munt-ˈaɲ-a {muntàgna}, which is rather unfrequent and reserved for very big and high mountains (such as Mont Blanc or Mount Everest) [Piccone 2015].
Venice Venetian:moŋt-ˈaɲ-a {montagna}1
Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015. The term mˈoŋt-e {monte} 'mountain' is used as well [Tre 2015; Clementi 2015; Serena 2015].
Primiero Venetian:moŋt-ˈaɲ-a {montagna}1
Gaio 2015.
Bellunese Venetian:moŋt-ˈaɲ-a {montagna}1
Caneve 2015.
Old Italian:mˈont-e {monte} ~ mont-ˈaɲ-a {montagna}1
Cf. some examples: {così com' ella sie' tra 'l piano e 'l monte} "even as it lies between the plain and mountain" [Inf. 27]; {chi m'avria tratto su per la montagna?} "who would have led me up along the mountain?" [Purg. 3].
Standard Italian:mont-ˈaɲː-a {montagna} ~ mˈont-e {monte}1
Genitive form: ˈoːr-ɪs {oris}. Polysemy: 'mouth / face'. Cf. some examples: {Specie venusta, ore atque oculis pernigris} "Of agreable form, with a small mouth, and very dark eyes" [Poen. 1113]; {eripe ex ore tibias} "Take your pipes out of your mouth" [Stichus 718].
Late Classical Latin:oːs {os}1
Used both for human and animal mouth: {iam patentis oris inhalatu cinnameo et occursantis linguae inlisu nectareo prona cupidine adlibescenti} "her mouth opened, her breath was like cinnamon, and her tongue darted against mine with a taste of nectar, in unrestrained desire" [Met. 2: 10]; {Propheta sic propitiatus herbulam quampiam ob os corporis et aliam pectori eius imponit} "The seer, yielding to his request, touched the corpse's mouth with a certain little herb and placed another on its chest" [Met. 2: 28].
The term bˈʊkː-a {bucca} still means 'cheek': {sic tuis istis micantibus oculis et rubentibus bucculis et renidentibus crinibus et hiantibus osculis et flagrantibus papillis in servilem modum addictum atque mancipatum teneas volentem} "a slave, and a willing one, to your flashing eyes and blushing cheeks, your gleaming hair, your parted lips, your fragrant breasts" [Met. 3: 19]; {Cupidinis buccula manuque ad os suum relata consaviat} "Jupiter tweaked Cupid's cheek, raised the lad's hand to his lips, kissed it and replied" [Met. 6: 22]. But Petronius already uses {bucca} also in the meaning 'mouthful': {Non mehercules hodie buccam panis invenire potui} "I couldn't even get a mouthful of bread today" [Satyricon 44].
Megleno Romanian:rost {rost}2
Capidan 1935: 251. Distinct from ˈgur-ǝ {gúră} 'mouth of an animal'. Cf. {ari rostu rășărit (dispicat) ca gură di măgar} "his mouth is as big as a donkey's" (about a man who has a stentorian voice) [Capidan 1928: 219].
Papahagi 1963: 507; Cunia 2010: 521-522; Dalametra 1906: 103; Bara et al. 2005: 335; Goɫąb 1984: 218.
Romanian:gˈur-ǝ {gură}3
DER 2004: 624; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1297; Gancz 2015. Goes back to the Latin {gula} 'gullet, throat' [Ciorănescu 2015]. Moldavian: gˈur-ǝ {gură} 'mouth' [Podiko 1973: 812; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 392]. Distinct from bˈuk-ǝ {bucă} 'buttock / cheek (of the face)' [Andronescu 1964: 25]
Dalmatian:bwak {bu̯ak}-1
Some examples are: {ju ai̯ la bu̯ak stu̯árt e la me dúl} "I have a twisted mouth and it hurts me" [Bartoli 2002: 240]; {el avás la čík iṅ bu̯ák} "He has a cigarette stub in his mouth" [Bartoli 2002: 233]. A Venetian borrowing.
Generic term for human and animal mouth: {la bocca mi basciò tutto tremante} "kissed me upon the mouth all palpitating" [Inf. 5]; {le bocche aperse e mostrocci le sane} "His mouths he opened, and displayed his tusks" (about Cerberus) [Inf. 6].
