Distinct from the verb =ʔeːn 'to look (on, at, around, etc.)' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 733; Golla 1996: 58] (quoted in [Hoijer 1956: 223] as 'to see').
Mattole:=ʔiːn2
Li 1930: 74-75. Synchronic polysemy: 'to do (ɬ-classifier) / to have, possess (l-classifier) / to be related to (l-classifier) / to see (l-classifier)'. Paradigm: =ʔiŋ (< *=ʔin) [light imperf.], =ʔiːn (< *=ʔin-i) [heavy imperf.], =ʔiŋʔ (< *=ʔin-ʔ) [perf.]. The perfective stem =ʔiŋʔ (heavy =ʔiːʔŋ < *=ʔin-ʔ-i) with the zero-classifier also functions as the separate verb 'to look' [Li 1930: 75].
Bear River dialect: =saŋ, attested in the expression 'nothing I see' [Goddard 1929: 300].
Kato:=sǝs1
Goddard 1912: 67, 73. The paradigm is irregular: =sǝs [imperf.] / =cʰan ~ =saŋ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to see / to find'.
Distinct from the verb =ʔiŋʔ (< *=ʔin-ʔ [perf.])'to look (on, at, etc.)' [Goddard 1912: 60].
Wassillie 1979: 86; Holton et al. 2004: 24. The root =ʔan displays synchronous polysemy: 'to do (t-classifier) / to have, possess (l-classifier) / to see (zero- or ɬ-classifier) / to look (ɬ-classifier)' [Wassillie 1979: 29, 49, 60, 86].
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Central Ahtena:=ɬ=ʔeːn2
Kari 1990: 86, 583.
Lower Ahtena: =ɬ=ʔeːn [Kari 1990: 86, 583].
Western Ahtena: =ɬ=ʔeːn [Kari 1990: 86, 583].
Mentasta Ahtena:=ɬ=ʔeːn2
Kari 1990: 86, 583.
AHT_NOTES:
The root =ʔeːn displays synchronous polysemy: 'to do (t-classifier) / to have, possess (t-classifier) / to see (ɬ-classifier) / to look (ɬ-classifier)' [Kari 1990: 83 ff., 87].
Dogrib:=ʔĩ̀2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 60, 123, 207. The meaning 'to look' is expressed by the same root or by =ntá 'to look at, watch' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 126].
North Slavey (Hare):=tà3
Rice 1978: 251, 414, 532. Polysemy: 'to see / to look'.
The old root is retained as =ʔĩ̀ 'to search for' [Rice 1978: 265, 408]. In [Hoijer 1956: 222], the root 'to see' is quoted as =ʔi, which probably reflects archaic usage of =ʔĩ̀.
Tanacross:=n=h=ʔẽh2
Arnold et al. 2009: 168, 225; Holton 2000: 351; Shinen 1958: 66. Paradigm: =n=h=ʔẽh [imperf.] / =n=h=ʔẽ́ː-ʔ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to see / to look'. Initial =n= is the thematic prefix, =h= is the "classifier".
Synchronously distinct from the verb for 'to do': =tʼ=t=ẽ́ʔẽ [imperf.] / =tʼ=t=ẽ́-ʔ [perf.] with the abnormal root shape VʔV, thematic(?) =tʼ= and the "classifier" =t= [Arnold et al. 2009: 99; Holton 2000: 349] (different paradigm in [Holton 2000: 167, 270]).
Kari 1994: 11, 470; Tuttle 2009: 174. In [Tuttle 2009], quoted as =n=l=ʔan̥. Polysemy: 'to see / to look'. Paradigm: =ʔan̥ [imperf.] / =ʔan-ʔ [perf.] / =ʔi-ɬ [future] / =ʔi-y̥ [customary].
Synchronously, the root coincides with =ɬ=ʔan̥ 'to do' [Kari 1994: 8].
Central Carrier:=ʔen2
Poser 1998/2013: 890, 1218, 1248; Poser 2011a: 182; Antoine et al. 1974: 327.
Distinct from =ʔen 'to do', which is mostly used with the "classifiers" t= or ɬ= [Poser 1998/2013: 673, 1218, 1248; Antoine et al. 1974: 305].
Koyukon:=nǝ=ɬ=ʔaːn̥2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 21, 999; Jones 1978: 139. Paradigm: =ʔaːn̥ [imperf.] / =ʔaːn-ʔ [perf.]. The root possesses synchronic polysemy: 'to do, act thus to / to see / to look'.
Degexit'an:=tθʰaː-y̥1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 53; Chapman 1914: 220. Paradigm: =tθʰaː-y̥ [imperf.] / =tθʰoːn̥ [perf.]. It should be noted that the imperfective stem =tθʰaː-y̥ is only quoted in [Kari 1976: 53], not being confirmed by other sources.
This looks like the most basic and frequently used verb for 'to see', cf. some examples: "She saw it", "They saw a wolf", "Did you guys see my older brother?", "I didn't see a red fox", "We saw a moose with the binoculars", "He saw a pretty woman" [Taff et al. 2007], "He paddled all day, and again he saw another stake set up" [Chapman 1914: 116].
The second candidate is =ʔaːn̥ [imperf.] / =ʔaːn-ʔ [perf.] with synchronic polysemy: 'to do / to see / to look' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 6; Chapman 1914: 209]. Cf. some examples where =ʔaːn̥ is translated as 'to see': "I saw him a while ago", "I saw an animal", "I saw a black bear", "I saw a caribou", "Twice I saw a whirlwind" "binoculars (lit.: far away in it we see)", "mirror (lit.: in it we see ourselves)" [Taff et al. 2007], "Just let him see it!" [Chapman 1914: 114].
It seems, however, that, firstly, =ʔaːn̥ is more rarely used for the uncontrolled action 'to see' than =tθʰaː-y̥ / =tθʰoːn̥ is. Secondly, the main meaning of =ʔaːn̥ is the controlled action 'to look'.
Cf. the following passages where =ʔaːn̥ 'to look' is opposed to =tθʰoːn̥ 'to see': "Then he looked (=ʔaːn-ʔ) about, and upward also, and saw (=tθʰoːn̥) a house" [Chapman 1914: 116], "'Though I have been looking (=ʔaːn-ʔ) all over the world', she said, 'I could see (=tθʰoːn̥) no one but you'" [Chapman 1914: 140].
Sarsi:=ʔìn-2
Li 1930b: 16; Hoijer 1956: 222; Cook 1984: 241. Paradigm: =ʔìh ~ =ʔìn- [imperf.] / =ʔí ~ =ʔín- [perf.]. Cf. some examples: "I saw my wife, but I did not see my son" [Cook 1984: 81], "The woman saw him, the way he walks" [Cook 1984: 91], "When I went home, I saw him" [Cook 1984: 92], "He saw Crees who were on the warpath" [Cook 1984: 106], "I showed him (= I made him see it)" [Cook 1984: 116], "I saw it", "was seen" [Cook 1984: 126], "He saw me (really)" [Cook 1984: 169], "I'm blind, cannot see" [Cook 1984: 221], "I'll go to see him" [Cook 1984: 287].
A second candidate is =s=cʰáh glossed simply as 'to see' in [Li 1930b: 23], but the few attested instances suggest that its meaning is rather 'to meet, see each other': "Can he see him?" [Cook 1984: 48], "I will see you tomorrow" [Cook 1984: 52], "I would like to see him" [Cook 1984: 114], "They want to see me" [Cook 1984: 115].
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Hupa:=cʰaːn1
Perfective stem.
Mattole:
Kato:=cʰan ~ =saŋ1
Perfective stem.
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:=tθʰoːn̥1
Perfective.
Sarsi:
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Hupa:possr=saːy ~ possr=saːy-ʔ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 782; Golla 1996: 82; Golla 1964: 112. Originates from *=saːyi-. Glossed in [Golla 1996] as 'small seeds'.
Li 1930: 131. Glossed as 'seeds'. Synchronically, can be analyzed as =cʰai-ʔ or =cʰaiʔ.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:
Not attested.
Taldash Galice:m=ãː=se-ʔ1
Hoijer 1973: 53. Quoted by Hoijer as mãːseʔ without morpheme boundaries, although in light of external evidence, the most probable analysis is m=ãː=se-ʔ 'its seed' with the possessive pronoun m= [Hoijer 1966: 321, 322]. However, the nasalized morpheme =ãː= remains unclear (the gender prefix -n-?).
Upper Inlet Tanaina:possr=n=cʼǝs-a2
Kari 2007: 62, 357; Kari 1977: 77.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:possr=n=cʼǝs-ʔa2
Kari 2007: 62, 357; Kari 1977: 77.
Inland Tanaina:possr=n=cʼǝs-a2
Kari 2007: 62, 357; Kari 1977: 77.
Iliamna Tanaina:possr=n=cʼǝs-ʔa2
Kari 2007: 62, 357; Kari 1977: 77.
TFN_NOTES:
In [Kari 2007; Kari 1977], kʼǝ=n=cʼǝs-(ʔ)a is glossed with polysemy: 'seed / pit' and allocated in the topical section "General plant and tree parts". Literally 'a stone/pebble' with the root cʼǝs, which synchronically means 'rock, boulder (stationary)' (see notes on 'stone'), and the gender prefix =n=.
Distinct from the specific term qʰinunǝl=yaχ-i 'seeds (i.e., of agricultural plants), vegetable seeds, bulbs, seed potatoes' (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 59; Kari 1977: 77], literally 'the one that grows in again'.
Distinct from Outer Inlet simina 'seeds (i.e., of agricultural plants)' [Kari 2007: 59], borrowed from the Russian plural form siminˈa 'seeds (in general)'.
Central Ahtena:kʼʸe=n=cʼes-eʔ2
Kari 1990: 411, 583; Kari & Buck 1975: 31; Smelcer 2010: 108.
Western Ahtena: kʼʸe=n=cʼes-eʔ [Kari 1990: 411, 583; Kari & Buck 1975: 31; Smelcer 2010: 108].
Mentasta Ahtena:kʼʸe=n=cʼes-eʔ2
Kari 1990: 411, 583; Kari & Buck 1975: 31; Smelcer 2010: 108.
AHT_NOTES:
Polysemy: 'seed / pit'. Literally 'a stone/pebble' with the root cʼǝs 'stone (in general)' q.v. plus the gender prefix =n=. Initial kʼʸe= is the fossilized indefinite possessive pronoun [Kari 1990: 35].
Distinct from the specific term tʼa=ne=l=yeː-s-i 'vegetable seed' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 267], literally 'the plural objects within' from the classificatory verb =laː / =l=yaː 'to handle plural objects' [Kari 1990: 264] and the adverbial prefix tʼa= 'beneath, within, inner' [Kari 1990: 339].
Dogrib:tʼásìː téhšéː wéčìː3
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 99, 207. tʼásìː téhšéː means 'things grow' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 15, 99]. wéčìː (or possessed wé=čìː?) is less clear, but it means 'seeds' in the collocation kʼàláčʰóh wéčìː 'fluffy seeds' [Saxon & Siemens n.d.].
North Slavey (Hare):tʼá=h=sĩ̀ yáríyiè3
Rice 1978: 99, 169. The collocation literally means 'things grow' with tʼá=h=sĩ̀ 'thing' (from =sĩ̀ 'to make') and =yiè 'to grow' [Rice 1978: 482].
Tanacross:ù=ní=h=tθʼéːʔ4
Arnold et al. 2009: 226. Glossed as 'seed in plant, fruits'. Looks like a nominalized verbal form, but the meaning of the root =tθʼéːʔ is unclear.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ndeš̬ʸeː5
Milanowski, p.c. Morphologically unclear.
Scottie Creek: min=tθʰe-ʔ ~ min=tθʰè-ʔ 'seed', attested in the examples "berry seed" [John 1997: 57], "The silverberry has seeds" [John 1997: 60]. Literally ‘stone of min’, the meaning of min is unclear.
Lower Tanana (Minto):tǝn=tθʰa-ʔ6
Kari 1994: 306, 470. Polysemy: 'seed / fruit stone'. Literally 'stone of tǝn', the meaning of tǝn is unclear, cf. tǝn 'land, terrain' [Kari 1994: 69].
Central Carrier:hanʌyeh=maiʔ7
Poser 1998/2013: 168, 891; Poser 2011a: 182; Antoine et al. 1974: 102, 327. Literally 'growing berries': verbal form ha=nʌ=yeh 'it (plant) grows' + mai 'berry' [Poser 1998/2013: 288; Antoine et al. 1974: 147], borrowed from Gitxsan (Tsimshianic) maːyʔ 'berry, fruit'. Final -ʔ in hanʌyeh=maiʔ can therefore be considered as part of the root. The semantic derivation 'berry' > 'seed' seems to be an inner Carrier innovation; because of this, we treat hanʌyeh=maiʔ 'seed' as a "native" item.
