Li 1930: 133. Regularly originates from *nin. The same morpheme in the prefixal possessive pronoun ni- 'thy' [Li 1930: 133], 2 sg. subject verbal prefix -n- [Li 1930: 68], 2 sg. object verbal prefix -ni- [Li 1930: 64].
Bear River dialect: naŋ 'thou' [Goddard 1929: 322].
Kato:niŋ1
Goddard 1912: 33. Regularly originates from *nin. The same morpheme is found in the prefixal possessive pronoun n̩- < *ni- 'thy' [Goddard 1912: 21].
Taldash Galice:nan1
Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 296. The same morpheme in the prefixal possessive pronoun n- [before C or Ṽ] / t- [before V] < *ni- 'thy' [Hoijer 1966: 322], 2 sg. indirect & direct object verbal prefix n- [before C or Ṽ] / t- [before V] [Hoijer 1966: 323, 324].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:nǝn1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:nǝn1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
Inland Tanaina:nǝn1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
Iliamna Tanaina:nǝn1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
TFN_NOTES:
The same morpheme in the prefixal possessive pronoun n- 'thy', 2 sg. subject verbal prefix -n-, 2 sg. object verbal prefix -n(ǝ)- [Kari 2007: 65; Lovick 2005: 41, 47; Tenenbaum 1978: 58, 73; Boraas 2010: 105, 123].
Central Ahtena:nen1
Kari 1990: 35, 300.
Lower Ahtena: nen [Kari 1990: 35, 300].
Western Ahtena: nen [Kari 1990: 35, 300].
Mentasta Ahtena:nen1
Kari 1990: 35, 300.
AHT_NOTES:
The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun n- 'thy', 2 sg. object verbal prefix -n-; etymologically distinct from the 2 sg. subject verbal prefix -i- [Kari 1990: 35, 57, 286].
Dogrib:nĩ́1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 82; Marinakis et al. 2007: 40.
The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun né- 'thy', 2nd sg. subject verbal prefix -né-, 2nd sg. object verbal prefix -né- [Saxon & Siemens 1996: xiii; Marinakis et al. 2007: 39, 114, 128; Coleman 1976: 21].
North Slavey (Hare):nè-nĩ̀1
Rice 1989: 253; Hoijer 1956: 222. Final -nĩ is a suffix that modifies personal and some other pronouns.
Tanacross:nèn1
Arnold et al. 2009: 300. In [Holton 2000: 278], transcribed as nénʔ. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun n- 'thy', 2nd sg. subject verbal prefix -ìn-, 2nd sg. object verbal prefix -n- [Holton 2000: 145, 199, 248].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):nan1
Milanowski 2009: 82. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun n- 'thy' [Milanowski 2009: 9].
Northway: nan 'thou' [Milanowski 2007: 15].
Scottie Creek: nɤn̥ 'thou' [John 1997: 83].
Lower Tanana (Minto):nǝn̥1
Kari 1994: 202. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun nǝ- 'thy', 2nd sg. subject verbal prefix -nǝ-, 2nd sg. object verbal prefix -nǝ- [Kari 1994: 202].
Central Carrier:nyʌn1
Poser 1998/2013: 403; Antoine et al. 1974: 351. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun n- 'thy', 2nd sg. subject verbal prefix -in-, 2nd sg. object verbal prefix -nyʌ- [Antoine et al. 1974: 349-350].
Koyukon:nǝn̥1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 469, 805; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 4. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun nǝ- 'thy', 2nd sg. subject verbal prefix -nǝ-, 2nd sg. object verbal prefix -nǝ- [Jetté & Jones 2000: 805].
Degexit'an:ŋǝn̥1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 25. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun ŋǝ- 'thy' [Kari 1978: 25].
Sarsi:ní-ní1
Cook 1984: 62; Hoijer 1956: 222. Final -ní is a morpheme common for all independent personal pronouns. The same root morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun ni- 'thy', 2nd sg. subject verbal prefix -ni-, 2nd sg. object verbal prefix -ni- [Cook 1984: 64, 193, 197].
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Hupa:possr=saː=s=tʰaːn1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 782; Golla 1996: 98. A descriptive formation < *sah-si-tʰaːn-i '(inside) the mouth it (stick-like object) lies'.
Mattole:possr=sa=s=tʰˈaːn1
Li 1930: 131. A descriptive formation '(inside) the mouth (q.v.) it (long object) lies' from the verb =tʰaːn (< *=tʰan-i) 'to lie (said of long object)' [Li 1930: 89].
Bear River dialect: possr=sa-s-tʰˈan ~ possr=sa-s-tʰaŋ 'tongue' [Goddard 1929: 322].
Hoijer 1973: 61. There is no single term for 'tongue' in Taldash Galice according to [Hoijer 1973], but two compounds with specific meanings are used instead: possr=taː-ɬoʔ 'back/root of the tongue' [Hoijer 1973: 53] (with =taː- 'mouth' q.v.) and possr=saː-ɬoʔ 'tip of the tongue' [Hoijer 1973: 58] (with =saː- '?').
In [Landar 1977: 295], the generic term for 'tongue' is quoted as the compound ɬaː=ɬoː (i.e., ɬaː=ɬo-ʔ) with ɬaː- '?'.
Cf. the word ɬoː-čʰoh 'snake' q.v., literally 'big tongue' with the augmentative suffix -čʰoh (see notes on 'big').
Upper Inlet Tanaina:possr=cʰi-la2
Kari 2007: 90, 359; Kari 1977: 99.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:possr=cʰi-lu2
Kari 2007: 90, 359; Kari 1977: 99.
Inland Tanaina:possr=cʰi-la2
Kari 2007: 90, 359; Kari 1977: 99; Wassillie 1979: 103.
Iliamna Tanaina:possr=cʰi-la2
Kari 2007: 90, 359; Kari 1977: 99.
TFN_NOTES:
Apparently =cʰila originates from contracted *=cʰilu-a with the izafet exponent -a, whereas Outer Inlet possr=cʰilu lacks this optional suffix.
=cʰilu is to be analyzed as a historical compound, cf. the plain lu in Outer Inlet, Inland, Iliamnapossr=lu 'blade, edge (of knife, axe, flaked stone)' [Kari 2007: 189].
Central Ahtena:possr=cʰu-la-ʔ2
Kari 1990: 397, 611; Kari & Buck 1975: 63; Smelcer 2010: 46.
Western Ahtena: possr=cʰu-la-ʔ [Kari 1990: 397, 611; Kari & Buck 1975: 63; Smelcer 2010: 46].
Mentasta Ahtena:possr=cʰu-la-ʔ2
Kari 1990: 397, 611; Kari & Buck 1975: 63; Smelcer 2010: 46.
AHT_NOTES:
Final -ʔ is the izafet exponent; in compounds, the form cʰula- with polysemy: 'tongue / flame, bolt of lightning' is used. Synchronically, the form looks like a compound: cʰu '?' + la '?'.
It is suggested in [Kari 1990: 397] that the underlying Ahtena root is cʰul (i.e., *possr=cʰul-eʔ), which has been reanalyzed as a compound.
Dogrib:possr=wá=lìː ~ possr=wá=rìː4
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 46, 223. The rhotacized variant possr=wárìː is glossed with polysemy: 'tongue / windpipe' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 46]. An unclear compound; for the first element cf. possr=wá-zèː 'spittle, saliva' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 46] (with -zèː '?'). It is tempting to analyze wá as possr=wà 'mouth' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 46], but the tonal metathesis à > á is abnormal.
North Slavey (Hare):POSSR=wà=rì4
Rice 1978: 105, 177; Hoijer 1956: 222. The first element synchronously coincides with possr=wá-ʔ, wà- 'mouth' q.v. Cf. =lá-ʔ ~ =lár-éʔ 'tip of' [Rice 1978: 177].
Tanacross:possr=tθʰǔː-l-ʔ2
Arnold et al. 2009: 272; Holton 2000: 348; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 24; McRoy 1973: 8; Shinen 1958: 3.
Kari 1994: 314, 498; Tuttle 2009: 209. In compounds, the variant tθʰula- is used: possr=tθʰula-ƛʼul-aʔ 'frenulum of the tongue', literally 'tongue's cord' [Kari 1994: 314].
Central Carrier:possr=c̪ʰu-la2
Poser 1998/2013: 507, 962; Poser 2011a: 219; Antoine et al. 1974: 50, 335. We treat =c̪ʰu-la as a historical compound, cf. -la 'tip' attested in possr=c̪ʼil-la 'tip of elbow' [Poser 1998/2013: 508] (< possr=c̪ʼil 'elbow').
Koyukon:possr=ƛʰuː-l-ǝʔ2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 585, 1038; Jones 1978: 177. The incorporated variant of this word is ƛʰuːloː-, thus possr=ƛʰuːl-ǝʔ is apparently the result of reanalyzis of the old compound possr=ƛʰuː-loː-ʔ as a CVC-root with the standard izafet suffix -ǝʔ. Cf. loːy 'tip' attested, e.g., in tʼoː-loːy 'tip of feather' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 552] (tʼoː 'feather') or possr=loːy-ǝt 'end, tip' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 405] (locative suffix -yǝt).
Degexit'an:possr=tθʰeː-l2
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 34. Cf. possr=loːy 'the tip or top of something' [Taff et al. 2007]. See further notes on Koyukon.
Sarsi:possr=cʰù-ʔ2
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 69; Hoijer 1956: 222.
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Hupa:possr=woʔ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 795; Golla 1996: 95; Golla 1964: 110. Polysemy: 'tooth / fishhook'. Morphologically either =woʔ or =woː-ʔ.
Mattole:possr=ɣʷˈoʔ1
Li 1930: 126. Morphologically either =ɣʷoʔ or =ɣʷo-ʔ.
Bear River dialect: possr=woʔ ~ possr=go 'teeth' [Goddard 1929: 321].
Kato:possr=woːʔ1
Goddard 1912: 22; Curtis 1924: 201.
Taldash Galice:possr=koʔ1
Hoijer 1973: 56; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Synchronically, either =koʔ or =ko-ʔ.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:possr=ʁi1
Kari 2007: 89, 359; Kari 1977: 99.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:possr=zaqʼ=ǝz=ƛi2
Kari 2007: 89, 359; Kari 1977: 99. Nominalized verbal forms, literally 'plural objects in mouth' with the incorporated morpheme zaqʼ= 'mouth' q.v. and the classificatory verb =lu 'to handle plural objects' [Boraas 2010: 118; Tenenbaum 1978: 141; Holton et al. 2004: 40 ff.], modified with the perfective exponent =z=, the classifier =t= and the relative nominalizer -i with the subsequent contraction, i.e., =ǝzƛi < *=z=t=lu-i.
Inland Tanaina:possr=ʁi1
Kari 2007: 89, 359; Kari 1977: 99; Wassillie 1979: 103.
Iliamna Tanaina:possr=ʁi1
Kari 2007: 89, 359; Kari 1977: 99.
TFN_NOTES:
The old root was superseded by the descriptive new formation in Outer Inlet.
Central Ahtena:possr=ʁu-ʔ1
Kari 1990: 225, 611; Kari & Buck 1975: 63; Smelcer 2010: 46.
Kari 1994: 134, 498. In compounds, the variant ɣu- is used.
Central Carrier:possr=ɣu1
Poser 1998/2013: 159, 963; Poser 2011a: 219; Antoine et al. 1974: 24, 333.
Koyukon:possr=ʁuː-ʔ1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 260, 1038; Jones 1978: 177.
In the Lower dialect, this item competes with the nominalized verbal form possr=loː=ƛǝ=ʔoː-ʔo 'tooth' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 59, 404], literally '(compact) object in the mouth' < loː 'mouth' q.v. + the generic classificatory verb =ʔoː 'compact object is in position' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 40] + the izafet suffix -ʔo.
Degexit'an:possr=ʁeː-ʔ1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 34; Chapman 1914: 223.
Li 1930: 130 (sub sˈaɕʰiŋ), 132. Polysemy: 'tree / stick'. Additionally cf. the compounds ʔis-ɕʰiŋ 'fir tree' [Li 1930: 132], sˈa-ɕʰiŋ 'acorn' [Li 1930: 130] (ɕʰiŋ is also accepted as a word for 'tree' in [Hoijer 1956: 224]).
Distinct from čʰiš 'wood' [Li 1930: 132] (i.e., 'piece of wood', not 'forest'?) and ʔi=s=noː 'timber' [Li 1930: 129] (literally 'what has been piled up', although =noː is not documented as a separate verb in [Li 1930]) .
Bear River dialect: not attested. Cf. čʰʷiš ~ čʰex ~ čʰeːx ~ čʰes '(piece of) wood' [Goddard 1929: 311, 322].