Viret 2013: 336-337. Goes back to Latin {gula} 'throat'. In some villages reflexes of Latin {bucca} are used in the meaning 'mouth' as well (usually along with the reflexes of {gula}) [Viret 2013: 336-337].
Old French:bˈoč-ǝ {boche}4
EDCT 2014: 141-142. Distinct from gˈol-ǝ {gole} 'human throat / the front part of the neck / woman breast / animal mouth' [EDCT 2014: 555].
Standard French:buš {bouche}4
Robert-Collins 1989: 434; Rayevskaya 2013: 577. Distinct from gœl {gueule} 'mouth of an animal' [Robert-Collins 1989: 434].
Picard:buk {bouke}4
Leplubo 2016.
Walloon:buč {boutche}4
Mahin 2016. Rifondou: bok {boke} ~ buč {boutche} 'mouth'.
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Archaic Latin:nˈoː-mɛn {nomen}1
Some examples are: {Nunc cuius iussu venio et quam ob rem venerim dicam simulque ipse eloquar nomen meum} "I'll tell you, and at the same time, myself, I will disclose my name" [Amph. 17-18]; {nam iam ex hoc loco ibo ego ad tres viros vostraque ibi nomina faxo erunt} "for now from this spot will I go to the Triumvirs, and there I'll take care your names shall be" [Asin. 130-132]; {immutat nomen avos huic gemino alteri; ita illum dilexit, qui subruptust, alterum: illius nomen indit illi qui domi est, Menaechmo, idem quod alteri nomen fuit; et ipsus eodem est avos vocatus nomine (propterea illius nomen memini facilius, quia illum clamore vidi flagitarier). ne mox erretis, iam nunc praedico prius: idem est ambobus nomen geminis fratribus} "the grandfather changed the name of that other twin. So much did he love that one which had been stolen, that he gave his name to the one that was at home. That you may not mistake hereafter, I tell you then this beforehand; the name of both the twin-brothers is the same. He gave the same name of Menaechmus to this one as the other had; and by the same name the grandfather himself was called" [Men. 40-48].
Late Classical Latin:nˈoː-mɛn {nomen}1
Some examples are: {Ego sum Byrrhena illa, cuius forte saepicule nomen inter tuos educatores frequentatum retines} "I am Byrrhena, whose name I think you'll often have heard among those who educated you" [Met. 2: 3]; {inter ipsas turbelas Graecorum genuino sermone nomen augustum Caesaris invocare temptavi} "I tried to shout Caesar's august name, among those Greeks, in my native tongue" [Met. 3: 29].
Megleno Romanian:nˈum-i {númi}1
Capidan 1935: 209.
Istro Romanian:lˈume {lúme}1
Kovačec 2010; Byhan 1899: 269; Glavina 1905: 73. In some idiomatic expressions the Croatism ˈime {íme} ~ ˈyime {i̯íme}is used as well [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 218].
DER 2004: 631; Bolocan et al. 1985: 470; Gancz 2015. Moldavian: nˈum-e {nume} 'name' [Podiko 1973: 283].
Dalmatian:nawŋ {nau̯ṅ} ~ nam {nam}1
Some examples are: {fero kos náu̯ṅ ne l-antìk vetrùṅ disku̯árs} "this name is from the ancient language" [Bartoli 2002: 229]; {ju jai̯ kunusùt un zi̯art Vasílič di nàu̯n tune} "I have known a certain Vasilič, Tune by name" [Bartoli 2002: 250]; {noṅ biṡúń numinúr el nam di dí perkó ju jai̯ tái̯ma} "it should not take the name of God, because I have fear"; {in nam del tu͡ọta e del fél e de lo spìrito su͡ọnt} "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" [Bartoli 2002: 247].
Some examples are: {Le sue parole e 'l modo de la pena // m'avean di costui già letto il nome} "His language and the mode of punishment // already unto me had read his name" [Inf. 10]; {Guido Guerra ebbe nome} "His name was Guidoguerra" [Inf. 16].