Koyukon:pǝcʼǝn̥ kʼǝ=tǝnǝyaːʁ-ǝ8
Jetté & Jones 2000: 698. A poorly documented item. The only known expression pǝcʼǝn̥ kʼǝ=tǝnǝyaːʁ-ǝ 'seeds' literally means 'some plant [occurs] from it' < tǝnǝyaːʁ-ǝ 'plants, vegetation, vegetable' (literally 'that which grows'), =cʼǝn̥ 'from'.
For the Upper dialect, possr=ǝn=ƛʰaː 'seed, pit' is quoted [Jetté & Jones 2000: 562] < ƛʰaː 'stone' q.v.
Degexit'an:vǝcʼǝn χʊnoːɬyaːl9
Kari 1978: 17. A poorly documented item. The only known expression vǝcʼǝn чʊnoːɬyaːl 'seeds' literally means 'vegetation [occurs] from it' < noɬyal ~ xu=noɬyal 'vegetation' [Kari 1978: 17] (literally 'that which grows').
Sarsi:
Not documented.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Hupa:yaː=ʔaː1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 582 No. 16.10; Golla 1996: 85. Used with sg. subj. With pl. subj the verbal stem yaː=ʔeːƛʼ 'to sit' is used instead. Literal meaning: 'to extend upward' with the directional prefix yaː- 'up into the air, movement off the surface of the ground' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 803; Golla 1970: 124] and the suppletive verb =ʔaː [sg. subj.] / =ʔeːƛʼ [pl. subj.] 'to extend' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 730, 732; Golla 1996: 32; Golla 1970: 141].
Distinct from verbs for 'to sit down', which are based on the roots =cʰah ~ =cʰaːt [imperf., sg. subj.] / =taː ~ =ta-y [perf., sg. subj.] / =tiɬ [imperf., pl. subj.] / =teːƛʼ [perf., pl. subj.], see [Golla 1996: 85-86; Sapir & Golla 2001: 734, 745]. The general meaning of =taː ~ =ta-y is 'to stay, live' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 745; Golla 1996: 57, 90]; the general meaning of =tiɬ / =teːƛʼ is 'to go, move' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 750]; on the contrary, the root =cʰah ~ =cʰaːt seems unattested outside the stems for 'to sit down' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 734].
Mattole:=taː2
Li 1930: 85, 107. Suppletive verb =cʰaː [imperf.] / =taː [light perf.] / =tai < *=ta-i [heavy perf.]. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down'. As follows from [Li 1930: 71-72], in the stative meaning, only the perfective stem is used.
Bear River dialect: the same suppletive verb =sa / =ta-i 'to sit / to sit down' [Goddard 1929: 320].
Kato:=ta2
Goddard 1912: 69. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to remain'. Probably used with sg. subj. only.
Distinct from =ʔiːl < *=ʔiɬ-i [imperf.] / =ʔiːlʔ < *=ʔiɬ-ʔ-i [perf.] 'to sit / to sit down / to stay', used with pl. subj. [Goddard 1912: 60].
There is also a rare verb =sat, glossed as 'to sit' in [Goddard 1912: 66], although textual evidence suggests that the translation 'to camp' vel sim. should be more appropriate.
Taldash Galice:=taː2
Hoijer 1973: 63; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Polysemy: 'to sit / to be at home'. Used with both sg. & pl. subj.
Distinct from the verb =sat [imperf.] / =saʔ < *=sat-ʔ [perf.], glossed as 'to sit, take a seat' [Hoijer 1973: 70]. This verb is apparently more rare than =taː; perhaps the basic meaning of =sat is specifically 'to sit down'.
Distinct from the verb =kʰãː, used with pl. subj. and glossed as 'to be sitting (there); to live (there)' [Hoijer 1973: 68].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:=tu2
Lovick 2005: 111, 216. Examples: "When they returned their baby was sitting there" [Lovick 2005: 111 ex. 3.47], "The baby crane was sitting in the nest" [Lovick 2005: 216 ex. 6.6b]. No examples with pl. subj. have been found.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=tu2
Boraas 2010: 18 et passim. Cf. the examples: "Sit by me" [Boraas 2010: 24], "He is sitting against me" [Boraas 2010: 18], "there near them he was sitting on a bush" [Boraas 2010: 25], "she is just sitting" [Boraas 2010: 45]. No examples with pl. subj. have been found.
The instance "Sit by me" should point to the polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down' for =tu, although there is also a specific verb for 'to sit down': =cʰut, cf. "she sat down beside the fire" [Boraas 2010: 19], "she sat down behind him" [Boraas 2010: 26].
Inland Tanaina:=tu2
Tenenbaum 1978: 48, 141; Holton et al. 2004: 39. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay', used with sg. & dual. subj. In [Tenenbaum 1978: 141], =tu is treated as a classificatory verb 'to handle a single animate object'. Paradigm: =tu [imperf.] / =tu-ʔ [perf.].
Examples: "I am sitting" [Tenenbaum 1978: 97], "he's sitting", "I was sitting" [Tenenbaum 1978: 48], "we (dual.) are sitting" [Tenenbaum 1978: 63]. The meaning 'to sit down' should follow from the instance "Sit by me!" [Tenenbaum 1978: 202].
Distinct from =t=l=cʼi with polysemy: 'to sit / to stay', used with pl. subj. [Tenenbaum 1978: 233, 237 #48; Holton et al. 2004: 39].
Distinct from =cʰut / =cʰǝɬ [fut.] 'to sit down' [Wassillie 1979: 89; Tenenbaum 1978: 59].
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Central Ahtena:=taː2
Kari 1990: 132, 588.
Lower Ahtena: =taː [Kari 1990: 132, 588].
Western Ahtena: =taː [Kari 1990: 132, 588].
Mentasta Ahtena:=taː2
Kari 1990: 132, 588.
AHT_NOTES:
Paradigm: =taː [imperf.] / =ta-ʔ [perf.], see the additional forms in [Kari 1990: 691]. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down (t-classifier) / to stay', applicable to sg. subj.
Distinct from the specific verb =t=cʰaːt 'to sit down', applicable to sg. subj. (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 370].
Distinct from generic =t=l=cʼiː 'to sit / to sit down / to stay', applicable to pl. subj. (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 412, 588, 692].
Dogrib:=tá2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 117, 210. Polysemy: 'to be located / to sit / to stay'; applied to sg. subj.
Distinct from =kʰé 'to be located / to sit / to stay' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 105, 210], applied to dual. subj.
Distinct from =kʼʷé 'to be located / to sit / to stay' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 105, 210], applied to pl. subj.
North Slavey (Hare):=tà2
Rice 1978: 356, 414, 535; Hoijer 1956: 222. Used with sg. subj. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay / to visit'. Cf. some examples: "I'm sitting opposite the wall", "He's sitting near me" [Rice 1978: 215], "Sit down", "Did you stay at home?", "I like to visit them" [Rice 1978: 356].
Distinct from =kʰiè 'to sit / to sit down' [Rice 1978: 367, 440], used with dual. subj.
Distinct from =t=wʼì 'to sit / to sit down' [Rice 1978: 361, 480], used with pl. subj.
Tanacross:=tàh2
Arnold et al. 2009: 235; Holton 2000: 160, 351; Shinen 1958: 56. Applied to sg. subj. Polysemy: 'to sit / to stay'
Distinct from =l=tθʼìh 'to sit / to stay' [Arnold et al. 2009: 235; Holton 2000: 160, 351; Shinen 1958: 56], applied to pl. subj.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=tah2
Milanowski 2009: 40, 106, 116. Paradigm: =tah [imperf.] / =ta-ʔ [perf.] / =taː-ɬ [fut.] / =taː-k [customary]. Polysemy: 'to sit / to stay'. Applicable to both humans and animals. Probably used with sg. subj. only. For pl subj., the verb =l=tθʼih is quoted in [Milanowski 2009: 116].
Lower Tanana (Minto):=tʌ2
Kari 1994: 76, 475; Tuttle 2009: 180. Paradigm: =tʌ [imperf.] / =tʌ-ʔ [perf.] / =tʌ-ɬ [fut.] / =tʌ-y̥ [customary]. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay'. Applicable to sg. subj.
Distinct from =l=tθʼi 'to sit / to sit down / to stay' [Kari 1994: 317, 475; Tuttle 2009: 181] used with pl. subj.
Central Carrier:=ta2
Poser 1998/2013: 906, 1219, 1250; Poser 2011a: 188; Antoine et al. 1974: 329. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay'. Applicable to sg. subj.
Distinct from =kʰe 'to sit / to be located', used with dual. subj. [Poser 1998/2013: 906, 1221, 1255].
Distinct from =ɬ=c̪ʼi 'to sit / to be located', used with pl. subj. [Poser 1998/2013: 906, 1223, 1263].
Koyukon:=toː2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 139, 1007; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 44. Paradigm: =toː [imperf.] / =toː-ʔ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay / to dwell'. Applicable to sg. & dual. subj.
Distinct from =l=ƛʼiː 'to sit / to sit down / to stay / to dwell' used with pl. subj. [Jetté & Jones 2000: 593; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 90].
Degexit'an:=toː2
Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914: 226. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay / to dwell'. Applicable to sg. subj.
Distinct from =tθʼeː 'to sit / to sit down / to stay / to dwell' used with pl. subj. [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 59; Chapman 1914: 220].
Sarsi:=tɒ́2
Li 1930b: 18; Hoijer 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 144. Paradigm: =tɒ́ [imperf.] / =tɒ̀-ʔ [perf.], meaning 'to sit'. Cf. the active sub-paradigm with the meaning 'to sit down': =tɒ̀ [imperf.] / =tɒ́ [perf.] [Cook 1984: 144]. Used with sg. subj.
Distinct from =V=cʼí [imperf.] / =V=cʼì-ʔ [perf.] 'to sit', =V=cʼìh [imperf.] / =V=cʼíh [perf.] 'to sit down' [Li 1930b: 24; Cook 1984: 144], used with pl. subj.
Distinct from =cʰɒ́ʔ ~ =cʰɒ́t- [imperf.] / =cʰɒ̀ʔ ~ =cʰɒ̀t- [perf.] 'to sit down quickly' [Li 1930b: 23].
Li 1930: 127. Two Mattole words for 'skin' are quoted in [Li 1930], both of them without any semantic specifications. Both seem to be applicable to a human, as is obvious from the parallel expressions for 'eyelid': analytic possr=nˈaːg-eʔ tˈaːs-eʔ and compound possr=naʔ-cʰˈeʔs (the first element is possr=nˈaːg-eʔ ~ =naʔ- 'eye' q.v.). We treat these terms as synonyms.
Bear River dialect: possr=lːahanːe 'skin' [Goddard 1929: 320], an unclear form.
Kato:possr=sǝc1
Goddard 1912: 15, 22. Also used in the expression for 'bark' q.v. Note the de-ejectivization -c < *cʼ.
Kari 2007: 86, 358; Kari 1977: 95; Wassillie 1979: 89.
Iliamna Tanaina:possr=yǝs4
Kari 2007: 86, 358; Kari 1977: 95.
TFN_NOTES:
Polysemy: 'human skin / animal hide' in all the dialects (for the latter meaning see [Kari 2007: 15]).
Central Ahtena:possr=zes5
Kari 1990: 459, 589; Kari & Buck 1975: 60; Smelcer 2010: 44. Lower Ahtena: possr=zes [Kari 1990: 459, 589; Kari & Buck 1975: 60; Smelcer 2010: 44].
Western Ahtena: possr=zes [Kari 1990: 459, 589; Kari & Buck 1975: 60; Smelcer 2010: 44].
Mentasta Ahtena:possr=zes5
Kari 1990: 459, 589; Kari & Buck 1975: 60; Smelcer 2010: 44.
AHT_NOTES:
Among the great number of specific terms for various kinds of skin and hide [Kari 1990: 589], two are applicable to humans. possr=zes seems to be the most generic term with polysemy: 'skin / hide', whereas possr=cʼiːs is explicitly glossed by Kari as 'skin of human'. In [Smelcer 2010: 44], =zes is quoted as the only term for 'human skin', whereas in [Kari & Buck 1975], both are quoted. We have to treat them as synonyms.
Dogrib:possr=kʰʷõ̀7
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 44, 210.