Kato:čʰǝn1
Goddard 1912: 16, 20, 25; Curtis 1924: 205. In [Curtis 1924], expectedly quoted as čʰǝŋ, whereas Goddard's transcription čʰǝn is not entirely clear (< *čʰǝn-i?). Polysemy: 'tree / wood, firewood' (for the latter meaning see [Goddard 1909: 103 No. 11-13]). There is, however, also a separate term al 'wood, firewood' [Goddard 1912: 19; Goddard 1909: 137 No. 12].
Distinct from cʼayeː 'firewood' [Hoijer 1973: 59].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:cʼpa-la2
Kari 2007: 47, 360.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:čʼwa-la2
Kari 2007: 47, 360. Note the unusual sound w (this form is confirmed in [Kari 1977: 59]) instead of expected p.
Inland Tanaina:čʼva-la2
Kari 2007: 47, 360.
Iliamna Tanaina:čʼva-la2
Kari 2007: 47, 360.
TFN_NOTES:
As noted in [Kari 2007], with polysemy: 'spruce, white spruce (Picea spp.); tree (generic)' in all the dialects (including Seldovia čʼwa-la). No expressions for generic 'tree' in [Kari 1977: 59], where these forms are only glossed as 'spruce (Picea spp.)'.
The historical compound čʼva-la is synchronically unanalyzable (the first element čʼva is the old term for 'spruce').
Distinct from two terms for 'wood', shared by all the dialects: čʰikʼa (Upper Inlet cʰikʼa) 'wood, dry wood, stick, firewood', t=kʰǝn 'stick, wood, pole, wooden, altered wood' (initial t= is the qualifier, i.e., gender prefix 'long rigid object') [Kari 2007: 47, 250].
Central Ahtena:cʼapeː-li2
Kari 1990: 102, 613; Kari & Buck 1975: 33; Smelcer 2010: 109.
Western Ahtena: cʼapeː-li [Kari 1990: 102, 613; Kari & Buck 1975: 33; Smelcer 2010: 109].
Mentasta Ahtena:cʼapeː-l2
Kari 1990: 102, 613; Kari & Buck 1975: 33; Smelcer 2010: 109. Regular reduction of final -i.
AHT_NOTES:
Polysemy: 'spruce, white spruce / tree'. The historical compound cʼapeː-li is synchronically unanalyzable. Final -li is detached because of the full variant cʼapeː- 'spruce', used in compounds [Kari 1990: 102] and the reduced variant -cʼuː(-)ʔ, attested as the second element of compounds for 'black spruce' and 'straight spruce without many limbs' [Kari 1990: 417].
Distinct from kʰʸen ~ tʰ=kʰʸen (Mentasta: te=kʰʸen) 'stick, log, pole; wood, wooden object; stem, stalk of plant, trunk of tree' [Kari 1990: 114] (initial t(e)= is the qualifier [Kari 1990: 131]).
Dogrib:té=čʰĩ́1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 13, 224. Innovative pronunciation: té=cʰĩ́. The possessed form is optionally rhotacized: possr=té-čʰĩ̀ː ~ possr=ré-čʰĩ̀ː [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 87]. Polysemy: 'tree / bush / twig / log / stick, pole / mile, yard (measure)'.
It may be seen from the numerous attested examples that té=čʰĩ́ is the default term for 'tree': "These houses are among the trees" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19], "One day the old man put up a string stretching from one tree to another" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 33], "The fruit tree is growing" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 87], "That is where the boy hopped between the trees" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 108], "He is shouting in among the trees" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 112], "She sat next to the tree under the snow for a long time" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 116], "He climbed the tree" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 128], "between the trees" [Marinakis et al. 2007: 69], "he is shouting in among the trees" [Marinakis et al. 2007: 70].
The first element té- is a detachable gender prefix, cf. such compounds with čʰĩ ‘tree’ as ĩ́h-čʰĩ̀ː 'tree stump in the ground' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 53], nṍh-cʰĩ́ː 'trees used as markers on a lake trail' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 85], xó-čʰĩ̀ː 'root' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121].
The second candidate is cʼí with polysemy: 'tree / spruce / boat' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 105]. In [Siemens et al. 2007: 74], however, cʼí is only glossed as 'spruce tree'. The only found example for the generic meaning 'tree' is "There used to be trees standing there, but they cut them all down" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 76] plus a couple of compounds such as cʼí-wìː 'cluster of trees' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 106], cʼí-žõ̀ː 'old tree' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 106], cʼí-kʼʷõ̀ː 'bare tree without branches' [Marinakis et al. 2007: 159].
Apparently, cʼí 'spruce' has a tendency to denote 'tree' in general, but nevertheless, the default generic term in modern Dogrib seems to be té=čʰĩ́.
Distinct from tè-šĩ̀, possr=tè-šín-éʔ 'wood (material) / stick' [Rice 1978: 47], although in [Hoijer 1956: 222] it is quoted as the term for 'tree'. Initial tè- is a gender prefix referring to wood [Rice 1989: 606].
Distinct from sèh ~ sè 'firewood' [Rice 1978: 90].
Poser 1998/2013: 132, 967; Poser 2011a: 221; Antoine et al. 1974: 84, 335. Polysemy: 'tree / wood, timber / stick'.
A compound with an unclear first component tʌ and possr=čʰʌn 'handle of broom, canoe paddle, or similar object, stem of plant' [Poser 1998/2013: 102], where čʰʌn seems to be the main meaningful element, cf. such compounds with čʰʌn *'tree' as: čʰʌn-tʰoh 'forest', literally 'among čʰʌn' [Poser 1998/2013: 103], čʰʌn-lʌt 'tree burnt yet standing', literally 'smoke of čʰʌn' [Poser 1998/2013: 103], etc.
Distinct from tǝ=kʰǝn̥ 'stick, log, wood, tree, wooden object, handle, wooden frame; the woods, brush, timber; stem, stalk, trunk of plant' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 294]. Initial tǝ= is probably a gender prefix; the isolated kʰǝn̥, possr=kʰǝn-ǝʔ means 'base, lower part of, open space; meadow, flat area, plain' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 293].
Distinct from kǝ=čʰǝn 'stump', kǝ=tǝ=čʰǝn 'stem, trunk, standing dead tree' [Kari 1978: 17] (kǝ- 'indefinite possessive', tǝ- '?').
Distinct from two dialectal words for 'spruce tree': Yukon tǝ=ƛaːŋ, Kuskokwim cʼǝvǝ [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 19].
Sarsi:ì=čʰí1
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 72; Hoijer 1956: 222. Initial i= is the fossilized indefinite non-personal possessive. Polysemy: 'tree / brush / wood, timber'; cf. some examples for the general meaning 'tree': "Let's run up to the eagle which is brooding on the tree", "Son, an angry bear is staying among those trees; don't go near it" [Cook 1984: 44], "All his dogs he tied up. All the trees were lighted up" [Goddard 1915: 249], "Small boy climbed up the tree" [Goddard 1915: 267].
Distinct from possr=tì=čʰín-ɒ̀ʔ 'stick, piece of wood' [Hoijer & Joël 1963: 72] which contains the same root čʰin plus the desemanticized morpheme ti.
Sapir & Golla 2001: 774; Golla 1996: 100; Golla 1970: 255. Originates < *nahxi. The reduced variant, used as the first element of compounds, is nah- [Sapir & Golla 2001: 774].
Mattole:nakʰˈeh1
Li 1930: 134.
Bear River dialect: nakʰˈah ~ nakʰa 'two' [Goddard 1929: 322].
Kato:nak-kʰaʔ1
Goddard 1912: 36; Curtis 1924: 205. Both sources explicitly quote this form with the double velar ...k-kʰ...
Kari 2007: 322; Wassillie 1979: 105. Applied to things.
Iliamna Tanaina:nu-tʰ-iχ-a1
Kari 2007: 322. Applied to things.
TFN_NOTES:
Forms of the numeral '2' demonstrate important discrepancies between the dialects.
Forms applied to things are listed above; note the specific Upper Inlet variants nu-tʰ-a ~ nu-tʰ-ay. The suffixes -a(y) and -iχ-a are only singled out on the basis of the synchronic paradigm of this numeral. The morpheme chain nu-tʰ- is synchronically unanalyzable at all.
Forms applied to humans are formed with help of the plural relative nominalizer -na 'those persons who' [Kari 2007: 329; Holton et al. 2004: 15; Boraas 2010: 17, 52]: Upper Inlet nut-na (< *nutʰ-na), Outer Inlet, Inland, Iliamna Tanaina nutʰiχ-na.
The multiplicative 'twice' is expressed in all the dialects with the plain form nu-tʰ-iχ, although in Upper Inlet the parallel forms nu-tǝχ and nu-ti are attested (< *nu-tʰ-tǝχ and *nu-tʰ-ti, or directly < *nu-tǝχ and *nu-ti; for the adverbial suffix -ti see notes on 'new').
It is interesting that in both of the most ancient records of Tanaina (the specific dialects are unclear) by William Anderson (1778) and Nikolai Rezanov (1805), the numeral '2' is transcribed as tʰiχa instead of the expected nutʰiχa [Kari 2007: 323].
Central Ahtena:na-teːqi1
Kari 1990: 287, 614, 634; Kari & Buck 1975: 99; Smelcer 2010: 102.
Western Ahtena: na-teːqi [Kari 1990: 287, 614, 634; Kari & Buck 1975: 99; Smelcer 2010: 102].
Mentasta Ahtena:na-teːqe1
Kari 1990: 287, 614, 634; Kari & Buck 1975: 99; Smelcer 2010: 102. Regular assimilation -i > -e.
AHT_NOTES:
The form na-teːqi is applicable to things and animals; suffixation is unclear, but the form can be analyzed as na-teːq-i (thus Kari). Cf. the forms of the numeral 'two' with other suffixes (no dialectal difference): naː-tʰne applicable to persons (with suffixed -tʰne < teneː 'person' q.v.); naː-te applicable to times and places; naː-χu applicable to ways [Kari 1990: 287, 634].
Dogrib:nàkʰé1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 78, 225.
North Slavey (Hare):rákʰiè1
Rice 1978: 86, 179; Rice 1989: 10, 373, 376; Hoijer 1956: 222. There are two cardinal numerals with the meaning '2' in Hare: rákʰiè and ʔõ̀kʰè-tʼè, see notes on '1' for the difference. Numerals rákʰiè and ʔõ̀=kʰè-tʼè are cognate with each other; initial r- < n- (the form with the retained nasal is documented in Hoijer's list), the forms ʔõ̀=kʰè-tʼè, ʔĩ́=kʰè-tʼè are extended with vocalic prefixes, final -tʼè / -tʼiè is the verb 'there are number' [Rice 1989: 383, 385].
Tanacross:ɬtíːkʰèːy1
Arnold et al. 2009: 278; Holton 2000: 348; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 21; McRoy 1973: 16; Shinen 1958: 18.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ɬaːkʰey1
Milanowski 2009: 80.
Scottie Creek: ɬàːkʰay 'two' [John 1997: 52].
Lower Tanana (Minto):nʌtʰikʼ-a1
Kari 1994: 238, 502; Tuttle 2009: 213; Frank et al. 1988: 34. Used with unanimated objects ("two things"). For humans the stem nʌtʰix-na is used ("two people") with the human pl. relative suffix -na [Kari 1994: 196]. Cf. also the adverb nʌtʰix-tǝ 'two times, places' [Kari 1994: 238].
Central Carrier:na-n-kʰi1
Poser 1998/2013: 318, 1284; Antoine et al. 1974: 396. This is the generic form. Cf. other forms applicable to various objects: human na-ne, multiplicative na-t, locative na-tʌn, abstract na-xʷ.
Koyukon:nǝtʰiːqʼ-iː1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 504, 812; Jones 1978: 181. Applicable to things; Cf. other forms applicable to various objects: human nǝtʰiːχ-nǝ, way nǝtʰiːχ-cʼǝnʔ, direction nǝtʰiːχ-u.
Degexit'an:tʰeːqʰaː1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 52. This numeral is applicable to women, animals and things, cf. some examples with tʰeːqʰaː: "On each side of the fire two beautiful women had set their pots to cook" [Chapman 1914: 131], "there were two masks hanging on it" [Chapman 1914: 172].
Other forms are used with 'men' and 'times': noːtʰ-ǝn is applicable to men; noːt ~ noːtʰ-ǝ is applicable to times ('twice')[Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 52; Chapman 1914: 215].
We treat tʰeːqʰaː and noːtʰ-ǝn as synonyms.
Sarsi:ákʰí-yī ~ íkʰí-yī1
Cook 1984: 76, 103; Hoijer 1956: 222.
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):ʔõ̀=kʰè-tʼè ~ ʔṍ=kʰè-tʼiè ~ ʔĩ́=kʰè-tʼè1
Rice 1978: 179; Rice 1989: 376.
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:noːtʰ-ǝn1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 52; Chapman 1914: 215.