Some examples are: {itidem habet petasum ac vestitum: tam consimilest atque ego; sura, pes, statura, tonsus, oculi, nasum vel labra, malae, mentum, barba, collus: totus} "His leg, foot, stature, shorn head, eyes, nose, even his lips, cheeks, chin, beard, neck - the whole of him} [Amph. 443-445]; {ipse in meo collo tuos pater cruminam collocavit} "your own father himself placed this purse around my neck" [Epid. 360]; {Decide collum stanti, si falsum loquor} "Cut my throat, if it's false, what I'm saying" [Merc. 308].
Distinct from kˈɛrwiːk-s {cervix} 'back of the neck / nape', the only example is {cecidissetve ebrius aut de equo uspiam, metuerem ne ibi diffregisset crura aut cervices sibi} "Or if one, in liquor, had tumbled anywhere from his horse, I should have been afraid that he had broken his legs or neck on that occasion" [Mil. 721-722].
Late Classical Latin:kˈɔɫː-ũ {collum}1
Cf. some examples: {Nam collo constrictum reductum eum pastores molesti contra montis illius silvosa nemora unde lignum puer solebat egerere} "The aggrieved men roped him by the neck and dragged him towards the forested slope of the mountain where the lad had gone to fetch timber" [Met. 7: 25]; {corvina nigredine caerulus columbarum colli flosculos aemulatur} "now with raven blackness imitating the purple collar of a pigeon's neck" [Met. 2: 9].
Distinct from kˈɛrviːk-s {cervix} 'nape': {ipso etiam bestiae capite adusque confinium cervicis solido relicto} "and leave the head intact down to the neck" [Met. 4: 14]; {prius dextera sursum elata, nisu quam valido noxii serpentis nodum cervicis et capitis abscide} "and with the firmest stroke you can muster sever the venomous serpent's head from his body" [Met. 5: 20]; {sed color psittaco viridis et intimis plumulis et extimis palmulis, nisi quod sola cervice distinguitur} "The parrot is green from the roots of its feathers to their very tips, save only for the markings on the neck" [Florida 12].
Megleno Romanian:gˈuš-ǝ {gúșă}2
Capidan 1935: 148.
Istro Romanian:čerbˈič-e {čerbíče}3
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 204; Byhan 1899: 365. Polysemy: 'neck / back of the neck'. Byhan also translates the word gǝt {go̥t} as German {Hals} 'neck' [Byhan 1899: 225], but in Kovačec's dictionary this word (as gut {gut}) is specified as Croatian {grlo}, {grkljan} 'throat' [Kovačec 2010]. Sârbu and Frăţilă also translate gut as Romanian {gât} 'neck' [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 216], but it contradicts the contexts. Cf. {Ș-atunče sânže låslu la ɣut} "And then blood flowed to his throat" [Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 271]; {N-åm cântåt, ke m-å ɣútu durút} "I did not sing, because my throat hurt".
DER 2004: 635; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1663; Gancz 2015. Origin is uncertain. Possibly goes back to the Vulgar Latin {*guttura} 'throat' influenced by Slavic {*glъtъ} 'throat', or, less probable, directly to Slavic {*glъtъ} [Ciorănescu 2015]. Distinct from čerbˈič-e {cerbice} 'nape of the neck' [DEaLR 2015], čˈe̯af-ǝ {ceafă} 'nape of the neck' [DEaLR 2015] of uknown origin [Ciorănescu 2015] and dialectal grumˈaz {grumaz} 'neck / nape of the neck' [DEaLR 2015] of uncertain origin [Ciorănescu 2015]. Moldavian: gɨt {gât} 'neck' [Podiko 1973: 1041; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 493].
Dalmatian:kwal {ku̯al}1
Some examples are: {me dolùa el ku̯ál} "My neck hurts" [Bartoli 2002: 241]; {el u̯ár ke la portúa kola troka al ku̯ál} "The gold which that girl wore on her neck" [Bartoli 2002: 240]. In Cubich's vocabulary, the form ʒoglo {soglo} 'neck' is also attested [Bartoli 2002: 270].
Cf. some examples: {che dal collo a ciascun pendea una tasca} "that from the neck of each there hung a pouch" [Inf. 17]; {e in sul nodo // del collo l'assannò} "and by the nape // seized with its teeth his neck" [Inf. 30].