There are two documented terms for 'skin': possr=kʰʷõ̀ with polysemy: 'flesh (both human and animal) / human skin' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 44], and possr=wò 'skin' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 47]. Both are applicable to humans, as follows from the animate possessive kó=. For possr=kʰʷõ̀ 'human skin', cf. the found example: "My skin is itchy" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 37]. The second one - possr=wò - also represents the basic word for 'animal hide', cf. é=wò 'caribou hide', lit. 'its hide' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 37], cṍ-wò 'muskrat skin' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 23], káh-wò 'rabbit skin' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 39], nṍkèː-wò 'fox skin' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 85]. We treat possr=kʰʷõ̀ and possr=wò as synonyms.
North Slavey (Hare):possr=tʼúw-éʔ8
Rice 1978: 99, 170. Polysemy: 'skin / bark'.
Distinct from possr=wé-ʔ 'hide, skin, leather' [Rice 1978: 105, 144], which is apparently applicable specifically to animals.
Milanowski 2009: 25, 70. Applicable to both humans and animals. Polysemy: 'skin / bark' q.v.
Northway: possr=θɯh 'skin' [Milanowski 2007: 16].
Scottie Creek: possr=θ̬ɯh 'skin' [John 1997: 16].
Lower Tanana (Minto):possr=ðǝθ5
Kari 1994: 90, 475; Tuttle 2009: 181. A generic term, applicable to humans and animals. Polysemy: 'skin / belt'.
Central Carrier:possr=z̪ʌz̪5
Poser 1998/2013: 590, 909; Poser 2011a: 189; Antoine et al. 1974: 56, 329. Generic term applicable to humans, mammals and fishes.
Koyukon:possr=lǝɬ5
Jetté & Jones 2000: 392, 1007; Jones 1978: 149. Generic term glossed with polysemy: 'skin of human or animal, hide, pelt / peeling / wrapper / sheath / cover / belt / tarpaulin'.
Degexit'an:possr=qʰoːɢ9
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 32. Polysemy: 'human skin / covering, surface'. Specified as 'outer skin' in [Kari 1978: 32]. Cf. the attested examples: "The skin on my hands is dry", "Her face skin is rough" [Taff et al. 2007], "When they had got through, his skin was covered with blood" [Chapman 1914: 177].
Distinct from ðǝθ 'animal skin, hide' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 60; Chapman 1914: 213, 219], alienable possession. Cf. some examples: "He's scraping a skin", "That's a nice wolf fur" [Taff et al. 2007], "Their house was full of every kind of skin that there is upon this earth below" [Chapman 1914: 147].
The third candidate is possr=laː=qʼaːð, glossed simply as 'skin' in [Kari 1978: 32] (laː- '?'). This word is attested in [Chapman 1914: 228] as simply possr=qʼaːð 'skin' with such examples as: "you must put many fine marten-skins beside me in the kayak [...] and beaver-skins too, fine ones" [Chapman 1914: 126]. It seems that possr=qʼaːð means specifically 'fur-skin' in Chapman's texts. Apparently the same word is attested in [Taff et al. 2007] as possr=leː=qʼaːð 'bark' in the only example "Porcupine is sitting on a birch tree eating birch bark" (this is not the main word for 'bark' q.v.).
Sarsi:yì=s=ƛɒ́ ~ yì=s=ƛā10
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 74; Cook 1984: 68. Polysemy: 'skin (of human, animal) / bag'. Initial yi= is the fossilized 4th person possessive [Cook 1984: 64]; =s= is not entirely clear.
Sapir & Golla 2001: 792; Golla 1996: 86. In [Golla 1996], quoted as =wuŋ. The perfective root variant is =waʔn < =wan-ʔ-i. As analyzed in [Sapir & Golla 2001: 721, 758], the normal expression for 'to sleep' originates from *obj-kʰʸi-(w)-wan, which literally means 'there is a sleep (wan) for X'. The element -kʰʸi- is not clear, however [Sapir & Golla 2001: 758].
Li 1930: 3, 120, 149 sub No. 87. Glossed as 'to dream' in the main dictionary section. The meaning 'to sleep' is expressed by the perfective stem of this verb.
Bear River dialect: =laːɬ 'to sleep' [Goddard 1929: 320; Li 1930: 3].
Kato:=laɬ2
Goddard 1912: 63. The heavy stem is =lal < *=laɬ-i. Glossed as 'to sleep, to dream'.
Distinct from the verb =yal 'to be sleepy' [Goddard 1912: 61], the morphological structure is the same as in the case of Hupa =waŋ 'to sleep': 'there is a sleepiness (yal) for X'.
Taldash Galice:=laɬ2
Hoijer 1973: 72; Hoijer 1956: 223. In [Hoijer 1973], glossed as 'to fall asleep, go to sleep; to dream about X'; in [Hoijer 1956], quoted as =laːl.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:=l=taq3
Kari 2007: 101, 358.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=l=taq3
Kari 2007: 101, 358.
Inland Tanaina:=l=taq3
Kari 2007: 101, 358; Wassillie 1979: 89; Tenenbaum 1978: 65-66.
Iliamna Tanaina:=l=taq3
Kari 2007: 101, 358.
TFN_NOTES:
Distinct from the two nouns for 'sleep, sleepiness': Upper Inlet, Outer Inlet, Iliamna nuɬ, Inland vǝɬ [Kari 2007: 101].
Western Ahtena: naːɬ-...-t-l-ʔeːn [Kari 1990: 84, 590].
Mentasta Ahtena:naːɬ-...-t-l-ʔeːn4
Kari 1990: 84, 590.
AHT_NOTES:
The verbal expression naːɬ-...=t=l=ʔeːn synchronically means 'to do naːɬ' or 'to see naːɬ' with the verb =ʔeːn 'to do / to have, possess / to see / to look' [Kari 1990: 83 ff., 87] and the incorporated root naːɬ, which is the main meaningful element here. See the paradigm in [Kari 1990: 683].
It is unclear from [Kari 1990: 289], whether naːɬ (glossed by Kari as 'sleep') is attested elsewhere outside this verbal expression or not.
Distinct from =laːɬ 'to dream of obj' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 270].
Dogrib:=tʰĩ́5
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 118, 210. This is the classificatory verb 'to handle rigid object' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: viii]. Used with sg. subj. In application to animates, with polysemy: 'to be located / to lie / to lie down / to sleep'.
Distinct from =tʰé 'to be located / to sleep' (also 'to lie'?), which is normally used with pl. animate subj., but in the meaning 'to sleep' can also have the habitual function (e.g., "I always sleep alone") [Saxon & Siemens 1996: ix, 73, 118, 210].
Cf. the noun mpé(h)- 'sleep', used in some verbal expressions [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 6].
North Slavey (Hare):=t=tʰĩ̀5
Rice 1978: 334, 462, 535; Hoijer 1956: 222. This is the so-called classificatory verb 'to be in position', applicable to sg. animate subj. [Rice 1989: 781], thus with polysemy: 'to be in a certain position / to lie / to lie down / to sleep'.
With pl. subj., the verb =l=yà is used with polysemy: 'to sleep / to stand' [Rice 1978: 334, 481, 535].
Distinct from =h=xiè [imperf.] / =h=xĩ̀ [perf.] 'to be sleepy' [Rice 1978: 209, 435].
Tanacross:=tʰẽː5
Arnold et al. 2009: 237; Holton 2000: 351; Shinen 1958: 56. Paradigm: =tʰẽː [imperf.] / =tʰé-ʔ [perf.]. Used with sg. subj.
Distinct from =h=tʰèːc 'to sleep' [Arnold et al. 2009: 237; Holton 2000: 351; Shinen 1958: 56], used with pl. subj.
With pl. subj., the verb =h=tʰiat 'to sleep' is used [Milanowski 2009: 54, 106].
Lower Tanana (Minto):=tʰa-n̥5
Kari 1994: 229, 476; Tuttle 2009: 182. Paradigm: =tʰa-n̥ [neuter imperf.] / =tʰa-ʔ [neuter perf.] / =tʰa-y̥ [momentaneous imperf.] / =tʰa-n̥ [momentaneous perf.]. Polysemy: 'to lie / to lie down / to recline / to sleep'. Applicable to sg. anim. subj.
Distinct from =tʰac [neuter imperf.] / =tʰaʂ [momentaneous imperf.] / =tʰac [momentaneous perf.] 'to lie / to recline / to sleep' used with pl. anim. subj. [Kari 1994: 232].
Distinct from the substantive bǝɬ 'sleep' [Kari 1994: 35].
Central Carrier:=tʰi5
Poser 1998/2013: 910, 1222, 1259; Poser 2011a: 191; Antoine et al. 1974: 329. Paradigm: =tʰi [imperf.] / =tʰe-ʔ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to lie / to lie down / to sleep'. Used with sg. & dual. subj.
Distinct from =tʰez 'to lie / to lie down / to sleep', used with pl. subj. [Poser 1998/2013: 910, 1222, 1259].
Distinct from the baby-talk verb =kʼoʔ 'to sleep' (any subj.) [Poser 1998/2013: 910, 1221, 1256].
Distinct from the substantive pʌɬ 'sleep, dream' [Poser 1998/2013: 94].
Koyukon:pǝɬ-...-l-tʰǝn̥6
Jetté & Jones 2000: 511, 1009; Jones 1978: 150. Apparently used with both sg. & pl. subj. Literally 'to tʰǝn̥ the sleep' with the noun pǝɬ 'sleep, sleepiness, trance' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 95].
Distinct from =cǝt with polysemy: 'to lie / to lie down / to sleep', used with pl. subj. [Jetté & Jones 2000: 173; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 88].
Distinct from =tʰaː-n̥ / =tʰaː-ʔ 'to lie / to lie down' (sg. & dual. subj.) q.v.
Degexit'an:vǝɬ-aux6
Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914: 213. Browsing through available sources suggests that the most common expressions for 'to sleep' consist of the noun vǝɬ 'sleep' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 39; Chapman 1914: 213] plus various auxiliary verbs. Cf. some examples: "So then, one night, some one scratched her head while she slept" [Chapman 1914: 107], "go into the kashime and get some sleep! I am sleepy too" [Chapman 1914: 107], "All night long he did not sleep, thinking" [Chapman 1914: 110], "One morning, while the boys were still asleep, the woman went out early, before sunrise, to weep" [Chapman 1914: 127], "He fell asleep among the willows" [Taff et al. 2007]. The auxiliary verb in question can be =tʰǝŋ̥ [Kari 1976: 46], as in "Did you sleep well?" [Taff et al. 2007], or something else.
Distinct from the verb =ðoːɬ, glossed as 'to sleep' in [Chapman 1914: 219] and everywhere in his texts, but specified as 'to camp' in [Taff et al. 2007].
At least in one instance, the classificatory verb =tʰaːn̥ 'to handle animate obj.' [Kari 1976: 46] is used in the meaning 'to sleep': "I sleep back there" [Taff et al. 2007].
Sarsi:=tʰíh5
Li 1930b: 18; Hoijer 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 140. Ablaut paradigm: =tʰíh [imperf.] / =tʰàh [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to lie / to sleep / sg. living being is in position'; used with sg. subj.
Distinct from the verb used with pl. subj.: =V=tʰáːz [imperf., perf.] / =V=tʰáːz ~ =V=tʰác- 'to lie / to sleep / several living beings are in position' [Li 1930b: 19; Cook 1984: 140].
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Hupa:=kiyeʔ ~ =kiyeʔ-c ~ =kiyʔ-c1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 753; Golla 1996: 57, 87. Verbal root 'to be small, little'; applied to sg. subject (animated or inanimate). Distinct from =keʔk-i-c ~ =keʔkʸ-i-c 'to be small, little', applied to pl. subject (animated or inanimate) [Sapir & Golla 2001: 753; Golla 1996: 57, 87]. Note the consonant symbolism kʸ > k in both forms; the final element -c is the widely applicable diminutive suffix -č(i) [Golla 1970: 261] also with the symbolic shift č > c [Golla 1970: 44, 263].
It is unclear whether the adverb mi=neːkʸi-c 'a little bit' [Golla 1996: 87] is related to one of the aforementioned roots (via a kind of contraction) or not.
Distinct from the word yaːʍ '(animal's) young' according to [Sapir & Golla 2001: 805; Golla 1996: 81 sub 'sapling', 100 sub 'trout', 110], not 'small (adj.)' in general (quoted, however, as generic 'small' in [Hoijer 1956: 223]).
Mattole:=kʼowʼ2
Li 1930: 107. Verbal root 'to be small'. The exact meaning and application are unknown (Li's only example is "I am small"). Distinct from =yaːx 'small (subst.)' [Li 1930: 125], see notes on 'bird'.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:possr=yaš-c3
Goddard 1912: 27. Browsing through [Goddard 1909] suggests that the default way to express the meaning 'small X' is the pattern subjpossr=yaš-c, literally 'X's its small'. Cf., e.g., se uː=yaš-c 'small stone' [Goddard 1909: 76 No. 10, 89 No. 15-16], tʰoːnai oː=yaš-c 'small fish' [Goddard 1909: 91 No. 1], oː=yaš-c šahnaʔ 'small creeks' [Goddard 1909: 91 No. 10], čʼiːpe uː=yaš-c 'small firs' [Goddard 1909: 93 No. 4] (opposed to =čʰah 'big [firs]' in the next phrase), etc. Originally possr=yaš-c is the substantive 'small, young' [Goddard 1912: 23]. The final morpheme -c is the diminutive suffix -č ~ -c [Goddard 1912: 27].