Sarsi:
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Hupa:=yaː1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 803; Golla 1996: 40; Golla 1970: 59 et passim. Same root as 'to come' q.v. The general meaning of the root is 'to move somewhere [intrans.]' [Golla 1970: 162, 301]. Used with sg. subj. The set =yaː-ʍ (*=yaː-ʍ-i) / =ya is treated in [Golla 1977: 357] as directional imperfective/perfective, whereas =ya / =ya-ʔ (< *=yaː-ʔ) is defined as nondirectional imperfective/perfective.
With pl. subj. the verb =tiɬ [light imperf.] / =til < *=tiɬ-i [heavy imperf.] / =teʔƛʼ< *=teːɬ-ʔ [light perf.] / =teːƛʼ< *=teːɬ-ʔ-i [heavy perf.] is used instead [Sapir & Golla 2001: 750; Golla 1996: 19, 40; Golla 1996a: 368; Golla 1970: 162].
Mattole:=yaː1
Li 1930: 75. The light perfective stem; the heavy perfective stem is =ya-i; the imperfective stem is =yaː-x. Polysemy: 'to go / to come (q.v.) / to go away'. Used with sg. subj.
Distinct from =tiɬ [imperf.] / =teːʔl (< *=tel-ʔ-i) [perf.] with polysemy: 'to go / to come / to go away / to fly' [Li 1930: 88], used with pl. subj.
Bear River dialect: perfective =ya-x 'to go' (used with sg. subj.) [Li 1930: 3].
Kato:=ya1
Goddard 1912: 60. Paradigm: =ya-š [imperf.] / =ya ~ =ya-i ~ =ya-ʔ [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to go / to come (q.v.) / to go away'. Used with sg. subj.
Distinct from =tǝɬ [imperf.] / =telʔ (< *=tel-ʔ-i) [perf.] with polysemy: 'to go / to come / to go away' [Goddard 1912: 69], used with pl. subj. (surprisingly, it is noted in [Goddard 1912: 69] that =tǝɬ / =telʔ is used with dual subj. only, although examples like [Goddard 1909: 96 No. 12] confirm the plural usage).
Taldash Galice:=yaː1
Hoijer 1973: 69. Paradigm: =ya-š [imperf.] / =yaː [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to go / to come'. Generic verb 'to move (intrans.)', used with sg. subj.
Distinct from =taš [imperf.] / =čaː [perf.] 'to move (intrans.)', used with both sg. & pl. subj. [Hoijer 1973: 64]; historically =ya-š / =yaː with the prefixed t-classifier.
Distinct from =taɬ ~ =teɬ [imperf.] / =teʔɬ (< *=teɬ-ʔ) [perf.] 'to move (intrans.)', used with dual. subj. [Hoijer 1973: 64].
Distinct from =kʰat [imperf.] / =kʰaʔ (< *=kʰat-ʔ) [perf.] 'to move (intrans.)', used with pl. subj. [Hoijer 1973: 68].
Kari 2007: 234; Wassillie 1979: 44. The imperfective stem is =yu-x.
Iliamna Tanaina:=yu1
Kari 2007: 234.
TFN_NOTES:
The common Tanaina verb =yu is used with sg. & dual. subj. Distinct from =taɬ [imperf.] / =tǝɬ [imperf. reversitive] / =taƛʼ [perf.] / =tǝɬ [fut.] 'to go' (all dialects), used with pl. subj. [Kari 2007: 234; Holton et al. 2004: 37 f.; Boraas 2010: 100]. Apparently both =yu and =taɬ are marked by the polysemy 'to go / to come (q.v.)'; additionally, =taɬ displays the polysemy 'to go / to come / to fly' - actually, this is a generic classificatory verb 'to handle plural objects' according to [Tenenbaum 1978: 45] (distinct from the more common classificatory verb 'to handle plural objects': =lu [Tenenbaum 1978: 141]).
It should be noted that the lexical opposition =yu / =taɬ is described as sg.-dual. / pl. in [Boraas 2010: 100; Lovick 2005: 22; Holton et al. 2004: 37 f.], but as the typologically normal system sg. / dual.-pl. in [Kari 2007: 329] - the latter is an apparent inaccuracy.
Central Ahtena:=yaː1
Kari 1990: 422, 500.
Lower Ahtena: =yaː [Kari 1990: 422, 500].
Western Ahtena: =yaː [Kari 1990: 422, 500].
Mentasta Ahtena:=yaː1
Kari 1990: 422, 500.
AHT_NOTES:
Polysemy: 'to go / to come'; used with sg. & dual. subj.
Distinct from =teːɬ [imperf.] / =teːƛʼ [perf.] 'to go / to come / to fly', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1990: 144].
Dogrib:=ƛʰá2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: ix, 16, 78, 171. Used with sg. & dual. subj. Polysemy: 'to go / to go away / to come'. Glossed as 'to go (one or two people), travel to a place (one or two people)' and 'to start out (one person), leave (one person), go (one person), land (a plane)'. For the meaning 'to come' see notes on 'to come'.
Distinct from =tè 'to go / to come', used with pl. subj. It is quoted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996: ix] with the meaning 'to walk', but the example "They go (=tè) to the barrenlands for caribou for as long as a week" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 49] suggests the basic meaning 'to go'; for 'to come' see notes on 'to come'.
Distinct from the verbs for 'to walk': =tá 'to walk (sg.)', =ʔà 'to walk (dual.)' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: ix]. With pl. subj. the aforementioned generic verb =tè 'to walk, go, come (pl.)' is used.
North Slavey (Hare):=t=ɬà2
Rice 1978: 312, 450, 505. Used with sg. & dual. subj.
According to [Rice 1989: 873], the Hare system of motion verbs should discriminate between the so-called "controlled" and "uncontrolled" actions (see notes on 'to give' where the same opposition is discussed for the so-called classificatory verbs), but synchronic details are not documented.
Apparently =t=ɬà is the default and most frequently used verb for 'to go (sg. & dual. subj.)'. Cf. some examples: "He went to his traps", "Go straight to where you shot it", "He went back by boat" [Rice 1978: 312], "Go for the meat" [Rice 1978: 197], "I'm going upstairs" [Rice 1978: 276], "I'm scared to go in that house" [Rice 1978: 277].
Distinct from the verb =t=tʼĩ̀ 'to go / to come', sg., dual. & pl. subj. [Rice 1978: 191, 468] which seems to be less frequently used. Cf. the examples: "Don't go near the dog", "We came for nothing", "In spring, people go to the bush" [Rice 1978: 191].
Distinct from the suppletive verb =tà (< =t=a) [imperf.] / =yà [perf.] 'to go, walk / to come', sg. subj. [Rice 1978: 311, 415, 505; Rice 1989: 868] (originates from *=a fused with various prefixal consonants) which is less frequently used and whose actual meaning is rather 'to walk' than generic 'to go'. Cf., e.g., the opposite examples: "Go across (=ɬa)" vs. "Walk across / Go across slowly (=ta, =ya)" [Rice 1978: 302].
With pl. subj., the verbs =h=wì with polysemy: 'to go / to walk / to come / to run' [Rice 1978: 244, 479, 505] or =tiè with polysemy: 'to go / to fly' [Rice 1978: 312, 418, 505] are used.
Tanacross:=hàːɬ1
Arnold et al. 2009: 133; Holton 2000: 214, 350; Shinen 1958: 40. A generic verb of going, with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj. Suppletive paradigm: =hàːɬ [imperf., fut.] / =š̬àh [perf.]. As proposed in [Holton 2000: 214], the imperfective root is to be historically analyzed as a suffixal formation: =hàː-ɬ, although -ɬ is the normal exponent of the future form [Holton 2000: 269].
With pl subj., the verb =téɬ [imperf., fut.] / =tèːƛ [perf.] 'to go / to come / to run / to fly' is used [Arnold et al. 2009: 133; Holton 2000: 160, 214, 350; Shinen 1958: 40].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=haːɬ1
Milanowski 2009: 43, 119. A generic verb of going with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj. Suppletive paradigm: =haːɬ [imperf., fut.] / =š̬ʸah [perf.] / =t=taː-k [customary].
With pl subj., the verb =teːɬ [imperf., perf.] / =ta-ɬ [fut.] / =t=ta-k [customary] 'to go / to come' is used [Milanowski 2009: 119].
Lower Tanana (Minto):=yʌ1
Kari 1994: 332, 412; Tuttle 2009: 87; Urschel 2006: 26. A generic verb of going with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. & dual. subj. Paradigm: =yʌ-y̥ [momentaneous/customary imperf.] / =yʌ [perf.] / =yʌ-ɬ [momentaneous progressive].
Distinct from =ʔʌʂ [imperf.] / =ʔʌc [perf.] / =ʔʊʂ [customary] 'to go / to come' used with dual. subj. [Kari 1994: 28, 411; Tuttle 2009: 87; Urschel 2006: 26, 84].
Distinct from =taɬ [imperf.] / =taƛ [perf.] / =tǝɬ [progressive] / =tǝ-k [customary] 'to go / to come / to fly / to swim' used with pl. subj. [Kari 1994: 63, 412; Tuttle 2009: 88; Urschel 2006: 26, 83].
Central Carrier:=ya1
Poser 1998/2013: 738, 1223, 1263; Poser 2011a: 103; Poser 2011b: 38; Antoine et al. 1974: 337. A generic verb of going with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj. Paradigm: =ya [continuous imperf.] / =ya-ʔ [continuous perf.] / =yai-h [customary/momentaneous imperf.] / =ya-ɬ [progressive imperf.].
Distinct from =ʔas 'to go / to come' [Poser 1998/2013: 738, 1218, 1247; Poser 2011b: 38] used with dual. subj.
Distinct from =tiɬ 'to go / to come' [Poser 1998/2013: 738, 1219, 1250; Poser 2011b: 38] used with pl. subj.
Koyukon:=hoː1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 700, 918; Jones 1978: 71, 186; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 109. A generic verb of going with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj. Suppletive paradigm: =hoː-y̥ [momentaneous imperf.] / =yoː [momentaneous perf.] / =hoː-ɬ [momentaneous fut.] / =yoː-ʔ [momentaneous opt.] / =hoː [continuative imperf.] / =yoː [continuative perf.] / =hoː-ɬ [continuative fut./opt.]. The Toklat-Bearpaw subdialect of the Upper dialect tends to use the root =yoː all through the paradigm.
Distinct from =ʔoːs [imperf.] / =ʔoːc [perf.] / =ʔos-ƛ ~ =ʔǝs-ƛ [fut.] 'to go / to come' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 66, 919; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 109] used with dual. subj.
Distinct from =taːɬ [imperf.] =taːƛ [perf.] / =tǝɬ ~ =tǝɬ-ƛ [fut.] with polysemy: 'to go / to come / to swim' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 116, 919; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 109] used with pl. subj.
Degexit'an:=hoː-ʔ1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 2; Chapman 1914: 212. A generic verb of going with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj. Suppletive paradigm: =oː-y̥ [momentaneous imperf.] / =yoː [momentaneous perf.] / =hoː-ɬ [momentaneous fut.] / =yoː-ʔ [momentaneous opt.] / =hoː-ʔ [continuative imperf.] / =yoː [continuative perf.].
Distinct from =ʔoːʂ [imperf.] / =ʔoːc [perf.] / =ʔʊʂ [fut.] 'to go / to come' [Kari 1976: 5; Chapman 1914: 211] used with dual. subj.
Distinct from =taːɬ [imperf.] =taːƛ [perf.] with polysemy: 'to go / to come / to swim' [Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914: 225] used with pl. subj.
Sarsi:=yá ~ =yáh1
Li 1930b: 16; Cook 1984: 56. A generic verb of going with polysemy: 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj. Paradigm: =yá(h) [imperf.] / =yā [perf.].
Distinct from =tʼɒ̀s [imperf.] / =tʼɒ́ːz ~ =tʼɒ́c- [perf.] (< *=t=ʔɒc) 'to go / to come' [Li 1930b: 19; Cook 1984: 56] used with dual. subj.
Distinct from =tàɬ [imperf.] / =táːl ~ =táƛʼ- [perf.] with polysemy: 'to go / to come / to fly' [Li 1930b: 18; Cook 1984: 56] used with pl. subj.
Sapir & Golla 2001: 782; Golla 1996: 47, 104; Golla 1970: 143. Originates < *=sel-i. Polysemy: 'to be hot / to be warm'. Applicable to both objects and weather.
Mattole:=sel1
Li 1930: 108. Verbal root 'to be warm'. Originates from *=sel-i (heavy stem). No separate term for 'hot' is documented.
Bear River dialect: =sal ~ =saɬ ~ =sul with polysemy: 'to be hot / to be warm' [Goddard 1929: 317, 322].