Riego-Delgado 2016. Distinct from kˈweʎ-o {cuello} 'neck', which is more poetic. Langreo: peskˈweθ-u {pescuezu} 'neck' [González Rato 2016].
Standard Portuguese:pǝškˈos-u {pescoço}6
Voinova et al. 1989: 707. Distinct from kˈɔl-u {colo} 'upper part of a body, including neck and shoulders' [Costa & Melo 1975: 337].
Galician:peskˈɔθ-o {pescozo}6
Montoya Bolaños 2016; Fernández Armesto 1981: 235; Carré Alvarellos 1972: 942, 279. The old term for 'neck', kˈɔl-o {colo}, shifted its meaning to 'place where one takes a child (lap if seating, arms if standing)' [DRAG 2016; Montoya Bolaños 2016].
Provençal Occitan:kɔw {còu} ~ kuy {coui}1
Coupier 1995: 311.
Savoyard Franco-Provençal:ku {kou} ~ kuː {koû}1
Viret 2013: 597-598.
Old French:kol{col}1
EDCT 2014: 210-211. Generic term for animal and human neck. Polysemy: 'neck / collar'. Distinct from gˈol-ǝ {gole} 'human throat / the front part of the neck / woman breast / animal mouth' [EDCT 2014: 555], from čevˈec-ǝ {chevece} 'base of the neck' [EDCT 2014: 193], from gˈorǯ-ǝ {gorge} 'front part of the neck' [EDCT 2014: 556]. The term aterˈel {haterel} 'neck' is much less frequent [EDCT 2014: 581-582].
Cf. some examples: {quae vesti quotannis nomina inveniunt nova?} "Why, what new names every year these women are finding for their clothing" [Epid. 229]; {redde cantionem veteri pro vino novam} "Give us a new tune in return for the old wine" [Stichus 768]; {servate vostros socios, veteres et novos} "defend your allies, both ancient ones and new" [Cist. 199].
Late Classical Latin:nˈɔv-ʊs {novus}1
Some examples are: {densa inhabitantium aedificia locum novo hospiti non dabant} "the densely-packed homes of those folk left no room for the new guest" [Met. 1: 10]; {Talibus aerumnis edomitum novis Fortuna saeva tradidit cruciatibus} "Utterly broken as I was by such suffering, cruel Fortune designed new torments for me" [Met. 7: 16].
The form nˈɔv-o {novo}, influenced by Old Sicilian, is possible as well [Patota 2002: 57]. Some examples are: {novi tormenti e novi tormentati // mi veggio intorno, come ch'io mi mova} "new torments I behold, and new tormented // around me, whichsoever way I move" [Inf. 6]; {A la man destra vidi nova pieta, // novo tormento e novi frustatori} "Upon my right hand I beheld new anguish, // new torments, and new wielders of the lash" [Inf. 18].
Genitive form: nˈɔkt-ɪs {noctis}. Some examples are: {ita statim stant signa, neque nox quoquam concedit die} "In such a fashion are the stars standing stock-still, and the night is yielding not a jot to the day" [Amph. 276]; {Si tu illum solem sibi solem esse diceres, se illum lunam credere esse et noctem qui nunc est dies} "That if you were to say that this sun was the sun, he would believe it was the moon, and that that is the night which is now the day" [Bac. 699-700]; {non ego item facio ut alios in comoediis <vi> vidi amoris facere, qui aut nocti aut die aut soli aut lunae miserias narrant suas} "I am not doing like as I have seen other lovers do in Comedies, who relate their woes either to the night or to the day, or to the Sun or to the Moon" [Merc. 3-5].
Late Classical Latin:nɔk-s {nox}1
Cf. some examples: {istud mendacium tam verum est quam siqui velit dicere magico susurramine amnes agiles reverti, mare pigrum conligari, ventos inanimes exspirare, solem inhiberi, lunam despumari, stellas evelli, diem tolli, noctem teneri} "Now that story was about as true as if you'd said magic spells can make rivers flow backwards, chain the sea, paralyze the wind, halt the sun, squeeze dew from the moon, disperse the stars, banish day, and lengthen night!" [Met. 1: 3]; {nox ibat in diem} "As night crept towards day" [Met. 1: 14].