Taldash Galice:ʔi=s=tʼamʔ4
Hoijer 1973: 65. Literally 'it is small' (the verb =tʼamʔ 'to be small' seems unattested outside this expression). Cf. the variant ʔi=š=tʼamiʔ 'small, young' in [Jacobs 1968: 184 No. 10], which might be more archaic. In [Hoijer 1956: 223], quoted as ʔistʼanʔ, in [Landar 1977: 295], as ʔištʼanʔ - apparently an inaccurate transcription of final -m in both cases.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested. Cf. the noun-like adjective quya [Lovick 2005: 32], documented only in the nominalized function 'baby' [Lovick 2005: 33 ex. 1.28a, 44 ex. 2.5c].
Outer Inlet Tanaina:qwa5
Boraas 2010: 39. Noun-like adjective, attested in conjunction with 'mountains', 'dogs', 'birch', 'houses'.
Distinct from the noun-like adjective (or the suffix) šla, attested in the expressions 'little friend (euphemistic name for wolverine)' [Boraas 2010: 39] and kʰi-šla 'a little more' (with the adverb/adjective kʰi 'more; another') [Boraas 2010: 43].
A second expression for 'small, little' is the noun-like adjective quya [Wassillie 1979: 57; Holton et al. 2004: 11], applied to babies (lit. 'small child') [Wassillie 1979: 6], winter birds [Wassillie 1979: 11], bulls ("yearling bull") [Wassillie 1979: 18], lambs [Wassillie 1979: 57], mouses [Wassillie 1979: 66], dolls [Wassillie 1979: 30], creek [Wassillie 1979: 26, 81], island [Wassillie 1979: 54], lake [Wassillie 1979: 109], tree [Tenenbaum 1978: 160].
We treat =ɬ=čʰǝkʼ and quya as synonyms.
Distinct from the noun-like adjective (or the suffix) šla, which means 'small, little', but in all attested examples, it is applied only to animated subjects, see [Wassillie 1979: 59] and cf. the Common Tanaina expression qaqa-šla 'bird' q.v., lit. 'little animal'.
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Central Ahtena:=ɬ=cʰiʔ-i6
Kari 1990: 392, 591.
Lower Ahtena: =ɬ=cʰiʔ-i [Kari 1990: 392, 591].
Western Ahtena: =ɬ=cʰikʼʸ-i [Kari 1990: 392, 591].
Mentasta Ahtena:=ɬ=cʰikʸ-i6
Kari 1990: 392, 591.
AHT_NOTES:
Three generic expressions for 'small, little' are quoted in [Kari 1990: 591] (no dialectal difference in meaning or application is mentioned by the author).
1) The verb *=ɬ=cʰikʼʸ-e (with the modern dialectal variants [Kari 1990: 24]) 'to be small, little' [Kari 1990: 392, 591]. In Kari's examples, this verb is applied to 'it', 'him', 'children', 'plant', 'head', 'house'. Final -e is the negative exponent (see notes on 'not' and [Kari 1990: 66; Kari 1979: 169]).
2) The noun-like adjective qaːy 'little, small' [Kari 1990: 191, 591] In Kari's examples, applied to 'house', 'axe', 'animal'. As the second element of compounds, -qaːy forms the names of baby or yearling animals.
3) The noun-like adjective ƛʰe 'little, small' [Kari 1990: 355, 591], explained by Kari as "less productive than qaːy; mainly used in compounds".
We have to treat *=ɬ=cʰikʼʸ-e and qaːy as synonyms for all the dialects, although it is formally unclear whether *=ɬ=cʰikʼʸ-e can be used attributively, i.e., as a verb-like adjective (typically for Athapaskan) or not. Cf. the similar situation with 'big' q.v.
Dogrib:=čʰà-lé ~ =čʰà-lé-á7
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 42, 80, 211; Marinakis et al. 2007: 154. Innovative pronunciation: =cʰà-lé-(á). Verbal expression 'not to be big' with =čʰà 'to be big' q.v. and the negation -lé q.v. The optional -á is the diminutive suffix, see below.
=čʰà-lé-(á) seems to be the default full-fledged expression for 'small, little', cf. the found examples: "Her little sister went to sleep beside the old woman" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 16], "The houses are both too small" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 55], "small building" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 58], "The puppy is small" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 80].
Cf. the very common and productive diminutive suffix -á (-ã́ after a nasalized vowel) [Marinakis et al. 2007: 152 ff.].
North Slavey (Hare):=sèl-è8
Rice 1978: 261, 455, 536; Rice 1989: 241. Functions either as the verb =sèl-è 'to be small' or the noun-like adjective sèl-è 'small'.
Tanacross:kàːy5
Arnold et al. 2009: 239; Holton 2000: 31, 294.
Two expressions for 'small' are quoted in [Arnold et al. 2009: 239; Holton 2000: 294]: the noun-like adjective kàːy 'small' ("marten eat birds and small animals", "what a small amount!" [Arnold et al. 2009: 239], "the small boy is playing" [Holton 2000: 293]) and the verbal forms n=cʰûːŁ ~ n=cʰêŁ '(it is) small' ("mice are small" [Arnold et al. 2009: 239], "small house" [Holton 2000: 227]). We have to treat them as synonyms.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):kaːy5
Milanowski 2009: 17.
Two Tetlin expressions for 'small' are documented: the noun-like adjective kaːy with polysemy: 'small, little / young' [Milanowski 2009: 17] and verbal n=cʰuːl with polysemy: 'small / short' [Milanowski 2009: 22], =cʰuːl 'to be small / to be short' [Milanowski 2009: 57, 120]. Both are accompanied with several textual examples. We have to treat them as synonyms.
Lower Tanana (Minto):=cʰǝƛʼ-ã8
Kari 1994: 285, 477; Tuttle 2009: 183. Verbal stem: 'to be small'. Also functions as noun-like adjectives: cʰǝƛʼ-ã 'small', cʰǝl-a 'small' [Kari 1994: 286]. Final -ã expresses negative dimensional semantics, see notes on 'not'. Cf. Kari's examples: "the sticks are small", "the prices are cheap", "small sled".
The second candidate is the noun-like adjective kʌ [Kari 1994: 114], an irregularly reduced form of the root kʌy, also attested in the substantivized adjective kʌy-aʔ 'young, baby or yearling animal' [Kari 1994: 114] (-aʔ is the adjective suffix). Cf. Kari's examples for kʌ 'small': 'small sled', 'baby boy', 'beaver kit'.
Since only =cʰǝƛʼ-ã is quoted in [Tuttle 2009: 183] for English 'small', we assume that kʌ is a more rare and marginal word.
Central Carrier:=tʼʌm-1
Poser 1998/2013: 912, 1222, 1261. Apparently borrowed from Babine =ɬ=tʼǝmʔ 'to be small'.
There are two main candidates for the meaning '(to be) small' in Central Carrier:
1) =tʼʌm 'to be small, little' [Poser 1998/2013: 912, 1222, 1261]. Cf. some of the numerous examples: "The ant is small and a good worker" [Antoine et al. 1974: 1], "We see mostly small whirlwinds" [Antoine et al. 1974: 3], "That man is small but very muscular" [Antoine et al. 1974: 41], "A small portion of devil's club is used to mix with herb medicines" [Antoine et al. 1974: 105], "The smaller boat took less freight in it" [Antoine et al. 1974: 110], "They gave me some small pups" [Antoine et al. 1974: 137], "The small room was built (joined) onto the house" [Antoine et al. 1974: 139].
2) =cʰul 'to be small, little' [Poser 1998/2013: 912, 1223, 1262]. Cf. the found examples: "This fishnet has a fine mesh" [Poser 1998/2013: 143], "He backed out with the crate because the doorway is too small" [Poser 1998/2013: 182], "His little toe hurts as a result of wearing shoes too small (n=cʰul)" [Poser 1998/2013: 210], "When he was small he got into everything", "I got a blister on my foot because my shoes were too small", "The child is dissatisfied because they gave him a small amount of money", "The shrew is much smaller than the mouse and has a narrower face" [Poser 1998/2013: 373], "When we were small mother packed us (on her back)" [Poser 1998/2013: 494], "When I was small, I remember grandmother telling stories" [Poser 1998/2013: 538].
Both are widely applicable, but browsing through the available data suggests that =tʼʌm can be more frequently used than =cʰul (Bill Poser, p.c., confirms it). Nevertheless, we treat both items as synonyms, since =tʼʌm appears to be a loan from the neighboring Babine language, being unknown to other Carrier varieties (Bill Poser, p.c.).
Distinct from the diminutive suffix -yaz ~ -ya [Poser 1998/2013: 549, 556]. Cf. some stems with it: tʌne-yaz 'boy (up to about 12 years of age)' (literally 'little man') [Poser 1998/2013: 142], cʼekʰe-yaz 'girl' (literally 'little woman') [Poser 1998/2013: 489], tʌtʼai-yaz 'little bird' [Poser 1998/2013: 148].
Koyukon:=kuc-ǝ9
Jetté & Jones 2000: 195, 1011; Jones 1978: 152. Verbal stem: 'to be small, little', widely applicable. Final -ǝ is the lexicalized negative suffix, emphasizing small dimensions, see [Jetté & Jones 2000: 5] and notes on 'not'. Used in the Central and Lower dialects. This verb is quoted in [Jones 1978: 152] as the only expression for 'small, little'.
Differently in the Upper dialect, where the verb =cʰǝƛ-ǝ 'to be small, little' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 636] is used instead.
Distinct from the noun-like adjective yoːz-ǝ ~ yoːs 'small / young' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 715], whose normal meaning is 'young' (applicable to humans and animals). Cf. substantivized yoːs 'fetus, childbirth; young animal or waterfowl' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 715].
Degexit'an:kʼǝʒ10
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 30; Chapman 1914: 229. A noun-like adjective. Browsing through available sources suggests that this is the most common and widely applicable expression for 'small, little'.
The second candidate is =sƛʼ-ǝ 'to be small, few' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 50], which is, however, more rarely used.
Sarsi:=cʰìƛʼ-á8
Li 1930b: 24; Cook 1984: 67; Hoijer 1956: 222. Verbal stem: 'to be small'. Also functions as the noun-like adjective cʰìƛʼ-á 'small' [Cook 1984: 67]. Final -a ~ -aa is the diminutive suffix [Li 1930b: 9]. Cf. some examples: "small cloud", "little chief", "small man" [Cook 1984: 67], "His beak is small" [Nanagusja 1996b: 147], etc.
A second candidate is =čʰìčʼ-āā 'to be small' [Li 1930b: 25; Nanagusja 1996a: 129], but without textual evidence.
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:quya5
Wassillie 1979: 59; Holton et al. 2004: 11.
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:qaːy5
Kari 1990: 191, 591.
Lower Ahtena: qaːy [Kari 1990: 191, 591].
Western Ahtena: qaːy [Kari 1990: 191, 591].
Mentasta Ahtena:qaːy5
Kari 1990: 191, 591.
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:n=cʰûːŁ ~ n=cʰêŁ8
Arnold et al. 2009: 239; Holton 2000: 227, 294, 352; Shinen 1958: 20. In [Holton 2000: 227], transcribed as n=cʰùːl. Initial n= is the adjectival/gender exponent [Holton 2000: 237 ff.].
Kari 2007: 249, 358; Kari 1977: 132; Wassillie 1979: 91.
Iliamna Tanaina:ta=s=kǝt-i2
Kari 2007: 249, 358; Kari 1977: 132.
TFN_NOTES:
ta=s=kǝt-i is glossed as 'smoke, smudge' by Kari. This is a descriptive new formation, literally 'that which is smoking' [Kari 2007: 249], although the verb =kǝt ('to smoke'?) is not documented as a separate item.
The old term ɬǝt 'smoke' is retained in all the dialects, but since it is only quoted in [Kari 2007: 249], it is likely that ɬǝt is an obsolete word for 'smoke'. It is interesting that in [Kari 1977: 132], ɬǝt is quoted as the Upper Inlet and Inland word for 'soot', but this is not confirmed in [Kari 2007: 249], where quite different Tanaina expressions are proposed for the meaning 'soot'.
Distinct from šǝɬ (all the dialects; in Outer Inlet čʰǝɬ as a doublet) 'light smoke, vapor' [Kari 2007: 249].