Kato:=sǝl1
Goddard 1912: 66. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot' (applied to both objects and weather). Paradigm: -sǝɬ < *=sǝl [light stem] / -sǝl < *=sǝl-i [heavy stem].
Taldash Galice:=saɬ1
Hoijer 1973: 70 No. 244/249; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot'. Ablaut paradigm: =siɬ [imperf.] / =saɬ [perf.].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested properly.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested properly.
Inland Tanaina:=l=qʰǝn2
Wassillie 1979: 108. Used as either the verbal root 'to be warm' or the nominalized adjective n=a=l=qʰǝn-i. Ablaut paradigm: =l=qʰǝn / =l=qʰun / =l=qʰin; cf. fut./opt. =l=qʰi-ɬ [Kari 2007: 342] and imperfective causative =ɬ=qʰi-x 'to warm (trans.)' [Tenenbaum 1976 4: 18]. This is the most frequent root for 'warm', apparently applied to both objects and weather.
Cf. the following examples for =l=qʰǝn: "it's warm (area)", "It's too warm", "it was warm" [Wassillie 1979: 108], "warm coat" [Wassillie 1979: 23], "The place was warm with a fire burning in the middle of the floor. It was really nice and warm inside" [Tenenbaum 1976 3: 5], "Is it getting warm again?" [Kari 2007: 342], "That is how they used to warm him up" (causative) [Tenenbaum 1976 4: 18], "he is hot, feels hot" [Kari 2007: 100], "Are you warm?" [Wassillie 1979: 109].
A second candidate is the verbal form ǝ=va. This is frequently glossed as 'hot' [Wassillie 1979: 51], but available instances suggest that ǝ=va is normally applied to weather. Cf.: "It is too warm (ǝ=va), open the door" [Wassillie 1979: 70], "It's a hot (ǝ=va) day, you go swimming" [Wassillie 1979: 99], "It was really hot (a=va)" (of weather) [Tenenbaum 1976 3: 45]. The more relevant instance is "it's hot!" (of a fallen spark) [Tenenbaum 1976 1: 79], but it must be noted that here the form ǝ=pa-ʔ is used (phonetically an Upper Inlet or Outer Inlet variant). However, the collocation ǝ=va-yi minɬni 'hot water' (with minɬni 'water' q.v.) is significant, see notes on Common Tanaina. The semantic difference between =l=qʰǝn and =va is unclear.
Cf. also the verb =l=ʁuž, which is once translated as 'to be warm' in the significant context: "it is warm (water)' [Tenenbaum 1978: 152]. The correct meaning of =l=ʁuž seems, however, to be 'to boil', cf. the paradigmatic variant =l=ʁǝč 'to boil' [Tenenbaum 1978: 123; Kari 2007: 293].
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested properly.
TFN_NOTES:
Words for 'warm' and 'hot' are poorly and inconsistently documented in the available sources. In particular, it remains unclear whether the lexical opposition 'warm' / 'hot' is stable in Tanaina dialects or only occasional.
The best attested word is =l=qʰǝn, apparently with polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot', which is applied to both objects and weather (denominative verb ← qʰǝn 'fire' q.v.). In addition to the data listed for Inland Tanaina, cf. the Common Tanaina expression for 'hot springs', literally 'hot/warm water': miɬni n=a=l=qʰǝn-i (apparently with dialectal variants for the word for 'water' q.v.) [Kari 2007: 122]; and the Common Tanaina expression for 'hot lava', literally 'hot/warm charcoal': n=a=l=qʰǝn-i tʼaš [Kari 2007: 145]. For Upper Inlet, cf. also the collocation n=a=l=qʰǝn-i piɬni 'hot water' (with piɬni 'water'), quoted in [Kari 2007: 293].
The second documented item is the verbal root =pa (Upper Inlet, Outer Inlet) / =va (Inland, Iliamna) 'to be warm, hot'. It is indeed frequently applied to weather (in addition to the data listed for Inland Tanaina, cf. the Common Tanaina nominalized expression for 'warmth, warm weather': Upper Inlet, Outer Inlet ǝ=pa-yi, Inland, Iliamna ǝ=va-ʔi [Kari 2007: 153]), but not exclusively to weather. First, cf. the Common Tanaina exclamation '(it's) hot!': Upper Inlet, Outer Inlet ǝ=pa, Inland, Iliamna ǝ=va [Kari 1977: 278]. Second, the Common Tanaina expression for 'hot water', documented in [Kari 2007: 293], is nominalized Upper Inlet, Outer Inlet ǝ=pa-yi, Inland, Iliamna ǝ=va-yi; in Inland, also the full collocation ǝ=va-yi minɬni (with minɬni 'water' q.v.) is attested; in Upper Inlet, nominalized ǝ=pa-yi is synonymous with the full collocation that includes another verb: n=a=l=qʰǝn-i piɬni 'hot water'.
Thus, both =l=qʰǝn and =pa/=va are attested with the meaning 'to be warm, hot', both are applicable to objects and weather, and the synchronic diffirence between them is unclear.
There existed, however, a more archaic verb 'to be warm, hot / to warm [trans.]', =siɬ, which is synchronously retained in several fossilized expressions. These are: Inland tʰu-zǝɬ 'hot springs', literally 'hot/warm water' (with obsolete tʰu 'water' q.v.) [Kari 2007: 122], Inland nominalized tʰu=ni=siɬ-i 'mayfly (Ephemeroptera)', literally 'one that warms up the water' [Kari 2007: 43], Upper Inlet nominalized ni=sil-i 'summer caribou', literally 'one that gets hot' [Kari 2007: 4], and the Common Tanaina substantive for 'sweat': Upper Inlet possr=yil-a, Outer Inlet possr=zil-ʔa, Inland possr=zil-a [Kari 2007: 97]. It is probable that actually =siɬ should be posited as the Proto-Tanaina root for 'warm, hot'.
Central Ahtena:=l=kʼʸoq3
Kari 1990: 127, 618.
Lower Ahtena: =l=kʼʸoq [Kari 1990: 127, 618].
Western Ahtena: =l=kʼʸoq [Kari 1990: 127, 618].
Mentasta Ahtena:=l=kʼʸoq3
Kari 1990: 127, 618.
AHT_NOTES:
There are several documented Ahtena terms for 'warm' and 'hot' [Kari 1990: 618]. Out of these, the verb =l=kʼʸoq seems the most basic. This is applicable to both objects and weather, glossed with the polysemy 'to be warm / to be hot' in [Kari 1990: 127].
A second candidate is =l=qʰõʔ (all dialects; Western: =l=qʰonʔ) 'to be(come) warm, hot' [Kari 1990: 244, 690]. This denominative verb (← qʰõʔ 'fire' q.v.) is applicable at least to objects (e.g., to a stone), but specified by Kari as denoting hotter temperatures than =l=kʼʸoq.
Distinct from the inchoative verb =ziːɬ 'to become warm, hot' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 455]; applicable to both objects and weather.
A fourth term is the noun-like adjective ʔe=peː ~ ʔe=pe 'hot' [Kari 1990: 102], applicable at least to objects (for the prefix ʔe=, see [Kari 1990: 90]).
Dogrib:=kʰõ̀2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48, 117, 177, 227; Marinakis et al. 2007: 162. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot'. Derived from the noun kʰõ̀ 'fire' q.v. Applied to both weather/atmosphere (example: "The weather is getting warm" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48]) and objects (in the latter meaning glossed as 'to be hot to touch, be heated'; cf. the collocation tʰí ʍé=kʰõ̀ː tʰṍ 'thermos bottle, hot water bottle' with tʰí 'water' and tʰṍ 'container' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 97]).
The meaning 'to be hot' can additionally be expressed as =kʰõ̀ tìè 'to be hot' Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48, 177] with the adverb tìè ~ tìː 'very, really, too much, too many' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 20].
Distinct from the fossilized verbal form é=tí 'hot; heat, fever' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 25, 177]. The exact meaning and application of é=tí is unclear, but the explicit gloss étí 'hot weather' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: ii] and the collocation étíː-nèkʼé 'hot country, tropical land' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 25] suggest that é=tí is applicable to weather, not objects.
North Slavey (Hare):=wì1
Rice 1978: 329, 479; Hoijer 1956: 222. Paradigm: =wì [imperf.] / =wè [perf.]. Additionally, a suffixed stem with retained final consonant -l- is used: =wèl-è [Rice 1978: 383, 476; Rice 1989: 243], for the desemanticized verbal suffix -e see[Rice 1989: 816]. Verb with polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot', wèl-è can also function as a noun-like adjective.
Cf. examples for =wì / =wè: "The stove is hot", "The house got warm", "I'm getting hot" [Rice 1978: 329], "Warm your hands" [Rice 1978: 317].
Cf. examples for =wèl-è: "warm wind" [Rice 1978: 182], "This sweater shrinks in hot water" [Rice 1978: 333], "It's hot outside", "The soup is hot" [Rice 1978: 383], "you must not touch the stove when it is hot" [Rice 1989: 412], "it is warm" [Rice 1989: 908].
Distinct from the very rare verb =kʰõ̀ 'to be hot' [Rice 1989: 687, 816], not found in [Rice 1978].
Distinct from =t=kʷì ~ =t=pì 'to warm oneself' [Rice 1978: 317, 412, 551] (see [Rice 1978: 2] for this phonetic fluctuation).
Tanacross:=l=kón-ʔ4
Arnold et al. 2009: 286; Holton 2000: 352. Verbal root: 'to be warm'. =l=kón-ʔ is apparently the perfective stem; in [Holton 2000], the imperfective =l=kón is quoted. Applied to both weather/atmosphere and objects.
Distinct from =θ̬èɬ 'to be hot' [Arnold et al. 2009: 148; Holton 2000: 350; Shinen 1958: 20], applied to both weather/atmosphere and objects.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=l=kʰɯnʔ2
Milanowski 2009: 21, 45, 88, 109. Verbal root: 'to be warm' (apparently the perfective stem with the exponent -ʔ). Exact application is unclear. Derived from the noun kʰɯnʔ 'fire' q.v.
Distinct from =lɯk ~ =ɬɯk 'to be hot' [Milanowski 2009: 46, 98].
Scottie Creek: =l=kʰon-ʔ 'to be warm' [John 1997: 67].
Lower Tanana (Minto):=ðǝɬ1
Kari 1994: 85, 506; Tuttle 2009: 101. Verb with polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot'; also functions as the noun-like adjective ðǝɬ 'hot'. Applicable to both objects and weather. Cf. the examples: "I am warm", "the weather is hot", "the water is hot", "the water is not hot", "area became warm (in spring)", "in which house will I warm up my hands?", "the hot springs water-steam is rising", "in summer the caribou are hot" [Kari 1994: 86], "It's cold, drink hot tea!", "The weather is hot" [Tuttle 2009: 101].
A second candidate is =l=čʰǝnʔ 'to be warm / to be hot' [Kari 1994: 45, 506] (not quoted in [Tuttle 2009]), which is also applicable to objects and weather; cf. the available examples: "it is warm to me", "when it starts to turn warm, they set traps for muskrats", "soup is hot", "the beaver's tail got hot" [Kari 1994: 45-46]. Semantic difference between (=)ðǝɬ and =l=čʰǝnʔ is unclear, but it seems that =l=čʰǝnʔ is a more rare term.
Distinct from =(l)=kʊnʔ 'to be lukewarm' [Kari 1994: 117, 506]. Cf. Kari's examples: "water is lukewarm", "it is warm out", "we go for birch when it is getting warm", "it became spring weather".
Central Carrier:=z̪ʌl1
Poser 1998/2013: 986, 1224, 1266. Also with the t-classifier: =c̪ʌl < *=t=z̪ʌl. Paradigm: =z̪ʌl [stative imperf.] / =z̪iɬ [continuative imperf.]. Glossed as 'to be warm' in [Poser 1998/2013: 1224]. Available examples show that this verb is normally applied to objects meaning 'to be warm'. Cf. the found examples: "They warm the child with their breath" [[Poser 1998/2013: 175], "The water is warm [has been warmed up]" [Poser 1998/2013: 316], "I am getting warm, warming up" [Poser 1998/2013: 332], "The coffee is warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 363], "Stuart Lake is warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 451], "It is warm here" [Poser 1998/2013: 540].
Distinct from the verb =l=ɣʷʌs ~ =l=ɣaz ~ =l=wʌs 'to be hot / to be warm' [Poser 1998/2013: 757, 986, 1220, 1254; Antoine et al. 1974: 337] (in [Antoine et al. 1974] sometimes transcribed as =l=wʌs for Poser's =l=ɣʷʌs). The basic meaning of this verb is proposed as 'to be hot' in [Poser 1998/2013: 1220]. Examples show that its usual meanings are 'to be hot (of objects)' and 'to be warm/hot (of weather, body condition)'.