Megleno Romanian:nˈo̯apt-i {noápti}1
Capidan 1935: 207.
Istro Romanian:nˈopt-e {nópte}1
Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 238; Byhan 1899: 288. The Croatism noȶ {noć} is used in the idiomatic expression {lahcu noć} 'good night' [Kovačec 2010; Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998: 238].
Aromanian:nˈo̯apt-e {noápte}1
Papahagi 1963: 777; Cunia 2010: 750; Dalametra 1906: 150; Bara et al. 2005: 55; Goɫąb 1984: 238.
Some examples are: {le stal del zíl se vit toč le nu̯át ke fero bi̯al ti̯ánp} "The stars on the sky are seen every night, when the weather is good" [Bartoli 2002: 236]; {la nu̯át dal júltim di karnevúl} "the night of the last carnival" [Bartoli 2002: 222].
Cf. some examples: {Quiv' era men che notte e men che giorno // sì che 'l viso m'andava innanzi poco} "There it was less than night, and less than day, // so that my sight went little in advance" [Inf. 31]; {All of that day, nor yet the night thereafter, // until another sun rose on the world} "tutto quel giorno né la notte appresso, // infin che l'altro sol nel mondo uscìo" [Inf. 33].
Standard Italian:nˈɔtː-e {notte}1
Passerini Tosi 1989: 2000.
Grosseto Italian:nˈɔt-e {note}1
Marcelli 2015.
Foligno Italian:nˈɔtː-e {notte}1
Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016.
Neapolitan:nˈɔtː-ǝ {notte}1
Esposito 2015; Russo 2015; Matarazzo 2015; Cirillo 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Fattoruso 2015; Morelli 2015; Cerrone 2015; Alois 2015. There is also a term nutːˈat-ǝ {nuttata} 'night as a period of time' [Russo 2015].
Logudorese:nˈotː-e {notte}1
Buttu 2015.
Campidanese:nˈɔtː-i {notti}1
Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 289. Domus de Maria: nˈɔtː-i {notti} 'night' [Fadda 2015].
Cf. some examples: {itidem habet petasum ac vestitum: tam consimilest atque ego; sura, pes, statura, tonsus, oculi, nasum vel labra, malae, mentum, barba, collus: totus} "His leg, foot, stature, shorn head, eyes, nose, even his lips, cheeks, chin, beard, neck-the whole of him} [Amph. 443-445]; {Naso pol iam haec quidem plus videt quam oculis} "she really sees better with her nose than with her eyes" [Mil. 1259].
Late Classical Latin:nˈaːsː-ʊs {nasus}1
Some examples are: {Iniecta manu nasum prehendo} "I clapped my hand to my face, and grasped my nose" [Met. 2: 30]; {duratur nasus incurvus} "her nose grew curved and hardened" [Met. 3: 21].
Some examples are: {Un altro, che forata avea la gola // e tronco 'l naso infin sotto le ciglia} "Another one, who had his throat pierced through, // and nose cut off close underneath the brows" [Inf. 28]; {Qui distorse la bocca e di fuor trasse // la lingua, come bue che 'l naso lecchi} "Then twisted he his mouth, and forth he thrust // his tongue, like to an ox that licks its nose" [Inf. 17].
Buttu 2015. Distinct from nˈar-e {nare} 'nostrils' [Buttu 2015].
Campidanese:nˈaz-u {nasu}1
Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015; Casciu 2006: 285. Domus de Maria: nˈaz-u {nasu} 'nose' [Fadda 2015].
Palermitan Sicilian:nˈas-u {nasu}1
Messina 2015; Ornato 2015; La Bua 2015. Distinct from nˈašk-a {nasca} 'nostril', which can be however used in the meaning 'nose' in the colloquial speech [Messina 2015]. Buscemi: nˈas-u {nasu} 'nose', nˈask-a {nasca} 'nostril', which however can be used in the meaning 'nose' in the colloquial speech [Coccimiglio 2016].
Leggio 2015; Miccichè 2015. Distinct from nˈašk-a {nasca} 'nostril', which can, however, be used in the meaning 'nose' in the colloquial speech [Leggio 2015].
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