Central Ahtena:ɬet1
Kari 1990: 278, 591; Kari & Buck 1975: 98; Smelcer 2010: 67.
Western Ahtena: ɬet [Kari 1990: 278, 591; Kari & Buck 1975: 98; Smelcer 2010: 67].
Mentasta Ahtena:ɬet1
Kari 1990: 278, 591; Kari & Buck 1975: 98; Smelcer 2010: 67.
AHT_NOTES:
Cf. the cognate verbs: =t=let 'to smudge, burn (of smoky fire), smolder; burn down to ashes' (all dialects) and Mentasta obj=let 'to singe obj lightly' [Kari 1990: 278].
Dogrib:ɬó1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 70, 211.
North Slavey (Hare):lè1
Rice 1978: 72, 171; Hoijer 1956: 222. The possessive form is possr=lér-éʔ.
Tanacross:ɬèt1
Arnold et al. 2009: 240; Holton 2000: 347; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 12; McRoy 1973: 7; Shinen 1958: 13. Also functions as a verb: =h=ɬèt 'to smoke' as in "he is smoking a skin (part of tanning process)" [Arnold et al. 2009: 240].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ɬat1
Milanowski 2009: 20, 83.
Northway: ɬat 'smoke' [Milanowski 2007: 16].
Scottie Creek: ɬɤt 'smoke' [John 1997: 34].
Lower Tanana (Minto):ɬǝt1
Kari 1994: 180, 477; Tuttle 2009: 185. Quoted as lǝt by Kari. Polysemy: 'smoke / cigarette'.
Central Carrier:ɬʌt1
Poser 1998/2013: 283, 913; Poser 2011a: 192; Antoine et al. 1974: 146, 330.
Koyukon:ɬǝt1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 396, 1011; Jones 1978: 153. Cf. the cognate verb =ɬǝt 'to become singed' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 396].
Sapir & Golla 2001: 806; Golla 1996: 90; Golla 1970: 189. Originates from =yeːn-i. Used with animated sg. subj. For animated pl. subj. the root =yaː is used instead [Sapir & Golla 2001: 804; Golla 1996: 90].
Distinct from =noː 'to stand (in vertical projections)' (said of things) [Sapir & Golla 2001: 779; Golla 1996: 90].
Mattole:=yiːn1
Li 1930: 79. Originates from *=yin-i (heavy stem). Distinct from =kʼai, which is glossed as 'to stand' in [Li 1930: 106], although all the examples point to the active meaning 'to stand up'; distinct from =tʰaːɬ [imperf.] / =tʰaːʔl (< *=tʰaːl-ʔ-i) [perf.] with polysemy: 'to move one's foot / to stand up / to kick' [Li 1930: 57, 89].
Bear River dialect: not attested. Cf. =kʼai 'to stand up' [Goddard 1929: 321].
Kato:=yiŋ1
Goddard 1912: 61. Polysemy: 'to stand / to live in a place'. No specific expressions for 'to stand up' (animated subj.) are attested.
Taldash Galice:=keʔ2
Hoijer 1973: 67; Hoijer 1956: 223. A neuter intransitive verb. In [Hoijer 1956], quoted as =kiʔ, the default verb for 'to stand'. In [Hoijer 1973], glossed as 'to stand up straight, have an erect posture'.
Distinct from the active intransitive =tʰaɬ [imperf.] / =tʰaʔ [perf.], glossed as 'to arise, stand (up); step (down)' in [Hoijer 1973: 65]; perhaps this active verb means rather 'to stand up' than 'to stand'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=san1
Boraas 2010: 21. Attested examples: "Pete is standing beside Albert" [Boraas 2010: 21], "stand straight up" [Boraas 2010: 48], "his friend is standing out in the open" [Boraas 2010: 48].
Inland Tanaina:=san1
Wassillie 1979: 95. Apparently applied to animated subject only. Attested examples: "You stand right here", "The moose is standing in the water" [Wassillie 1979: 95], "Pete is standing beside Albert" [Tenenbaum 1978: 222], "he perceived a standing person" [Tenenbaum 1976 1: 30].
Distinct from =l=čʰit / =l=čʰǝt 'to stand up' [Wassillie 1979: 95].
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Central Ahtena:=t=zen1
Kari 1990: 172, 598.
Lower Ahtena: =t=zen [Kari 1990: 172, 598].
Western Ahtena: =t=zen [Kari 1990: 172, 598].
Mentasta Ahtena:=t=zen1
Kari 1990: 172, 598.
AHT_NOTES:
Used with sg. animate subj. Paradigm: =t=zen [imperf.] / =t=ziːn-ʔ [perf.]; synchronically contracting into =cen / =ciːn-ʔ.
Distinct from pl. =l=yaː 'to stand', used with pl. animate subj. [Kari 1990: 268] (all dialects) < the classificatory verb =laː / =l=yaː 'to handle plural objects' [Kari 1990: 264].
Dogrib:nà=...=wó3
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 79, 214. Used with sg. & dual. subj. (only inanimate?). Polysemy: 'to stand / to live / to stay'. Initial nà= is an adverbial prefix [Marinakis et al. 2007: 102] (perhaps the same adverbial prefix as ná= 'again, repeatedly' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 72; Marinakis et al. 2007: 103]).
Distinct from nà=...=žá 'to stand', used with pl. subj. (both inanimate and animate) [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 77].
North Slavey (Hare):=wè3
Rice 1978: 317, 475, 538. Used with sg. & dual. animate subj.
With pl. subj., the verb =l=yà shows polysemy: 'to sleep / to stand' [Rice 1978: 311, 481, 538].
Tanacross:ná=...=θ̬èt3
Arnold et al. 2009: 251; Holton 2000: 160, 352. Used with sg. subj. Initial ná= is a "thematic" prefix.
Distinct from ná=...=téːx 'to stand' [Arnold et al. 2009: 251; Holton 2000: 160, 352], used with pl. subj.
Distinct from the specific verbs for 'to stand up': sg. subj. =t=š̬àh, pl. subj. =t=tèːƛ [Arnold et al. 2009: 251-252].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ndaː=...=θat3
Milanowski 2009: 55, 107.
Lower Tanana (Minto):n=...=ðǝt3
Kari 1994: 90, 484; Tuttle 2009: 194. Initial n= is a "thematic" prefix. Polysemy: 'to stand / to stand up'. Applicable to sg. & dual. subj.
Distinct from n=...=tax 'to stand / to stand up' [Kari 1994: 61, 484; Tuttle 2009: 194] used with pl. subj. < classificatory verb =tax 'pl. experience event involving abstract process (time, environment, emotion)' [Kari 1994: 60].
Central Carrier:=yin1
Poser 1998/2013: 928, 1224, 1264; Poser 2011a: 199; Antoine et al. 1974: 331. Polysemy: 'to stand / to stand up'.
Koyukon:=haː-n̥1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 279, 1021; Jones 1978: 160; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 44. Paradigm: =haː-n̥ [imperf.] / =haː-ʔ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to stand / to stand up'. Applicable to sg. & dual. subj.
Distinct from =l=yoː 'to stand / to stand up' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 408, 1021; Jones 1978: 160; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 93] used with pl. subj.
Degexit'an:ntǝ=...=ðǝt3
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 13; Chapman 1914: 219. Polysemy: 'to stand / to stand up'. Used with sg. subj. Cf. some examples: "He's standing on the bank", "Who's standing by the doorway?", "A moose is standing on the trail", "A person is standing over there" [Taff et al. 2007].
Distinct from =lǝ=yoː 'to stand / to stand up' [Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914: 213] used with pl. subj. as in: "there they were, standing in the water, throwing out fish" [Chapman 1914: 188], "Everyone stand up" [Taff et al. 2007].
Sarsi:nà=...=zít-3
Cook 1984: 214; Hoijer 1956: 223. Missing from [Li 1930b]. Paradigm: =zíʔ ~ =zít- [imperf.] / =zīʔ ~ =zīt- [perf.]. Used with sg. subj.
Distinct from =V=ɣá 'to stand / to camp' [Li 1930b: 17], used with pl. subj.
Goddard 1912: 32, 122; Curtis 1924: 205. An unanalyzable formation. It is well attested in texts from [Goddard 1909], although in all known contexts, it is the plural meaning 'stars' that is implied for koːyaniːʔ ~ koːyaneʔ. In [Curtis 1924: 205], however, the form is quoted for sg. 'star'.
The old word for 'star' is probably retained as sǝn in the untranslatable collocation sǝn ɬanc ~ sǝn ɬans - name of a specific star or constellation [Goddard 1912: 31; Goddard 1909: 101 No. 13].
Taldash Galice:sanʔ1
Hoijer 1973: 58. In [Hoijer 1956: 223], inaccurately quoted as ya=san.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:sin ~ sǝn ~ sǝm1
Kari 2007: 150, 358; Kari 1977: 136.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:sin ~ sǝm1
Kari 2007: 150, 358; Kari 1977: 136.
Inland Tanaina:sin ~ sǝm ~ sim1
Kari 2007: 150, 358; Kari 1977: 136; Wassillie 1979: 95.
Iliamna Tanaina:sin ~ sǝm1
Kari 2007: 150, 358; Kari 1977: 136.
TFN_NOTES:
The modern fluctuation -n ~ -m goes back to *-nʔ. In [Osgood 1937: 217], the archaic form sinʔ 'star' is quoted for Tanaina dialects (including Seldovia).
Central Ahtena:sõʔ1
Kari 1990: 464, 598; Kari & Buck 1975: 88; Smelcer 2010: 126.
Arnold et al. 2009: 252; Holton 2000: 347; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 12; McRoy 1973: 6; Shinen 1958: 14. It should be noted that the etymologically expected Tanacross form should be **θ̬énʔ; initial s- can be influenced on the part of Ahtena sonʔ ~ sõʔ 'star' (cf. [Holton 2000: 143] for lexical borrowing from Ahtena into Tanacross).
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):sanʔ1
Milanowski 2009: 22, 79.
Northway: sanʔ 'star' [Milanowski 2007: 17].
Scottie Creek: sònʔ 'star' [John 1997: 66].
Lower Tanana (Minto):sǝnʔ1
Kari 1994: 346, 484; Tuttle 2009: 195.
Central Carrier:s̪um1
Poser 1998/2013: 443, 928; Poser 2011a: 200; Antoine et al. 1974: 209, 331.
Bear River dialect: se 'stone' [Goddard 1929: 321].
Kato:se1
Goddard 1912: 20.
Taldash Galice:seː1
Hoijer 1973: 58; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. In [Hoijer 1956], quoted as sei.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:qʰa=ɬ=nik-i2
Kari 2007: 144, 359; Kari 1977: 123.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:qʰa=ɬ=nik-i2
Kari 2007: 144, 359; Kari 1977: 123.
Inland Tanaina:qʰa=ɬ=nik-i2
Kari 2007: 144, 359; Kari 1977: 123; Wassillie 1979: 82.
Iliamna Tanaina:qʰa=ɬ=nik-i ~ qʰa=n=ɬ=nik-i2
Kari 2007: 144, 359; Kari 1977: 123.
TFN_NOTES:
qʰa=ɬ=nik-i is a descriptive verbal form which means 'stone of medium size' (glossed as 'rock, stone (smaller, moveable, useable)' in [Kari 2007: 144]). However, the meaning of the presumed verb =nik is unknown (it can hardly be the same as =nik 'to go by boat' [Lovick 2005: 17 f.]).
Distinct from the old terms which synchronically mean 'large stone', glossed as 'rock, boulder (stationary)' in [Kari 2007: 144]: cʰa (all the dialects) and additionally Upper Inlet cʼǝs with the same meaning. It should be noted that the original meaning of cʼǝs could be something like 'small stone, pebble', since it is used in the Common Tanaina expression for 'seed' q.v.
Central Ahtena:cʼes3
Kari 1990: 410, 600; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98.
Western Ahtena: cʼes [Kari 1990: 410, 600; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98].
Mentasta Ahtena:cʼes3
Kari 1990: 410, 600; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98.
AHT_NOTES:
In [Kari 1990: 410], glossed as 'rock, stone'; in [Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98], as 'rock'. The original meaning of cʼes could be something like 'small stone, pebble', since it is used in the Common Ahtena expression for 'seed' q.v.
Distinct from the old generic root cʰeː 'stone', which, in syncronic usage, is mainly restricted to compounds (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 373].
Dogrib:kʰʷé1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 64, 216.
North Slavey (Hare):fè1
Rice 1978: 53, 174; Hoijer 1956: 222. Hoijer quotes the 19th c. archaic variant {kfwɛ}. Cf. the example: "he hit the bird with a stone" [Rice 1989: 302].