Cf. the available examples where =l=ɣʷʌs ~ =l=ɣaz ~ =l=wʌs is glossed as 'warm': "Warm up the tea for me" [Poser 1998/2013: 75], "My mittens are very nice, and warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 76], "When you leave milk in a warm place for a long time it will turn sour" [Poser 1998/2013: 156], "When the sky cleared it warmed up and the leaves came out" [Poser 1998/2013: 163], "Down south it is still warm so they are going around naked" [Poser 1998/2013: 217], "The ice is melting whenever it gets warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 309], "When it warms up there comes to be slush on the ice" [Poser 1998/2013: 329], "you feel warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 354], "He is warm because he wears many clothes when going outside" [Poser 1998/2013: 380], "The sun was very warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 380], "He is sitting in the shade because it is too warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 425], "When it is warm a carcass bloats quickly" [Poser 1998/2013: 471], "Mother bought me a nice, warm blanket" [Poser 1998/2013: 501], "He is sitting in the shade because it is too warm" [Poser 1998/2013: 539].
And the examples where =l=ɣʷʌs ~ =l=ɣaz ~ =l=wʌs is glossed as 'hot': "He asked for cold water because he was hot" [Poser 1998/2013: 99], "He is sweating because he is hot" [Poser 1998/2013: 354], "The sun is very hot in the summer" [Poser 1998/2013: 420], "The coffee is hot", "The cup is hot" [Poser 1998/2013: 380], "He is bathing because the weather is hot" [Poser 1998/2013: 473], "It is hot here" [Poser 1998/2013: 540], "He is splashing water on the car because it is hot" [Poser 1998/2013: 570], "He soaks the snowshoes in hot water and then frames them" [Poser 1998/2013: 581].
Distinct from the more rare verb =l=kʰʷʌn 'to warm with fire' [Poser 1998/2013: 986, 1256] < kʰʷʌn 'fire' q.v.
Koyukon:=l=kʼuχ3
Jetté & Jones 2000: 318, 1049; Jones 1978: 81, 187. Verb with polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot', applicable to both objects (including liquids) and weather.
Distinct from specific =lǝɬ 'to be hot', applicable exclusively to liquids [Jetté & Jones 2000: 392].
In the Central and Upper dialects, the rare verb =l=kʰǝnʔ 'to be hot (of objects)' is also attested [Jetté & Jones 2000: 295].
Degexit'an:=ðǝɬ1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 11; Chapman 1914: 219. This looks like the most basic and frequent verb (with polysemy: 'to be hot / to be warm'), applicable to both objects and weather. Cf. the examples: "she wet it with warm water" [Chapman 1914: 128], "so that he was naked. Then she placed warm water by him, and shaved deer-fat into it. Then she bathed him" [Chapman 1914: 145], "The soup is hot" [Taff et al. 2007]. Also of weather and atmosphere: "It is starting to get warm outside", "I'm warm", "Put on your warm sweater", "It's really hot outside" [Taff et al. 2007].
Distinct from the verb =ɬ=čʼʊχ 'to be hot (of objects)', attested in two examples: "The woman was angry, and threw hot ashes into his eyes with a ladle" [Chapman 1914: 118], "Is the kettle boiling?" (i.e., "Is the kettle warm?") [Taff et al. 2007].
Distinct from =qʰǝnʔ 'to be warm' [Kari 1976: 42], no examples found.
Distinct from =qǝŋʔ 'to be lukewarm' [Kari 1976: 22], no examples found.
Sarsi:=zíɬ1
Li 1930b: 22; Nanagusja 1996a: 129. Verbal stem: 'to be warm'. Paradigm: =zíɬ [imperf.] / =zìːl [perf.] 'to be warm'. This is the only expression for 'warm' found in the sources, apparently applicable to both objects and weather, although the available examples are not very informative: "There is a warm breeze" [Cook 1984: 168], "I'm warm" [Nanagusja 1996b: 150], "It is hot" [Nanagusja 1996b: 313], "It's warm" (weather) [Nanagusja 1996b: 316].
Distinct from =s=kʼís 'to be hot' [Li 1930b: 22], which is apparently the general expression for 'hot' applicable to both objects and weather, although the examples are not very informative either: "It's hot. I'd like some ice cream" [Nanagusja 1996b: 312], "It's hot. Wipe sweat from brow" [Nanagusja 1996b: 356], "You are hot" [Li 1930b: 7].
Distinct from =tī ~ =tīn- [imperf.] / =tìːn [perf.] 'to be hot', applicable specifically to weather [Li 1930b: 18; Hoijer 1956: 223].
Distinct from =ƛʼīːž 'to be very hot' [Li 1930b: 27].
Sapir & Golla 2001: 774; Golla 1996: 105. Glossed as 'water (for drinking)', although actually this form represents the generic term for 'water'. A descriptive formation < *tʰaː=čʼi=t=naːn-i (thus [Sapir & Golla 2001]; in [Golla 1996], the form *tʰaʔ=ti=naːn-i is proposed, which seems less preferable), literally 'what one drinks through the water' with the verb =naːn 'to drink' q.v. and the directional prefix tʰaː= 'into the water', for which see below. Cf. also recent compounds like xonʔ-tʰaʔnaːn 'alcohol', literally 'fire + water' [Golla 1996: 3], tʰaʔnaːn-ɬiʍin 'coffee', literally 'water + black' [Golla 1996: 19].
The old root tʰoː is retained as tʰoː 'body of water, river, ocean' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 789; Golla 1996: 105], possr=tʰo-ʔ 'juice, sap' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 789; Golla 1996: 51], the verb =tʰoː 'to extend, reach (of water)' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 789] and as an element of various compounds like tʰoː-tiŋ 'beach, shore, at the river' (literally 'water-place') [Sapir & Golla 2001: 789; Golla 1996: 9], tʰo-sqʼacʼ 'spring (of cold water), cold water' < *tʰoː-si-qʼacʼ 'water + cold' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 789; Golla 1996: 19], etc.
The ablauted variant of tʰoː functions as the verbal directional prefixes tʰaː- 'into the water (and out again), moving through the water' etc. [Sapir & Golla 2001: 784; Golla 1970: 126-127].
For other terms with the semantics of 'water', see [Golla 1996: 105].
Mattole:taʔ=naːh ~ taʔ=naːn1
Li 1930: 128. Derived from the verb =naːh / =naːn 'to drink' q.v., literally 'what one drinks' (see notes on Hupa).
The old root tʰoː ~ tʰeː 'water' is retained in such compounds as pi-tʰˈo-ʔ 'juice', possr=naʔ-tʰˈo-ʔ 'tears' [Li 1930: 128] (with naʔ 'eye' q.v.), the verb =tʰo-ʔ [perf.] 'to move (said of water)' [Li 1930: 91], the substantive tʰeː-ɣ 'otter' [Li 1930: 128] (lit. 'in the water') and the verbal prefix teh- 'in(to) water' [Li 1930: 57] (with the regular deaspiration tʰ > t in prefix syllables [Li 1930: 31]).
The generic term for 'water' or at least specifically for 'sweet water that is good for drinking' is not documented in available sources. In [Hoijer 1956: 223], the generic term is quoted as tʰoː-, although the hyphen sign should indicate that tʰoː was extracted by Hoijer from certain compounds. In [Hoijer 1973: 55], independent tʰoː is translated as 'flowing water; river; water in nature'. Two attested compounds with tʰoː prove, however, that tʰoː was indeed the generic Galice term for 'water' at least until recently: tʰoː-sasaɬ 'hot water' (with =saɬ 'to be hot, warm') [Hoijer 1973: 55], possr=taː-tʰoː 'tears' (lit. 'eye water' with possr=taː- 'eye' q.v.) [Landar 1977: 294].
Cf. the ablaut variants of the same root: tʰaː- 'river, water' in tʰaː-niːsat 'in the middle of the river' [Hoijer 1973: 54]; tʰa- in compounds like tʰa-paʔ 'thirst', tʰa-l-kʰat 'water for domestic use', etc. [Hoijer 1973: 54].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:piɬni3
Kari 2007: 121, 360; Kari 1977: 113.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:miɬni3
Kari 2007: 121, 360; Kari 1977: 113.
Inland Tanaina:vinɬni ~ minɬni3
Kari 2007: 121, 360; Kari 1977: 113; Wassillie 1979: 109.
In the Lime Village subdialect, the loanword ǝma can also be used for 'water' [Kari 2007: 121; Kari 1977: 113; Wassillie 1979: 109] < Central Alaskan Yupik ǝmǝq 'water'.
Iliamna Tanaina:vinɬni ~ minɬni3
Kari 2007: 121, 360; Kari 1977: 113.
TFN_NOTES:
Seldovia dialect: wiɬni 'water'.
The various dialectal forms piɬni, miɬni, vinɬni, minɬni, wiɬni (all glossed as 'water, drinking water' in [Kari 2007: 121]) are obviously related, originating from a common protoform, but the initial shape and the source of the whole expression are unclear.
It is tentatively proposed in [Kari 1996: 60] that the underlying verbal form was *vǝ=i=ni=ɬ=lǝn-i, literally 'that which is flowing in it' with the verbal root =ɬǝn 'to flow' (nominalized with help of the relative suffix -i) and the 3rd p. object exponent pǝ=/vǝ=/wǝ= (the quality of the labial depends on the dialect). Actually, the underlying form should be even more complicated: *vǝ=yǝ=i=ni=ɬ=lǝn-i, since pǝ= is normally used with either non-3rd p. subject or the non-human subject exponent yǝ= [Tenenbaum 1978: 74; Boraas 2010: 123]. Kari's analysis cannot be excluded, but the assumed contraction is too irregular (the reduction of the root vowel =lǝn > =ln is especially abnormal), so we prefer to treat the discussed forms for 'water' as an unanalyzable formation, the so-called "elite replacement" (theoretically it could reflect the remains of a substrate language).
The old root for 'water' is retained in fossilized expressions such as tʰu-čʰǝn 'brackish water', literally 'smelly water' (all the dialects) [Kari 2007: 121], Inland tʰu-zǝɬ 'hot springs', literally 'hot/warm water' [Kari 2007: 122] and so on. It is also attested as the verbal incorporated morphemes tʰu- 'water (in general)', tʰa- '(under) water', tʰi- 'water (usually in container)' (see [Tenenbaum 1978: 168 f.; Boraas 2010: 126] for Inland and Outer Inlet data) and the verbal directional adverbial prefix tʰu- 'into or onto the surface of the water; up from the water's edge', tʰa- 'submerged in water' (see [Tenenbaum 1978: 185 f.; Boraas 2010: 129] for Inland and Outer Inlet data).
Central Ahtena:tʰuː2
Kari 1990: 337, 619; Kari & Buck 1975: 77; Smelcer 2010: 96.
Western Ahtena: tʰuː [Kari 1990: 337, 619; Kari & Buck 1975: 77; Smelcer 2010: 96].
Mentasta Ahtena:tʰuː2
Kari 1990: 337, 619; Kari & Buck 1975: 77; Smelcer 2010: 96.
AHT_NOTES:
Polysemy: 'water / juice / soup, broth' (in the meanings 'juice; soup', the possessed form possr=tʰu-ʔ is used).
Cf. the ablaut variants of the same root, used as the first element of compounds or adverbially: tʰa- 'water; into water' [Kari 1990: 324], tʰeː-, tʰe-, tʰi- 'underwater' [Kari 1990: 327].
Arnold et al. 2009: 287; Holton 2000: 348; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 13; McRoy 1973: 7; Shinen 1958: 14.
Cf. the ablaut variants of the same root, used as the incorporated element: tʰà- 'water' [Holton 2000: 258].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):tʰuː2
Milanowski 2009: 24, 88.
Northway: tʰuː 'water' [Milanowski 2007: 18].
Scottie Creek: tʰuː 'water' [John 1997: 48].
Lower Tanana (Minto):tʰu2
Kari 1994: 247, 507; Tuttle 2009: 220. In compounds, the variant tʰʌ- is used [Kari 1994: 240; Tuttle 2009: 220].
Central Carrier:tʰu2
Poser 1998/2013: 468, 989; Poser 2011a: 232; Antoine et al. 1974: 218, 337. Cf. the variant tʰa- 'water', used in verbal incorporation or as the first element of nominal compounds [Poser 1998/2013: 446].
Koyukon:tʰuː2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 533, 1050; Jones 1978: 188. In compounds and incorporated forms, the variants tʰoː- 'water' and tʰaː- 'in water' are used [Jetté & Jones 2000: 501].
Degexit'an:tʰeː2
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 40; Chapman 1914: 227. Attested in both dialects, according to [Kari 1978].
In the Kuskokwim dialect, it competes with the form ǝmaːʔ 'water' [Kari 1978: 40], borrowed from Yupik ǝmǝq 'water'.
Sapir & Golla 2001: 776, 779; Golla 1996: 105; Golla 1970: 236. As proposed in [Sapir & Golla 2001], neheː originates < *noh-eː with secondary vowel assimilation (the final element -eː is unclear, however). The same morpheme constitutes the prefixal possessive pronoun noh- with polysemy: ‘our / your (pl.)’ [Golla 1970: 212], 1 & 2 pl. object verbal prefix -noh- [Golla 1970: 103]. But different morphemes are used for subject verbal prefixes: 1 pl. -ti-, 2 pl. -oh- [Golla 1970: 69].
Li 1930: 133. Polysemy: 'we / you (pl.)'. This looks like a synchronic compound of noh *'we / you (pl.)' + niŋ 'thou' q.v. The same morpheme constitutes the prefixal possessive pronoun noh- 'our / your (pl.)' [Li 1930: 133], 1 & 2 pl. object verbal prefix -noh- [Li 1930: 65]. But different morphemes are used for subject verbal prefixes: 1 pl. -ti-, 2 pl. -oh- [Li 1930: 69].
Bear River dialect: the pronoun 'we' is not attested. Cf. the pronoun nehe 'you (pl.)' [Goddard 1929: 322] - perhaps this is actually the 1 pl. pronoun 'we', incorrectly glossed by Goddard.
Kato:neh-iŋ1
Goddard 1912: 33. Cf. noːh-iŋ 'you (pl.)'; the same morpheme constitutes the prefixal possessive pronoun noːh- with polysemy: 'our / your (pl.)' [Goddard 1912: 21].
Taldash Galice:tawa1
Hoijer 1956: 223. Originates from *nawa. The same morpheme in the prefixal possessive pronoun toː- [before C] / taw- [before V] / naw- [before Ṽ] with polysemy: 'our / your (pl.)' [Hoijer 1966: 321-322] (< *naw- or the like), 1 & 2 pl. indirect & direct object verbal prefix toː- [before C] / taw- [before V] / naw- [before Ṽ] [Hoijer 1966: 323, 324].
The independent pronoun for 2 pl. 'you' is not documented.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:na-y-na1
Kari 2007: 65. In [Kari 1977: 80] quoted as na-na.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:na-na1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
Inland Tanaina:na-yi1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
Iliamna Tanaina:na-yi1
Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80.
TFN_NOTES:
Suffixal -yi is synchronically unanalyzable (cf. the same suffix in the 2nd p. pl. pronoun below), but suffixal -na synchronically coincides with the plural relative nominalizer -na 'the people that' [Kari 2007: 329; Boraas 2010: 17].
The same morpheme in the prefixal possessive pronoun na- 'our' [Kari 2007: 65]. On the contrary, the 1 pl. object verbal prefix is -tna- (na- in the initial position) [Lovick 2005: 47; Tenenbaum 1978: 73; Boraas 2010: 123], for the specific morphophonological behavior of -tna- see [Boraas 2010: 146]. It is proposed in [Tenenbaum 1978: 73] that at least the variant -tna- could be related to the substantive tna 'people' (see notes on 'man') and the nominal suffix -tna which denotes plural people.
Cf. the independent 2 pl. pronoun 'you (pl.)': Upper Inlet & Outer Inlet χǝn-yi, Inland n-χin, Iliamna χin. The prefixal possessive pronoun 'your (pl.)': Upper Inlet, Outer Inlet, Iliamna χ-, Inland n-χ- [Kari 2007: 65; Kari 1977: 80].
Central Ahtena:neː-ne1
Kari 1990: 35, 295.
Lower Ahtena: neː-ne [Kari 1990: 35, 295].
Western Ahtena: neː-ne [Kari 1990: 35, 295].
Mentasta Ahtena:neː-n1
Kari 1990: 35, 295. Regular reduction of final -e.
AHT_NOTES:
Final -ne is the plural human relative suffix [Kari 1990: 295].
The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun ne- 'our', 1 pl. object verbal prefix -ne-; etymologically distinct from the 1 pl. subject verbal prefix -cʼ- [Kari 1990: 35, 57, 295].
Cf. the independent 2 pl. pronoun 'you (pl.)': Central, Lower & Westernχan-yuː, Mentasta nu-χon. The prefixal possessive pronoun 'your (pl.)': Central & Western nʍ- / unʍ-, Lower ʍ-, Mentasta nuh- [Kari 1990: 35].
Dogrib:kó-xĩ́2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 47; Marinakis et al. 2007: 40. There are several documented pronominal forms for 'we, us' (apparently none of them distinguish between the dual and plural number):
2) káː-xĩ́ 'we, us' (dual./pl.?) [Marinakis et al. 2007: 40]; apparently a rare form, not quoted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996; Saxon & Siemens n.d.].
3) kʰĩ́ 'we, us' (dual./pl.?) [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 57; Marinakis et al. 2007: 40]. It is specified in [Marinakis et al. 2007: 40] as rare.
4) xĩ́ 'us' (also 'we'?) [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121; Marinakis et al. 2007: 40]. It is specified in [Marinakis et al. 2007: 40] as rare.
5) ná-xĩ́, which basic meaning is 'you (dual., pl.)' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 75; Marinakis et al. 2007: 40]. According to [Saxon & Siemens 1996; Marinakis et al. 2007], some speakers can also use ná-xĩ́ for 'we, us (dual., pl.)'.
It is likely that the most common pronoun of the 1st p. dual./pl. is kó-xĩ́ (it is quoted as the basic form in [Marinakis et al. 2007: 40]). In the only two found instances for the independent pronoun 'we, us (pl.)', kó-xĩ́ and ná-xĩ́ are attested: "We (kó-xĩ́) don't live nowadays like the oldtimers did" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19], "We (ná-xĩ́) painted the house ourselves" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 120].
The same morpheme ko is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun kó- 'our (pl.)', 1st dual./pl. object verbal prefix -kò- [Saxon & Siemens 1996: xiii; Marinakis et al. 2007: 39, 128].
For the dual. possessive 'our', the 2nd p. pronoun is used: ná-xí- 'our (dual.) / your (dual., pl.)' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: xiii].
Different morphemes are used as subject verbal prefixes: 1st dual. subject -wìt- ('we'), 1st pl. subject -cʼé- ('we' or indefinite 'someone')[Marinakis et al. 2007: 114; Coleman 1976: 21].
North Slavey (Hare):ràxè-nĩ̀1
Rice 1989: 253; Hoijer 1956: 222. Hoijer quotes the 19th c. archaic variant nàxè-nĩ̀. Polysemy: 'we / you (pl.)'. Final -nĩ is a suffix modifying personal and some other pronouns.
Tanacross:nèː-x̬òn1
Arnold et al. 2009: 288. In [Holton 2000: 278], transcribed as nèː-xónʔ. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun nèː- 'our', 1st pl. object verbal prefix -nèː- [Holton 2000: 145, 248].
For 1st pl. subject, the impersonal subject prefix -cʼè- is used [Holton 2000: 199, 243].
Cf. the 2nd pl. pronouns: independent nùh-xòn 'you' [Arnold et al. 2009: 300] (in [Holton 2000: 278], transcribed as nùh-xónʔ), prefixal possessive nùh- 'your', 2nd pl. object verbal prefix -nùh- [Holton 2000: 145, 248]. Etymologically distinct from the 2nd pl. subject verbal prefix -àh- [Holton 2000: 199].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):ndeː-xon1
Milanowski 2009: 82. The same morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun ndeː(ʔ)- 'our' [Milanowski 2009: 9].
Cf. the 2nd pl. pronouns: independent ndɯh-xon 'you' [Milanowski 2009: 82], prefixal possessive ndɯh(ʔ)- 'your' [Milanowski 2009: 9].
Northway: ndeːxon 'we' [Milanowski 2007: 15].
Lower Tanana (Minto):tǝna-xʊn̥1
Kari 1994: 138, 196. It is suggested in [Kari 1994: 138] that both tǝna-xʊn̥ and simple xʊn̥ can be used as the independent pronoun 'we'.
The same morpheme tǝna- is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun tǝna- 'our', 1st pl. direct object verbal prefix -tǝna- [Kari 1994: 196]. Although for 1st pl. subject, the impersonal subject prefix -ʼǝ- is used [Kari 1994: 280].
Initial tǝna- formally coincides with the substantive tǝna 'man / person' q.v.
Cf. the 2nd pl. pronouns: independent yʊx-ʊ-yi ~ yʊx-ʊn-yi (both < *yʊx-xʊn-yi with the same xʊn̥ as in 'we') 'you', prefixal possessive yʊx- ~ nʊx- (with unclear n-) 'your', 2nd pl. direct object verbal prefix yʊx- [Kari 1994: 343].
Central Carrier:xʷeni3
Poser 1998/2013: 527; Antoine et al. 1974: 351.
A different morpheme is present in the prefixal possessive pronoun ne- 'our', 1st pl. direct object verbal prefix -ne- [Antoine et al. 1974: 349, 350]. For 1st pl. subject, the prefix -cʼʌ- is used [Antoine et al. 1974: 350].
Cf. the 2nd pl. pronouns: independent noh-ni 'you', prefixal possessive noh- 'your', 2nd pl. direct object verbal prefix noh- [Poser 1998/2013: 366; Antoine et al. 1974: 349-351].
Koyukon:χon̥3
Jetté & Jones 2000: 271, 805; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 4.
A different morpheme is found in the prefixal possessive pronoun tǝnaː- 'our', 1st pl. direct object verbal prefix -tǝnaː- [Jetté & Jones 2000: 428, 805]. For 1st pl. subject, the prefix -cʼǝ- is used [Jetté & Jones 2000: 805].
Pronominal tǝnaː- formally coincides with the substantive tǝnaː 'man / person' q.v.
Cf. the 2nd pl. pronouns: independent yoχ-on̥ (< yoχ-χon̥) 'you', prefixal possessive yoχ- 'your', 2nd pl. direct object verbal prefix yoχ-, 2nd pl. subject verbal prefix -oχ- [Jetté & Jones 2000: 721, 805].
Degexit'an:χʊn̥3
Kari 1978: 25. Two independent pronouns meaning 'we' are quoted in [Kari 1978] without additional details: χʊn̥ and tǝnaː-χʊn̥. We have to treat them as synonyms.
The prefixal possessive pronoun 'our' is tǝnaː- [Kari 1978: 25]. For 1st pl. subject, the prefix -ʼǝ- is used [Hargus 2000].
Cf. the 2nd pl. pronouns: independent yǝχ-ʊn̥ (< yǝχ-χʊn̥) 'you', prefixal possessive yǝχ- 'your' [Kari 1978: 25].
Sarsi:nāá-ní1
Cook 1984: 62; Hoijer 1956: 222. Final -ní is a morpheme common for all independent personal pronouns.
Cf. the 2nd pl. independent pronoun nīhí-ní 'you' [Cook 1984: 62].
Cf. grammatical exponents which may not discriminate between the 1st and 2nd person: the prefixal possessive pronoun nìhi- 'our / your', 1st pl. subject verbal prefix -aat- (opposed to 2nd pl. -as-), 1st/2nd pl. object verbal prefix -nihi- ~ -naa- [Hoijer & Joël 1963: 66; Cook 1984: 193, 197].
NUMBER:95
WORD:we
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):xʊn̥3
Kari 1994: 138.
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:tǝnaː-χʊn̥4
Kari 1978: 25.
Sarsi:
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Hupa:tay-t ~ tiy-t1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 747; Golla 1996: 106; Golla 1996a: 380; Golla 1970: 237. The morpheme -t < *-ti is a general pronominal interrogative element, see examples in [Golla 1970: 237; Golla 1996a: 380]. Cf. the cognate indefinite pronoun tay-ʍoʔ ~ tiy-ʍoʔ 'something' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 747; Golla 1996a: 380; Golla 1970: 237], formed with another general enclitic.
Mattole:tˈiː-toʔ1
Li 1930: 134. The final -toʔ is a general pronominal interrogative element, present in all the interrogative pronouns that are listed in [Li 1930: 134].
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:tiː-čiː1
Goddard 1912: 34. The final -čiː is a general pronominal interrogative element.
Taldash Galice:ti1
Landar 1977: 295 No. 83. Attested in the phrase "What do you call this?".
Upper Inlet Tanaina:ya-ta2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 282.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:ya-ti2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 282.
Inland Tanaina:ya-ta2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 282; Lovick 2005: 208.
Iliamna Tanaina:ya-ta2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 282.
TFN_NOTES:
We treat ya-ta (Outer Inlet ya-ti) as a historical compound (for the first element ya-, cf. ye- ‘3rd p. subject/object [frequently non-human]' [Boraas 2010: 122, 123]). The vowel discrepancy between Outer Inlet -ti and -ta in the other dialects is abnormal (cf. the rhyming pronoun pa-ta / va-ta / Outer Inlet pa-ti-n 'who?' q.v. with the same discrepancy).