Tanacross:tθʰèː1
Arnold et al. 2009: 217, 255; Holton 2000: 346; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 12; Shinen 1958: 14.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):tθʰeː1
Milanowski 2009: 25, 82.
Northway: tθʰeː 'stone' [Milanowski 2007: 17].
Scottie Creek: tθʰeː 'stone' [John 1997: 48].
Lower Tanana (Minto):tθʰa-kʼʊnaʔ ~ tθʰa1
Kari 1994: 170, 306, 486; Tuttle 2009: 196. The collocation tθʰa-kʼʊnaʔ literally means 'burnt stone' (the verb =kʼʌn̥ 'to burn' q.v., participle kʼʊn-aʔ). It is proposed by Kari as the generic term for an average-size stone, cf. Kari's gloss: 'rock, stone (generic / that can be handled), steambath rock, cooking rock' with further explanation: "the importance of rocks as cooking stones is reflected in this compound".
Simple tθʰa is quoted in [Tuttle 2009: 196] as the only translation of English 'stone' (with the significant example "He threw a stone"), but glossed in [Kari 1994: 306] as 'rock, stone (larger)' (further with additional polysemy 'large stone / mountain'; however, this is not a basic word for 'mountain').
Distinct from two rare terms, glossed simply as 'stone' without specifications and examples: ðǝ=ʔo-n-i [Kari 1994: 19], baʂ [Kari 1994: 34].
Central Carrier:c̪ʰe1
Poser 1998/2013: 503, 875; Poser 2011a: 202; Antoine et al. 1974: 233, 326. A generic term for stones, cf. the examples: "Long ago they made arrowheads out of rocks" [Poser 1998/2013: 503], "The beaver makes his house of stones, sticks and mud" [Antoine et al. 1974: 27], "A kidney stone became lodged in the urinary tract" [Antoine et al. 1974: 35], "Old fashioned moosehide scrapers were made of stone" [Antoine et al. 1974: 59], "The (round) stone is large' [Poser 1998/2013: 357].
Koyukon:lǝ=ʔoː-n-ǝ4
Jetté & Jones 2000: 43, 1023; Jones 1978: 162. Generic term with polysemy: 'stone / boulder / tempered steel'. Literally 'compact object that is in position' < the generic classificatory verb =ʔoː '(compact) object is in position' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 40].
Distinct from the old term ƛʰaː 'boulder / rocky cliff, bluff' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 561]. As explained by Jetté, ƛʰaː "contrasts with lǝʔoːnǝ which designates smaller rocks that can be handled".
Degexit'an:noː=qʰoːq-ǝy5
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 43; Chapman 1914: 215. Looks like a nominalized deverbal form, although details are unclear. This is the main word for 'stone' in the Yukon dialect according to [Kari 1978] and Chapman's data, cf. the attested examples: "She went up over a place where there were flat stones; and she thought, 'I will put these stones at the sides of my chest, and on my breast and forehead'" [Chapman 1914: 130], "they [two boys] went into the house and ate it. Then one of them got under a stone, and the other got under a pillow, and there they stayed" [Chapman 1914: 197].
In [Taff et al. 2007], Yukon noː=qʰoːq-ǝy is quoted in the meaning 'gravel', but in one of the textual examples it is translated as 'rocks': "Lots of gravel is piled here and there", "I threw rocks in the water".
The second candidate is noː=qʰoːy, also an unclear deverbative. It is quoted in the generic meaning 'rock, stone' in [Taff et al. 2007], but in both examples it occurs only within the collocation noː=qʰoːy čʰʊχ 'big stone': "There are lots of big rocks", "A big rock was put in the road". This can imply that noː=qʰoːy has a more specific meaning than simply 'stone'. It must be noted that noː=qʰoːy is quoted in [Kari 1978: 43] as a Kuskokwim dialectal term for 'stone', which semantically corresponds to noː=qʰoːq-ǝy 'stone' in the Yukon dialect.
Both noː=qʰoːq-ǝy and noː=qʰoːy are also used in the expressions for 'stone axe': Yukon dialect noːqʰoːqǝytθʰǝŋǝɬ, Kuskokwim dialect noː=qʰoːytθʰǝŋǝɬ [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 67].
Distinct from the old term tθʰaː 'boulder' [Kari 1978: 43].
Sapir & Golla 2001: 796; Golla 1996: 92; Hoijer 1956: 223. The word ʍaː demonstrates the standard areal polysemy: 'sun / moon', although there also exist specialized expressions for this celestial body: čiŋkʰʸoːwit-ʍa, literally 'daytime' + 'sun', čiŋkʰʸoːwit-qaːl, literally 'daylight' + 'comes along', teːti-qaːl, literally 'here' + 'it comes along' [Golla 1996: 92] (these forms are not yet attested in [Sapir & Golla 2001]). For a similar specialized expression for 'moon' ('night ʍaː') see under the latter.
Mattole:xaː1
Li 1930: 126, 148 sub No. 75. Polysemy: 'sun / moon / month / light of sun or moon'. The more specific collocation čiŋ-xˈa-ʔ 'sun' (the first element čiŋ means 'day' [Li 1930: 131]) is also used, see notes on 'moon'.
Bear River dialect: naɣai ~ nakai with the strange polysemy: 'sun / rainbow' [Goddard 1929: 306, 321]; apparently, an inaccurate gloss.
Kato:ša1
Goddard 1912: 20; Curtis 1924: 205. Polysemy: 'sun / moon', although this is currently not the default term for 'moon'.
The underlying verbal form is *nu=ʔu-yi with various contractions in the dialects, literally 'a compact object that moves across': the classificatory verb =ʔu 'to handle a single compact object' [Tenenbaum 1978: 132, 135; Holton et al. 2004: 40; Boraas 2010: 65, 118] with the relative nominalizer -(ʔ)i / -(y)i [Kari 2007: 329; Boraas 2010: 17, 144]. Initial nu= is the directional prefix 'around, here and there; across; down, towards the ground' [Tenenbaum 1978: 183; Boraas 2010: 129]. For similar contractions of nominalized *=ʔu-i see notes on Upper Inlet Tanaina 'head'.
The old term šu (Upper Inlet su) 'sun' is retained in the expression for 'caribou in warm weather, summer caribou': nu=šu=yu=ɬ=tʰaɬ-i, lit. 'one that sun moves about' (all dialects) and additionally Inland šu tʼi=ɬ=ʔin, lit. 'one that gets sun' [Kari 2007: 4].
Central Ahtena:na=ʔaː-y2
Kari 1990: 73, 603; Kari & Buck 1975: 87; Smelcer 2010: 126.
Western Ahtena: na=ʔaː-y [Kari 1990: 73, 603; Kari & Buck 1975: 87; Smelcer 2010: 126].
Mentasta Ahtena:saː1
Kari 1990: 448, 603; Kari & Buck 1975: 87; Smelcer 2010: 126. Polysemy: 'sun / month'.
AHT_NOTES:
The stem *saː can be reconstructed as the Proto-Ahtena term with polysemy: 'sun / moon / month'. The non-Mentasta na=ʔaː-y is a new Tanaina-influenced formation, literally 'a compact object that moves across'; na=ʔaː-y can sometimes acquire the polysemy: 'sun / moon / month' - in such cases the full collocation ceːn na=ʔaː-y-eʔ 'sun', lit. 'day's naʔaːy', can be used. See notes on 'moon' for details.
Three sá-based terms for 'sun' are quoted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996], out of which the simple sá 'sun / moon / month' and the compound sá-tèː 'sun' are quoted in [Siemens et al. 2007], so sá and sá-tèː should be the default expressions for 'sun' in Dogrib. sá-tèː literally means 'great sá' with -tèː 'great, big, important, good' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 14].
The third term is cẽ́-kó-sàː 'sun' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 22], literally 'sá of the day (cẽ́)' with the unclear element kó. It must be noted that this compound is recent, since the intervocalic -s- has not voiced into -z-.
North Slavey (Hare):sà1
Rice 1978: 88, 175; Hoijer 1956: 222. Polysemy: 'sun / month'. In [Hoijer 1956: 222], sà is quoted with archaic polysemy: 'sun / moon'.
Another expression for 'sun' is cìnè=tìh=sà [Rice 1978: 52] with cìnè 'day', sà 'sun' and perhaps tih 'here' [Rice 1989: 321]. Cf. the mirroring expression tʰèwè=tìh=sà 'moon' with tʰèwè 'night'.
Tanacross:sàː1
Arnold et al. 2009: 176, 258; Holton 2000: 347; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 13; McRoy 1973: 6; Shinen 1958: 18. Polysemy: 'sun / month'. In [Shinen 1958: 18], the pleonastic collocation cèːn sàː 'sun', literally 'sàː of day', is also quoted. The polysemy 'sun / month' indicates that sàː was the Proto-Tanacross term for 'sun / moon / month' (the modern expression for 'moon' q.v. is based on the verb 'to light').
In the Chena dialect, so with polysemy: 'sun / moon' [Kari 1994: 354].
Central Carrier:sa1
Poser 1998/2013: 420, 939; Poser 2011a: 206; Antoine et al. 1974: 198, 332. Polysemy: 'sun / moon / generally any heavenly body other than a star'.
Koyukon:soː1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 739, 1028; Jones 1978: 165. Polysemy: 'sun / month'. According to [Jones 1978], this is still the most common expression for 'sun' (cf. the quoted example: "She's looking at the sun"). In the Lower dialect, the extended collocation caːn zoː-ʔo 'sun', literally 'day's sun' is also used [Jetté & Jones 2000: 739].
There also exist several descriptive expressions for 'sun' based on the generic classificatory verb =ʔoː 'compact object is in position': ʁǝ=ʔoː-l-ǝ ~ ʁǝ=ʔoː-l-iː 'sun', literally 'compact object that moves along' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 53; Jones 1978: 165], χ=ǝ=t=iː=ʔoː-n-ǝ 'sun', literally 'compact object is in the area' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 49], Lower dialect noː=ʔoː-y with polysemy: 'sun / moon', literally 'compact object that repetitively moves' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 53; Jones 1978: 165].
Degexit'an:noː=ʔoː-y2
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 45; Chapman 1914: 213. Literally 'compact object that repetitively moves' with the generic classificatory verb =ʔoː-y̥ [imperf.] / =ʔoː-n̥ [perf.] 'to handle compact object' [Kari 1976: 4]. Cf. the examples for noː=ʔoː-y 'sun': "At that time darkness was over all the earth; there was no sun (noː=ʔoː-y) or moon (toː-ɬ-tʼoː-l) there" [Chapman 1914: 106], "Dusk or darkness, no sun (noː=ʔoː-y) no moon (toː-ɬ-tʼoː-l), only darkness, yet he travelled" [Chapman 1914: 111], "Early in the morning the sun is red" [Taff et al. 2007].
According to [Kari 1978: 45], noː=ʔoː-y means both 'sun' and 'moon', but this is not confirmed by other sources. The original polysemy 'sun / moon / month' for noː=ʔoː-y is possibly revealed by noːʔoː ~ noːʔ 'month' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 49], if these forms represent contraction of noː=ʔoː-y.
Sarsi:čʼɒ̀ː=tʼɒ́ɣ-ɒ́3
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 72; Hoijer 1956: 223. Unclear; can literally mean 'tʼɒɣ of čʼɒ' (cf. possr=tʼáɣ-ɒ̀ʔ ~ possr=tʼɒɣ-a 'feather'?).
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Hupa:=meː1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 770; Golla 1996: 93; Golla 1977: 357. Polysemy: 'to swim / to bathe'. Applied at least to human beings. According to [Golla 1977: 357], the paradigm is: directional imperfective/perfective =mi-ʍ (< *=meː-ʍ) / =meː-n (< *=meː-n-i), nondirectional imperfective/perfective =meː / =me-ʔ (< *=meː-ʔ). Perhaps this is the same word as the classificatory verb =meː [imperf.] / =me-ʔ [perf.] 'to gather small objects (berries, etc.)' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 770].
Mattole:=peː1
Li 1930: 82. Paradigm: =peː [imperf.] / =pe-ʔ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to swim / to take a bath'.
Goddard 1912: 68. Paradigm: =pe [nondirectional imperf.] / =piː-š [directional imperf.] / =piː-n [nondirectional perf.]. Used with both sg. and pl. subj.
Distinct from the more specific verb =leh / =leɣ 'to swim under water' [Goddard 1912: 63] and from =kʰeʔ 'to bath (pl. subj.)' [Goddard 1912: 78].
Distinct from =li 'to swim', applied to a fish [Landar 1977: 295].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=pa1
Boraas 2010: 94. Cf. the example: "he is swimming naked" [Boraas 2010: 46].