Central Ahtena:yi-ti2
Kari 1990: 440, 621.
Lower Ahtena: yi-ti [Kari 1990: 440, 621].
Western Ahtena: yi-ti [Kari 1990: 440, 621].
Mentasta Ahtena:yi-ti2
Kari 1990: 440, 621.
AHT_NOTES:
We treat yi-ti as a historical compound (for the first element, cf. yiː 'it, 3rd p. non-human' [Kari 1990: 435]). This seems to be the default interrogative 'what?', cf. the following examples: "What don't you know?", "What do you crave?", "What are you looking at?", "What are you talking about?", "What is it?", "What are you crying about?" [Kari 1990: 149, 263, 440].
The second interrogative pronoun, attested with the meaning 'what?' is n-cʼe 'how?, what?' [Kari 1990: 404], although this word should be rather treated as 'how?', not 'what?' per se (cf. the examples, where n-cʼe is glossed as 'what' by Kari: "What is he doing?", "what do you think (about it)?", "what did you do to it?" [Kari 1990: 84, 305, 426, 458]).
Dogrib:á=yìː2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 6, 229; Marinakis et al. 2007: 162. Used with all numbers? Apparently áyìː 'what?' and ámèː 'who?' q.v. are to be analyzed as á=yìː, á=mèː with the common desemanticized element á-.
North Slavey (Hare):yè-rì ~ ʔà=yè-rì2
Rice 1989: 257. Final -ri (< *-ti) is an enclitic element modifying demonstrative and some other pronouns; initial ʔa- is a proclitic element optionally modifying interrogative pronouns.
Tanacross:tíː1
Arnold et al. 2009: 291; Holton 2000: 280.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):tiː1
Milanowski 2009: 15, 88.
Lower Tanana (Minto):tǝ-ya1
Kari 1994: 72, 508; Tuttle 2009: 221. It should be noted that in the light of the parallel pronoun tǝ=ba 'who' q.v., the morphemes =ya and =ba can be considered as meaningful elements from the synchronic point of view, whereas tǝ= is an additional interrogative exponent.
Central Carrier:ti1
Poser 1998/2013: 123, 992; Antoine et al. 1974: 79. Apparently this is the basic interrogative pronoun 'what?'. Cf. some examples: "What is it called?', "What is he eating?", "I wonder what he is eating", "What are you doing?", "He is wondering what I want" [Poser 1998/2013: 123].
A second candidate is (probably more marginal) tača 'what?' [Poser 1998/2013: 110, 992; Antoine et al. 1974: 73] with the examples: "What does he mean?", "What do you think?" [Poser 1998/2013: 110].
Distinct from n=tai 'what?, which?' [Poser 1998/2013: 332; Antoine et al. 1974: 164, 354].
Koyukon:kǝn ~ kǝn-iː3
Jetté & Jones 2000: 187, 1052; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 4; Jones 1978: 191. Final -iː is the non-human relativizer 'the one that, the thing that' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 7]. Cf. the example: "What do you want? I want water".
In the Upper dialect (Toklat-Bearpaw subdialect) two pronouns for 'what?' coexist: inherited čǝn (< kǝn) and borrowed tǝyaː (< Lower Tanana tǝ-ya 'what?') [Jetté & Jones 2000: 137].
Degexit'an:kaːn3
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 101. This is apparently the basic interrogative pronoun 'what?'. Cf. some examples: "What's so funny?", "What grows there?", "What do you hear?", "What are you hollering for?", "What do I smell?", "What's he talking about?" [Taff et al. 2007], "What is this?", "Which one is this?" [Kari 1978: 101].
The second candidate is the frequent pronoun n=taː-ʒ 'what?, how?' [Kari 1978: 102; Chapman 1914: 216], but it seems that in the majority of examples it can be translated as 'how?' or 'which?'. Cf. some instances: "What did she say?", "What happened to him?", "What kind (n=taːʒ tǝŋǝtʼaːy) do you have?", "What's the news?", "What's it doing outside? (i.e.: What's the weather like?)" [Taff et al. 2007], "What are you doing?", "How far is it?" [Kari 1978: 102].
Sarsi:tì-tʼá1
Cook 1984: 60. Final -tʼa is found in some other pronouns, e.g., ƛʰàá-tʼá-à 'all' q.v., xà-tʼà-á 'what (kind)' [Cook 1984: 60].
Rice 1978: 221, 442, 552. Verbal form 'it is white', initial tè- is the adjectival prefix [Rice 1989: 617], for the desemanticized verbal suffix -e see[Rice 1989: 816].
Distinct from the verb =kà which is quoted in [Hoijer 1956: 222] as =kay '(to be) white', but in modern language =kà means 'to be holly, pure / to come (of daylight)' [Rice 1978: 220, 430], although the old meaning is retained in =h=kà 'to make white' [Rice 1978: 220, 430] and =t=kà 'to become white' [Rice 1978: 222, 430].
Tanacross:t=è=l=kèy̥1
Arnold et al. 2009: 293; Holton 2000: 178, 353; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 22; McRoy 1973: 16; Shinen 1958: 18. Consists of the verb =l=kèy̥ 'to be white' with the adjectival/gender exponent t= [Holton 2000: 237 ff.].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):t=e=l=kay ~ t=e=l=kay̥1
Milanowski 2009: 15, 42, 72. Formed from the verb =l=kay̥ 'to be white'.
Kari 1994: 172, 509; Tuttle 2009: 225. Verbal stem: 'to be white'. Paradigm: =l=kʼʊƛ [neuter imperf.] / =l=kʼʌl [transitional imperf.] / =l=kʼʌƛ [transitional perf.]. Also functions as the noun-like adjective kʼʊƛ-aʔ 'white'.
Central Carrier:=ɬ=yʌl ~ =l=yʌl3
Poser 1998/2013: 995, 1224, 1265; Poser 2011a: 237; Antoine et al. 1974: 241, 339.
Koyukon:=l=qʼoɬ2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 369, 1054; Jones 1978: 193. Verbal stem: 'to be white'. Paradigm: =qʼoɬ [neuter imperf.] / =qʼoːɬ [momentaneous imperf.] / =qʼoːƛ [momentaneous perf.]. Also functions as the noun-like adjective qʼoɬ-ǝʔ 'white'.
Degexit'an:=qʼʊɬ2
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 55; Kari 1976: 44; Chapman 1914: 230. Verbal stem: 'to be white'.
Sarsi:=V=kɒ́y ~ =V=káy1
Li 1930b: 21; Hoijer 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 166. Apparently this is the basic Sarsi verb for 'to be white'. Cf. some examples: "I'm white" [Cook 1984: 166], "It's white" [Cook 1984: 176], "white men (= people with white flesh)" [Hoijer & Joël 1963: 75], "All (the horses) were white [...] Its mane was white" [Goddard 1915: 229], "Its head is white" [Goddard 1915: 265].
Distinct from =V=kʰùːn 'to be white' [Li 1930b: 21], not specified semantically, without examples.
Distinct from =V=kʼɒ́ːl 'to be white' [Li 1930b: 22] with the only example "It (hair) is white" [Cook 1984: 166].
Distinct from =V=kúš 'to be very white', applied to cloth, paper, etc. [Li 1930b: 21; Cook 1984: 163, 166].
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Hupa:tan-t1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 746; Golla 1996: 107; Golla 1996a: 380; Golla 1970: 237. In [Golla 1996], transcribed as tun-t. For the general pronominal interrogative element -t see notes on 'what'. Cf. the cognate indefinite pronoun taŋ-ʍoʔ 'someone' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 746; Golla 1996a: 380; Golla 1970: 237], formed with another general enclitic.
Mattole:tˈan-toʔ1
Li 1930: 134. The final -toʔ is a general pronominal interrogative element, present in all the interrogative pronouns that are listed in [Li 1930: 134].
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:tan-čiː1
Goddard 1912: 34. The final -čiː is a general pronominal interrogative element.
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:pa-ta2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:pa-ti-n2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284. Final -n is the human singulative exponent -ǝn [Kari 2007: 329; Boraas 2010: 17, 52].
Inland Tanaina:va-ta2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284; Lovick 2005: 208.
Iliamna Tanaina:va-ta2
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284.
TFN_NOTES:
We treat pa-ta / va-ta (Outer Inlet pa-ti) as a historical compound. The vowel discrepancy between Outer Inlet -ti and -ta in the other dialects is abnormal (cf. the rhyming pronoun ya-ta / Outer Inlet ya-ti 'what?' q.v. with the same discrepancy).
Central Ahtena:pe-te2
Kari 1990: 103, 621.
Lower Ahtena: pe-te [Kari 1990: 103, 621].
Western Ahtena: pe-te [Kari 1990: 103, 621].
Mentasta Ahtena:pe-te2
Kari 1990: 103, 621.
AHT_NOTES:
We treat pe-te as a historical compound.
Dogrib:á=mèː ~ á=mìː2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 5, 230; Marinakis et al. 2007: 162. Sg. form; dual. & pl. form is ámìː-kʰé. For initial á-, cf. notes on á=yìː 'what?'.
North Slavey (Hare):mè-nĩ̀ ~ ʔà=mè-nĩ̀ ~ ʔà=mè-n2
Rice 1989: 257. Initial ʔa- is a proclitic element optionally modifying interrogative pronouns; final -nĩ is a suffix modifying personal and some other pronouns.
Tanacross:tóː1
Arnold et al. 2009: 293; Holton 2000: 280.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):toː1
Milanowski 2009: 16, 88.
Lower Tanana (Minto):tǝ-ba1
Kari 1994: 31, 66, 510; Tuttle 2009: 226. See notes on tǝ-ya 'what'.
Central Carrier:m=pe2
Poser 1998/2013: 289, 996; Antoine et al. 1974: 147, 339, 353. Initial m= is a common pronominal element, realized as n= before non-labials, cf., e.g., n=tai 'what?, which?', n=tet 'when?', n=yu-n 'that'.
Koyukon:tǝ-paː1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 76, 1054; Jones & Kwaraceius 1997: 4.
Degexit'an:tǝ-vaː1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 101; Chapman 1914: 226.
Sarsi:ātáɣá3
Cook 1984: 60. Morphologically unclear.
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:pa=ta1
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:pa=ti-n1
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284.
Inland Tanaina:va=ta1
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284; Lovick 2005: 208.
Iliamna Tanaina:va=ta1
Kari 2007: 343; Kari 1977: 284.
Central Ahtena:pe=te1
Kari 1990: 103, 621.
Mentasta Ahtena:pe=te1
Kari 1990: 103, 621.
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):tǝ=ba2
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:tǝ=paː2
Degexit'an:tǝ=vaː2
Sarsi:
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Hupa:cʰamehsƛʼoːn1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 734; Golla 1996: 108. In [Golla 1996], transcribed as cʰum... A descriptive formation; as noted by Golla, < *cʰaŋ meː-s-ƛʼoːn-i, literally 'deerskin apron (cʰaŋ) tied (ƛʼoːn) on to her'.
Mattole:yaŋ-kʰˈeh2
Li 1930: 125. As proposed by Li, this form consists of yan- 'female' (probably also attested in yˈaːneʔ 'doe' [Li 1930: 125]) and the suffix -kʰeh; the literal meaning of the entire form is 'female class'.
Bear River dialect: yaŋ-kʰah ~ yi-yaŋ-kʰa 'woman' [Goddard 1929: 322] (the first element yi- of the latter form is probably the indefinite possessive pronoun, for which see notes on 'meat').
Kato:čʼek3
Goddard 1912: 20. Two words for 'woman' are quoted by Goddard: čʼek [Goddard 1912: 20] and čʼyan [Goddard 1912: 24] (the latter looks like a verbal form, currently unanalyzable). Browsing through [Goddard 1909] suggests that čʼek is the default expression for sg. 'woman' (ca. 15×), whereas the form čʼyan-kʰiː is the default expression for pl. 'women' (ca. 10×; the final element -kʰiː is the rare plural exponent [Goddard 1912: 20]). In a couple of cases, čʼek is used for pl. 'women', but the general distribution čʼek [sg.] / čʼyan-kʰiː [pl.] is beyond doubt.
It must be noted that the plain form čʼyan seems very rare in Goddard's texts, if it exists at all, but the suffixed stem čʼyan-c (final -c is the diminutive suffix) is well attested - normally with the specific meaning 'old woman' (sg./pl.).
Taldash Galice:cʼãː-kʰeː4
Hoijer 1973: 59; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 294. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. The plural form is cʼãːkʰe-yoː 'women' (with the rare plural suffix -yoː [Hoijer 1966: 322 f.]), although there is also an alternative plural form cʼe-yoː 'women, women folks' [Hoijer 1973: 59] with a separate root cʼe-.