Distinct from =laʁ 'to swim', applied to fish, cf. the examples "A fish swam in to me" [Boraas 2010: 25] and "he swam around outside of him" [Boraas 2010: 26] (in the later case, the Raven, which has tuned into a fish, is mentioned).
Inland Tanaina:=cʰi=l=kʰǝɬ3
Wassillie 1979: 99. Applied to a human. The first element cʰi is the incorporated morpheme 'head'.
Distinct from the verb =laʁ, which seems to only be applied to fishes and (mythological) animals: nikʼu=n=š=laʁ 'I swam' [Tenenbaum 1978: 182] with the directional adverbial prefixes nikʼu 'out in a horizontal direction'; niqʰa=n=a=ʔi=ƛaʁ (< *=t=laʁ) 'he swam back to shore' [Tenenbaum 1978: 182] with the directional adverbial prefixes niqʰa 'to the beach or to higher ground from the water'; tʰa=n=š=laʁ 'I swam underwater' [Tenenbaum 1978: 185] with the directional adverbial prefixes tʰa 'submerged in water'; čʼa=n=i=laʁ 'he swam (around outside of him)' [Tenenbaum 1978: 206].
Distinct from =l=kʰit 'to swim across' [Lovick 2005: 19, 61 ex. 2.30a; Tenenbaum 1976 1: 59, 60] - a causative from the classificatory verb =ɬ=kʰit 'to handle a mushy or sticky object' [Tenenbaum 1978: 140].
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
TFN_NOTES:
The verb 'to swim (subj. = human)' is poorly documented. The old root =pa is attested as a full-fledged verb in Outer Inlet and in the abstract noun 'swimming': Upper Inlet nu=cʼu=pa-ɬ-i, Outer Inlet nu=čʼu=pa-ɬ-i (with the future-optative suffix -ɬ and the relative nominalizer -i).
Central Ahtena:=peː-s1
Kari 1990: 101, 604.
Lower Ahtena: =peː-s [Kari 1990: 101, 604].
Western Ahtena: =peː-s [Kari 1990: 101, 604].
Mentasta Ahtena:=peː-s1
Kari 1990: 101, 604.
AHT_NOTES:
Paradigm: =peː-s [momentous imperf.] / =peː-n [momentous perf.] etc.; used with sg. subj., applicable to humans, mammals, birds. Glossed by Kari as 'to swim on surface'.
Distinct from =l=ʔeːɬ [imperf.] / =l=ʔeːƛʼ [perf.] 'to swim', pl. subj. (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 88, 604]; Kari explains this as "usually used for animals, birds", but apparently also for humans as well.
Distinct from =leːχ 'to swim' (all dialects; Mentasta: =leːq), applicable to fish(es) [Kari 1990: 274, 604].
Dogrib:=mpé1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: ix, 60, 217. Innovative pronunciation: =pé. Used with sg. & dual. subj.; applicable to humans, animals and inanimate subj.
Distinct from =ʔé / =ʔò 'to swim', pl. subj. [Saxon & Siemens 1996: ix, 60, 217].
Distinct from =ʔiè 'to swim', pl. subj. [Rice 1978: 302, 406, 541].
Tanacross:=mèːɬ1
Arnold et al. 2009: 260; Holton 2000: 352. This is the imperfective root variant. As proposed in [Holton 2000: 352], =mèːɬ is to be historically analyzed as a suffixal formation: =mèː-ɬ, although -ɬ is the normal exponent of the future form [Holton 2000: 269].
In [Shinen 1958: 59], the full paradigm is quoted as =beɬ [imperf.] / =meh [perf.] 'to swim', where =beɬ is a phonetic variant of =mèːɬ.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=mbeː-ɬ1
Milanowski 2009: 39, 58, 107. Glossed simply as 'to swim' in [Milanowski 2009], specified as 'human or animal movement through water without significant splashing' (Milanowski, p.c.). Final -ɬ is a rare suffix (synchronously -ɬ is the future exponent) which can be singled out by comparison with the cognate verb =t=mbeː-k 'to swim across' [Milanowski 2009: 39, 107] ("A person swims across"), where -k is formally the exponent of customary aspect.
Distinct from the more marked verb =h=tʼan̥ 'to swim' [Milanowski 2009: 58, 107], specified as 'human or animal movement through water with significant splashing' (Milanowski, p.c.). Cf. the available example: "He is swimming in the creek" [Milanowski 2009: 58].
Lower Tanana (Minto):=ba-y̥1
Kari 1994: 31, 491; Tuttle 2009: 199. Paradigm: =ba-y̥ [imperf.] / =ba-n̥ [perf.] / =ba-ɬ [future] / =bi-y̥ [customary]. Glossed as 'to swim on surface'. Applicable to humans and animals incl. fish. According to [Kari 1994: 31], used with sg. subj. only, although already in [Tuttle 2009: 199] the full sg.-pl. paradigm is offered.
Distinct from =l=ʔal [imperf.] / =l=ʔaƛ [perf.] / =l=ʔʊl [fut.] / =l=ʔʊ-k [customary imperf.] / =l=ʔʊl [progressive imperf.] 'to swim', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1994: 13, 491].
Central Carrier:=pe1
Poser 1998/2013: 944, 1218, 1249; Poser 2011a: 208; Antoine et al. 1974: 333. Paradigm: =pe [imperf.] / =pi [perf.] / =pe-ɬ ~ =pi-ɬ [progressive imperf.]. Used with sg. & dual. subj. Cf. the example: "He is strong because he is always swimming" [Antoine et al. 1974: 180].
Distinct from =l=ʔeɬ ~ =l=ʔiɬ [imperf.] / =l=ʔel ~ =l=ʔil [perf.] 'to swim', used with pl. subj. [Poser 1998/2013: 944, 1218, 1248].
Koyukon:=paː-y̥1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 74, 1030; Jones 1978: 167; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 109. Paradigm: =paː-y̥ [imperf.] / =paː-n̥ [perf.]. Used with sg. & dual. subj.
Distinct from =l=ʔaːɬ [imperf.] / =l=ʔaːƛ [perf.] 'to swim', used with pl. subj. [Jetté & Jones 2000: 27, 1030; Jones 1978: 167].
A second, apparently more rare expression for 'to swim (pl. subj.)' is the general verb of motion =taːɬ [imperf.] =taːƛ [perf.] / =tǝɬ ~ =tǝɬ-ƛ [fut.] with polysemy: 'to go / to come / to swim' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 116].
Degexit'an:=vaː-y̥1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 8; Chapman 1914: 218. Paradigm: =vaː-y̥ [momentaneous imperf.] / =vaː-n̥ [momentaneous perf.] / =vaː-ɬ [progressive imperf.] / =vaː-ʔ [progressive perf.]. According to [Kari 1976], used with sg. subj., but in [Taff et al. 2007] there is also an example with pl. subj.: "Water beetles are swimming all around".
Distinct from =ʔaːɬ [imperf.] / =ʔaːƛ [perf.] 'to swim', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1976: 6]. Not found in [Taff et al. 2007], where it is apparently supplanted with singulative =vaː-.
Distinct from =laːχ 'to swim', applicable to fish(es) [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 34; Chapman 1914: 201].
Sarsi:=mɒ́h1
Li 1930b: 17; Hoijer 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 248. Ablaut paradigm: =mɒ́h [imperf.] / =míː ~ =míy- [perf.]. Cf. the available examples: "Can he swim?" [Cook 1984: 36], "I might swim" [Cook 1984: 37], "He has been swimming. He is one of us" [Goddard 1915: 267].
Distinct from =ʔūɬ [imperf.] / =ʔúːl [perf.] glossed as 'to bathe, swim' [Li 1930b: 16]. It is possible that =mɒ́h is applied preferably to humans, whereas =ʔūɬ 'to swim' is applied to animals, cf. the mirroring forms: yí=mɒ́-ɬ-í 'the one (person) who is swimming' vs. yī=ʔùɬ-í 'the one (animal) that is swimming' [Cook 1984: 104].
Distinct from =V=káʔ ~ =V=kát- ~ =V=kūt [imperf.] / =V=kàʔ ~ =V=kàt- [perf.] 'to go, walk (sg./dual. animals) / to swim, dive' [Li 1930b: 20; Cook 1984: 56], without any semantic specifications concerning the meaning 'to swim'.
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:tʰa=...=t=ɬ=tʼen4
Kari 1990: 348, 604. Initial tʰa- is the incorporated morpheme 'water' q.v. This is a specific Mentasta expression, applicable to humans (both sg. and pl. subj.). We treat it as a synonym of the main Ahtena verbs =peː-s and =l=ʔeːɬ.
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):=mì1
Perfective.
Tanacross:=meh1
Shinen 1958: 59. Perfective stem.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Hupa:possr=kʰʸeʔ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 757; Golla 1996: 94; Golla 1964: 115. The synchronic root is kʰʸeʔ, not kʰʸe, cf. such compounds as kʰʸeʔ-neːs 'pine squirrel', literally 'long tail' or kʰʸeʔ-čʰʷil 'bobbed tail', literally 'tail-blunted' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 757; Golla 1996: 94].
Distinct from the separate term possr=kʰʸeːl-ʔ 'fish tail' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 758; Golla 1996: 94].
Mattole:possr=ɕʰiːʔ1
Li 1930: 132. Morphologically =ɕʰiːʔ or =ɕʰiː-ʔ.
Bear River dialect: not attested as a separate word. The old term is retained in the compound čʰiː-nes ~ či-nes 'panther', literally 'long (q.v.) tail' [Goddard 1929: 300, 311].
Kato:possr=čʰiːʔ1
Goddard 1912: 22. Applied to mammals, serpents and perhaps to fish (cf. [Goddard 1909: 138 No. 12]).
Distinct from possr=tʼaʔ 'tail' [Goddard 1909: 86 No. 4; Goddard 1912: 22], applied to sea lions.
Taldash Galice:possr=čʰi-ʔ1
Hoijer 1973: 60; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Synchronically =čʰi-ʔ, if possr=čʰiːla-ʔ 'tip of the tail' [Hoijer 1973: 61] can be analyzed as a compound =čʰiː-la- with the unclear second morpheme.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:possr=kʰal-a2
Kari 2007: 15, 359; Kari 1977: 31. According to [Kari 2007], a generic term applied to mammals and apparently birds.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:possr=kʰa1
Kari 2007: 15, 359; Kari 1977: 31. According to [Kari 2007], a generic term applied to mammals and, apparently, birds.
The verbal incorporated element 'tail' is quoted in [Boraas 2010: 125] as kʰača- ~ kʰa- without semantic comments; see notes on Inland Tanaina.
Inland Tanaina:possr=kʰa-čat-a1
Kari 2007: 15, 359; Kari 1977: 31. According to [Kari 2007; Kari 1977], this word denotes a 'round tail (dog, moose)', i.e., an elongated terete tail.
Distinct from possr=kʰa 'flat tail (of muskrat, beaver, bird)' [Kari 2007: 15; Kari 1977: 31].
Differently in [Wassillie 1979: 99], where possr=kʰačata is applied to a beaver, whereas possr=kʰa is applied to birds.
The verbal incorporated element 'tail' is quoted in [Tenenbaum 1978: 164] as kʰača- ~ kʰa- without semantic comments. These are either two different morphemes with different meanings (kʰača- is an abbreviated form of possr=kʰačata; kʰa- goes back to possr=kʰa), or the second variant kʰa- may be an abbreviated form of kʰača- (< possr=kʰačata).
Iliamna Tanaina:possr=kʰa-čat-a1
Kari 2007: 15, 359; Kari 1977: 31. If the analysis of -a as the izafet exponent is correct, the Iliamna form is to be read possr=kʰa-čatʼ-a (< *...t-ʔa). According to [Kari 2007; Kari 1977], this denotes a 'round tail (dog, moose)', i.e., an elongated terete tail.
Distinct from possr=kʰa 'flat tail (of muskrat, beaver, bird)' [Kari 2007: 15; Kari 1977: 31].
TFN_NOTES:
It seems that =kʰa can be posited as the Proto-Tanaina term for 'tail (in general)'. Upper Inlet =kʰal- is an old word for 'fish tail'.
Inland & Iliamna =kʰačata is synchronically obscure, but some external evidence suggests that we are dealing with the compound =kʰa-čat-a of two nominal roots kʰa 'tail' and čat '?' (cf. the Common Tanaina anatomic term possr=čat-a 'shin' [Kari 2007: 94]).
Distinct from the specific expression for 'whale's tail, fish's tail': possr=kʰal-tʼa (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 15] - probably a contracted compound of kala ‘tail’ (see the Upper Inlet form) and tʰaʁʔi (Upper Inlet: tʰayʔi) ‘paddle, oar’ [Kari 2007: 246]; cf. the contracted Ahtena compound kʰʸel-tʼoʁ-eʔ ‘adipose fin’ [Kari 1990: 349] < =kʰʸela ‘fish tail’ + =tʼoʁ-eʔ ‘fin’.