Historically, cʼãːkʰeː is the plural form cʼãː-kʰeː *'women' with the fossilized plural suffix -kʰeː (for which see [Hoijer 1966: 322 f.]).
Upper Inlet Tanaina:tǝ=kʼis-ǝn ~ kʼis-ǝn5
Kari 2007: 72, 361.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:kʼis-ǝn5
Kari 2007: 72, 361.
Inland Tanaina:tǝ=ʁ=kʼis-ǝn5
Kari 2007: 72, 361; Wassillie 1979: 113.
Iliamna Tanaina:kʼis-ǝn5
Kari 2007: 72, 361.
TFN_NOTES:
Seldovia dialect: kʼis-ǝn [Kari 2007: 72].
All these forms are glossed with polysemy: 'woman / girl' in [Kari 2007: 72; Wassillie 1979: 44, 113], but only as 'young woman, girl' in [Kari 1977: 88]. There is, however, also a specific term for 'teenage girl': tʼata (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 73; Kari 1977: 88].
The plural form 'women' is kʼis-na (with the corresponding additional prefixes depending on the dialect). Thus, -ǝn and -na are human nominalizers - singulative and plural respectively [Kari 2007: 329; Boraas 2010: 17, 52; Lovick 2005: 28]. Expressions for 'female animal' are the same as for 'woman', but with the non-human nominalizer -i: Upper Inlet tǝ=kʼis-i and so on (with the corresponding additional prefixes depending on the dialect) [Kari 2007: 13].
Residual kʼis looks like a verbal root modified with gender (?) tǝ= and modal ʁ=, although use of the prefixless verbal root is abnormal. The meaning of kʼis is unclear (cf. the Upper Inlet expression for 'veins': tǝl kʼisa, literally 'kʼis of blood' [Kari 2007: 96]).
Western Ahtena: cʼaqʰeː [Kari 1990: 238, 623; Kari & Buck 1975: 54].
Mentasta Ahtena:cʼaqʰeː3
Kari 1990: 238, 623; Kari & Buck 1975: 54.
AHT_NOTES:
An unclear fossilized compound; the plural form 'women' is cʼa-qʰeː-y.
Distinct from possr=ʔaːt (all dialects; Western: possr=ʔaː) with polysemy: 'wife / female (subst.)' [Kari 1990: 78; Kari & Buck 1975: 50].
Distinct from the rare bound root cʼeː / =cʼe-ʔ 'female' [Kari 1990: 403, 405].
Dogrib:cʼèkʰó3
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 105, 231; Marinakis et al. 2007: 163. An unclear fossilized compound. Polysemy: 'woman / girl / queen in cards'.
North Slavey (Hare):cʼékʰù3
Rice 1978: 102, 185. Polysemy: 'woman / girl / queen in cards'. An unclear fossilized compound; for the first element cʼé- 'female' cf. cʼé-yúnéʔ 'old woman' [Rice 1978: 103] (-yúnéʔ 'old' [Rice 1989: 238]), possr=cʼé-wé-ʔ 'embryo skin, womb', lit. 'female's hide' [Rice 1978: 102].
In [Hoijer 1956: 222], the compound cʼe-line 'woman' is quoted, not found in modern sources.
Tanacross:cʼéhxèh3
Arnold et al. 2009: 296; Holton 2000: 348; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 15. An unclear fossilized compound. The plural form is quoted as cʼéhxê-y in [Holton 2000: 158] and as cʼéxèː-y-ìːn in [Arnold et al. 2009: 296] with irregular loss of medial -h- (a typo?); for the rare human plural suffix -y and the more common plural exponent -ìːn, see [Holton 2000: 157 f.].
Distinct from possr=ʔàːt 'wife' [Arnold et al. 2009: 294; Holton 2000: 348].
Kari 1994: 280, 512; Tuttle 2009: 230. Looks like a historical compound. For the first element cf. ʼa which means 'female' in such collocations as possr=ba-ʼa-ʔ 'aunt, mother's brother's wife' (ba '?'), yunʌnaʔ ʼa-ʔ 'white woman' (yunʌnaʔ 'Outside of Alaska') [Kari 1994: 280]. Final -xa is unclear.
Distinct from possr=ʔʌt 'wife / female mate of animal' [Kari 1994: 26, 510].
Central Carrier:cʼekʰe3
Poser 1998/2013: 489, 998; Poser 2011a: 238; Antoine et al. 1974: 229, 339. Plural: cʼekʰu 'women'. Cf. the morpheme -cʼe 'female', the marker of feminine gender of animals [Poser 1998/2013: 488].
Distinct from ʔat 'wife' [Poser 1998/2013: 29].
Koyukon:soːɬ-tʼaːn̥6
Jetté & Jones 2000: 740, 1057; Jones 1978: 196. Polysemy: 'woman / female (of animals)'. The plural form is soːɬtʼǝn 'women' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 544; Jones 1978: 196] with a unique case of reduction aː > ǝ. An unclear formation consisting of soːɬ '?' (not attested beyond this stem) and =tʼaːn̥ which can go back to =t=ʔaːn 'to do', 'to see' or 'to own, dwell' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 544].
A more rare expression for 'woman' is the deverbative expression tǝnaː=qʼoː=ɬ=oː-n̥ [sg.] / tǝnaː=qʼoː=ɬ=taːɬ-nǝ [pl.] [Jetté & Jones 2000: 701], literally 'the one that causes us to walk around' with the suppletive verb =(h)oː [sg.] / =taːɬ [pl.] 'to go' q.v. As explained by Jetté: "Probably because women were the main movers when travelling, while men do the hunting".
Distinct from archaic cʼaː 'woman' retained in a couple of compounds [Jetté & Jones 2000: 652].
Distinct from possr=ʔoːt 'wife' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 65].
Degexit'an:nǝ=qʼoː=ɬ=o-n̥ ~ n=qʼoː=ɬ=o-n̥7
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 29; Chapman 1914: 215. Suppletive plural: n=qʼoː=ɬ=daɬ-ǝn. Polysemy: 'girl / woman'. Literally 'the one that causes (us) to walk around', see further notes on Koyukon tǝnaː=qʼoː=ɬ=oː-n̥ [sg.] / tǝnaː=qʼoː=ɬ=taːɬ-nǝ [pl.] 'woman'. This is the basic term for 'woman' with numerous examples.
The second candidate is the rare term ʂaːɬ-tʼaːn̥ 'woman' [Kari 1978: 29], not found in other sources. Morphologically unclear; corresponds to Koyukon soːɬ-tʼaːn̥ 'woman' q.v.
Distinct from possr=ʔoːt 'wife' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 28; Chapman 1914: 211]. In the Kuskokwim dialect, it sounds as possr=ʔoː 'wife' according to [Kari 1978: 28], although [Chapman 1914: 211] gives both variants, possr=ʔoːt and possr=ʔoː, apparently for the Yukon dialect.
Sarsi:cʼìkʰɒ̀ ~ cʼìkʰá3
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 73; Hoijer 1956: 222; Cook 1984: 67. Non-standard pl.: cʼù-kʰúɣɒ̀ ~ cʼì-kʰúwá 'women' with the suffix kʰuɣɒ ~ -kʰuwa, on which see further in [Cook 1984: 67].
Distinct from possr=cʼày-ɒ̀ 'wife' [Hoijer & Joël 1963: 71].
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Hupa:taʔkʰʸaːw-nehwaːn1
Golla 1996: 110. A descriptive formation, literally taʔ-kʰʸaːw 'oriole' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 893] + 'it resembles'. As noted by Golla: "this is a recent term. In traditional times the color yellow was not distinguished from brown or red". Cf. čuŋ-nehwaːn 'brown' (literally 'muddy water' + 'it resembles') [Golla 1996: 14] and cʰeːl-nehwaːn 'red' (literally 'blood' + 'it resembles') q.v.
By contrast, 'yellow' is quoted as =cʰow in [Hoijer 1956: 223; Li 1930: 10], coinciding with the term for 'green' q.v. Thus it is very likely that =cʰow actually possessed the polysemy 'to be green / to be blue / to be yellow' in archaic Hupa. No terms for 'yellow' in [Sapir & Golla 2001].
Mattole:=cʰow2
Li 1930: 10, 110. Polysemy: 'to be blue / to be yellow' (actually 'to be blue / to be green (q.v.) / to be yellow'?). Adjectival formation: ɬi=cʰˈow 'blue / yellow'.
Bear River dialect: ɬi=čʰič 'yellow' [Goddard 1929: 322].
Kato:ɬ=čʰiːk3
Goddard 1912: 28; Curtis 1924: 203. An adjective-like deverbal form. Polysemy: 'red / yellow' (the meaning 'yellow' is only quoted in [Curtis 1924]).
Taldash Galice:=cʼoh4
Hoijer 1973: 71. Verbal root: 'to be yellow'. The adjectival form is ɬ=cʼoh.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:ti=tǝ=cʰik-i3
Kari 2007: 320, 361; Kari 1977: 254.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:ti=tǝ=čʰik-i3
Kari 2007: 320, 361; Kari 1977: 254.
Inland Tanaina:ti=t=čʰik-i3
Kari 2007: 320, 361.
Iliamna Tanaina:ti=t=čʰik-i3
Kari 2007: 320, 361.
TFN_NOTES:
In [Kari 2007: 319], two yellow-like colors are listed as basic for all the dialects: 'to be yellow-orange' (=čʰik) and 'to be bright yellow' (=cʰǝʁ). We treat them as synonyms. Final -i is the relative nominalizer [Kari 2007: 329; Boraas 2010: 17, 52].
Distinct from =cʰiq 'to be yellow-brown, light brown' (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 320].
Central Ahtena:=l=cʰoʁ5
Kari 1990: 394, 625.
Lower Ahtena: =l=cʰoʁ [Kari 1990: 394, 625].
Western Ahtena: =l=cʰoʁ [Kari 1990: 394, 625].
Mentasta Ahtena:=l=cʰoʁ5
Kari 1990: 394, 625.
AHT_NOTES:
Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be yellow / to be tan / to be brown / to be blonde'.
A second candidate is =l=cʰiːkʸ 'to be yellow-orange in color' [Kari 1990: 388], which is specified by Kari as "not productive, mainly occurs in nominalizations".
Rice 1978: 220, 429, 554; Hoijer 1956: 222. Hoijer quotes the 19th c. archaic variant {-kfwoy}. Verbal form 'it is yellow'; initial tè- is an adjectival prefix [Rice 1989: 617].
Tanacross:t=è=l=tθʰòx5
Arnold et al. 2009: 299; Holton 2000: 178, 206; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 22; McRoy 1973: 16; Shinen 1958: 18. Derived from the verb =l=tθʰòx with polysemy: 'to be yellow / to be brown'. Initial t= is the adjectival/gender exponent [Holton 2000: 237 ff.].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):te=l=tθʰoː5
Milanowski, p.c.; Milanowski 2009: 72. Polysemy: 'green / yellow / brown' (specified by Milanowski "part of the broad spectrum of brown"). Nominalized verbal form: 'it is brown'.
There are two Lower Tanana expressions for the yellow part of spectrum: 'yellow-brown' and 'yellow-orange'.
1) The verb =l=tθʰʊx [neuter imperf.] / =l=tθʰux [transitional imperf.] / =l=tθʰuk [transitional perf.] with polysemy: 'to be yellow / tan / brown / blonde / green' plus the cognate noun-like adjective tθʰʊx 'yellow-brown' [Kari 1994: 314].
2) The verb =t=cʰik [neuter imperf.] / =t=cʰǝy̥ [semelfactive imperf.] 'to be yellow-orange' plus the cognate noun-like adjective cʰik 'yellow-orange' [Kari 1994: 290].
We treat both forms as synonyms.
Central Carrier:=l=cʰo2
Poser 1998/2013: 1002, 1223, 1262; Poser 2011a: 241; Antoine et al. 1974: 89, 340.
Koyukon:=l=ƛʰuχ5
Jetté & Jones 2000: 586, 1060; Jones 1978: 199. Verbal stem, also functions as the noun-like adjective ƛʰuʁ-ǝʔ. In [Jetté & Jones 2000: 586], glossed as 'to be yellow, tan, brown, olive-green, be the color of a smoke-tanned skin', but actually with polysemy: 'to be yellow / to be green'. Further see notes on 'green'.
Degexit'an:=tθʰʊʁ5
Kari 1978: 55. Verbal stem: 'to be yellow'.
Sarsi:=V=cʰúw2
Li 1930b: 24; Cook 1984: 166. There are two Sarsi verbs for 'yellow': =V=cʰúw glossed as 'to be yellow (green)' (this is not the expression for 'green' q.v., however), and =V=cʰáy 'to be orange-yellow'. Apparently they denote 'light yellow' and 'dark yellow' respectively. We have to treat them as synonyms.
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