Western Ahtena: possr=kʰʸe-ʔ [Kari 1990: 112, 605; Kari & Buck 1975: 9].
Mentasta Ahtena:possr=kʰʸe-ʔ1
Kari 1990: 112, 605; Kari & Buck 1975: 9.
AHT_NOTES:
Polysemy: 'tail / coccyx, tailbone'; applicable to mammals. Final -ʔ is the izafet exponent; cf. the variant kʰʸe- used as the second element of compounds [Kari 1990: 112].
Distinct from possr=kʰʸela-ʔ 'fish tail' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 112].
Dogrib:possr=čʰè1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 23, 218. Innovative pronunciation: possr=cʰè. Applicable at least to mammals and fishes.
North Slavey (Hare):possr=šé-ʔ1
Rice 1978: 92, 176; Hoijer 1956: 222. Hoijer quotes the 19th c. archaic variant =čʰe. Applicable to mammals.
Distinct from possr=ƛʼà with polysemy: 'bottom / tail (of fish)' [Rice 1978: 100, 138].
Tanacross:possr=čʰé-ʔ1
Arnold et al. 2009: 261; Holton 2000: 347; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 3; McRoy 1973: 2; Shinen 1958: 11.
Distinct from possr=čʰěːl-ʔ 'fish tail' [Arnold et al. 2009: 119; Holton 2000: 343].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):possr=čʰe-ʔ1
Milanowski 2009: 12, 84. Synchronously =čʰe, not =čʰeʔ, cf. the compound čʰeː-tʼiːn 'man with a tail' [Milanowski 2009: 12].
For the optional proclitic hay=, which functions like a definite article in nominal phrases, see [Golla 1970: 268 f.].
Mattole:yiː ~ hai=yiː2
Li 1930: 133. According to [Li 1930: 133], the system of Mattole demonstrative pronouns is binary: tiː 'this, these' (also hai=tiː) / yiː 'that, those' (also hai=yiː). There is also a general demonstrative hai, glossed by Li as 'the, this, that' and specified as "practically an article".
Bear River dialect: not attested reliably.
Kato:hai=ye ~ hai=yiː2
Goddard 1912: 34. According to [Goddard 1912: 34], the system of Kato demonstrative pronouns is binary: tiː 'this' / hai=ye ~ hai=yiː 'that'. There is also a general demonstrative hiː, glossed by Goddard as 'the' and specified as "practically an article".
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:ʁi-n-i ~ ʁi-n3
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:ʁi-n-i ~ ʁi-n3
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81; Boraas 2010: 37.
Inland Tanaina:ʁi-n-i ~ ʁi-n3
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81; Holton et al. 2004: 10.
Iliamna Tanaina:ʁi-n-i ~ ʁi-n3
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81.
TFN_NOTES:
According to [Kari 2007; Kari 1977] and other sources, the system of Tanaina demonstrative pronouns (both attributive and nominalized) is binary. These forms are common for all the dialects.
The suffixal status of -n in ki-n & ʁi-n follows from the cognate local adverbs ku 'here, nearby' and ʁu 'there, in the distance' [Boraas 2010: 37]. In turn, -ǝn is the human singulative exponent, *-na is the human plural exponent [Kari 2007: 329; Holton et al. 2004: 15; Boraas 2010: 17, 52].
If -i in the non-human variants kin-i and ʁin-i is the common relative nominalizer -(ʔ)i / -(y)i [Kari 2007: 329; Boraas 2010: 17, 144], it is possible that kin-i and ʁin-i were originally used in the non-attributive function.
Central Ahtena:ʁa-n-i3
Kari 1990: 208, 607.
Lower Ahtena: ʁa-n-i [Kari 1990: 208, 607].
Western Ahtena: ʁa-n-i [Kari 1990: 208, 607].
Mentasta Ahtena:ʁa-n-i3
Kari 1990: 208, 607.
AHT_NOTES:
It is likely that the system of Ahtena demonstrative pronouns (both attributive and nominalized) is binary. These forms are common for all the dialects.
The suffixal status of -n in kʸaː-n- & ʁa-n- is ascertained by the cognate local adverbs kʸaː 'here, this place' and ʁa 'there, at that place' [Kari 1990: 178, 208]. Subsequently, -i is the non-human nominalizer, -en is the human singulative nominalizer, -ne is the human plural nominalizer.
According to available sources, the system of Dogrib demonstrative pronouns (both attributive and nominalized) is binary: tíː(-ĩ́yĩ̀ː) 'this' / éyí 'that; there'.
North Slavey (Hare):ʔèyì ~ ʔèyè-rì2
Rice 1989: 255. Final -ri (< *-ti) is an enclitic element modifying demonstrative and some other pronouns, e.g., yè-rì 'what' q.v.
According to [Rice 1989: 255], the system of Hare demonstrative pronouns is binary: tè-rì 'this' / ʔèyì ~ ʔèyè-rì 'that'.
Tanacross:nâː ~ nâː-n4
Arnold et al. 2009: 266; Shinen 1958: 24.
Details are not documented, but according to [Holton 2000: 279], the basic opposition of Tanacross demonstrative pronouns (both attributive and nominalized) is binary: čâː ~ čâːn 'this (sg.)', ʔêy 'these (pl.)' / nâː ~ nâːn 'that (sg.); he, she, it', ʔèn̥ 'those (pl.)'.
It should be specially noted that in [Holton 2000: 279], forms for the proximal ('this, these') and distal ('that, those') pronouns are swapped; this looks like a typographic error.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ay2
Milanowski 2009: 12, 86. In [Milanowski 2009: 12, 18, 28, 86], the proximal demonstrative pronoun is given as ča-n ~ čah 'this', opposed to two distal demonstrative pronouns ay and xat which are quoted as synonyms with the gloss 'that / that one (demonstrative)'. As specified by Milanowski (p.c.), ay is most commonly used, whereas xat is generally used only when an alternate equivalent is needed within a context. Thus the Tetlin system is actually binary: ča-n ~ čah 'this' / ay 'that'.
The pronoun ay could be analyzed as a=y, see notes on Lower Tanana.
Lower Tanana (Minto):ǝ=yi2
Kari 1994: 324, 494.
Available sources show that the basic opposition of Lower Tanana attributive demonstrative pronouns is binary: čʌ ~ čʌn̥ 'this, these' / ǝyi 'that, those'.
The pronoun ǝyi with polysemy: 'that, those / it, they (3rd p. sg./pl. non-human)' is used both attributively and non-attributively, applied to things and animals. For humans, the extended stem ǝyǝ-n̥ 'he, she, him, her, 3rd p. sg. human' [Kari 1994: 324], apparently also used as attributive 'that', is used.
In the light of such pronouns as yǝ-t 'there, at that place' and yǝ-na 'they, them, 3rd p. pl. human' [Kari 1994: 324], it is possible to analyze ǝyi 'that' as ǝ=yi with ǝ= - a prefix of demonstratives, on which see further [Kari 1994: 14].
Central Carrier:n=yu-n2
Poser 1998/2013: 402; Poser 2011b: 38; Antoine et al. 1974: 352. Meaning 'that (near the addressee)'. Paradigm: nyu-n [humans & dogs, sg.] / nyu-n-ne [humans & dogs, pl.] / nyu [non-human, sg. & pl.].
As described in [Poser 2011b: 38] and slightly differently in [Antoine et al. 1974: 352], the system of Central Carrier attributive demonstrative pronouns is ternary: ntʌ-n 'this (near the speaker)' / nyu-n 'that (near the addressee)' / nɣʌn-ʌn ~ ŋʌn-ʌn 'that (far from the speaker & the addressee)'.
Initial n= is the common pronominal element, cf., e.g., n=tai 'what?, which?', n=tet 'when?'.
Koyukon:iːy2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 33, 806; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 15. Meaning 'that (near addressee)'. The variant found mainly in the Lower dialect is oːy.
According to [Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 15; Jetté & Jones 2000: 806], the system of Central Koyukon attributive demonstrative pronouns is quaternary: koː 'this (near speaker)' / iːy ~ oːy 'that (near addressee); aforementioned (that one that we are talking about)' / noʁ 'that (far from speaker & addressee)' / yǝqǝ 'that (far away)'. The latter item yǝq-ǝ is apparently the same word as yǝq-ǝ 'down, downward, below' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 687]; final -ǝ is the lexicalized negative suffix, emphasizing small dimensions, see [Jetté & Jones 2000: 5] and notes on 'not'.
We treat iːy 'that (near addressee)' and noʁ 'that (far from speaker & addressee)' as synonyms for 'that'.
Degexit'an:
Not documented properly.
Sarsi:ìyí2
Cook 1984: 73.
According to Cook's analysis, the system of Sarsi attributive demonstrative pronouns is ternary: tì- 'this' / ìyí 'that (proximate)' / nùɣú 'that (distant)'. We treat ìyí and nùɣú as synonyms for 'that'.
Poser 1998/2013: 350, 352; Poser 2011b: 38; Antoine et al. 1974: 352. Meaning 'that (far from the speaker & the addressee)'. Paradigm: nɣʌn-ʌn ~ ŋʌn-ʌn [humans & dogs, sg.] / nɣʌn-ne ~ ŋʌn-ne [humans & dogs, pl.] / nɣʌn-i ~ ŋʌn-i [non-human, sg. & pl.].
Koyukon:noʁ4
Jetté & Jones 2000: 493, 806; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 15. Meaning 'that (far from speaker & addressee)'.
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:nùɣú4
Cook 1984: 73.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Hupa:teː ~ teː-t1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 747; Golla 1996: 96. (=)teː-t originates < *(=)teː-ti. The plain form teː with polysemy: 'this / here'. See notes on 'that'.
Mattole:tiː ~ hai=tiː1
Li 1930: 133. See notes on 'that'.
Bear River dialect: not attested reliably.
Kato:tiː1
Goddard 1912: 34. See notes on 'that'.
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:ki-n-i ~ ki-n2
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:ki-n-i ~ ki-n2
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81; Boraas 2010: 37.
Inland Tanaina:ki-n-i ~ ki-n2
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81; Holton et al. 2004: 10.
Iliamna Tanaina:ki-n-i ~ ki-n2
Kari 2007: 65, 329; Kari 1977: 81.
TFN_NOTES:
See notes on 'that'.
Central Ahtena:kʸaː-n-i2
Kari 1990: 178, 608.
Lower Ahtena: kʸaː-n-i [Kari 1990: 178, 608].
Western Ahtena: kʸaː-n-i [Kari 1990: 178, 608].
Mentasta Ahtena:kʸaː-n-i2
Kari 1990: 178, 608.
AHT_NOTES:
See notes on 'that'.
Dogrib:tíː1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19, 221; Marinakis et al. 2007: 162. In [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19, 221], the forms tíː-ĩ́yĩ̀ː and tíː-yĩ̀ː 'this' are also quoted. It is likely that simple tíː is used attributively (the example: "These houses are among the trees" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19]), whereas tíː-ĩ́yĩ̀ː (contracted tíː-yĩ̀ː) is a nominalized contraction with ĩ́yĩ̀ː 'this one' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 54].
North Slavey (Hare):tè-rì1
Rice 1989: 255. See notes on 'that'.
Tanacross:čâː ~ čâː-n2
Arnold et al. 2009: 268. See notes on 'that'.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ča-n ~ čah2
Milanowski 2009: 18, 86. The variant čah is quoted with polysemy: 'this / here'.
Lower Tanana (Minto):čʌ ~ čʌn̥2
Kari 1994: 146, 495. Polysemy: 'this, these / here / now'. Used attributively; the nominalized forms are čʌn̥ 'this (person)' and čʌn-i 'this (thing)'. See notes on 'that'.
Central Carrier:n=tʌ-n1
Poser 1998/2013: 335; Poser 2011b: 38; Antoine et al. 1974: 352. Meaning 'this (near the speaker)'. Paradigm: ntʌ-n [humans & dogs, sg.] / ntʌ-n-ne [humans & dogs, pl.] / nti [non-human, sg. & pl.]. See notes on 'that'.
Koyukon:koː2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 192, 806; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 15. Meaning 'this (near speaker)'. See notes on 'that'.
Degexit'an:
Not documented properly.
Sarsi:tì-1
Cook 1984: 73. Paradigm: tì-ní [sg. human] / tì-ná [pl. human] / tì-yí [sg./pl. non-human]. Final -ní is the same morpheme as in the personal pronouns (sí-ní 'I' q.v. etc.); final -ná is the plural human suffix. Further see notes on 'that'.
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