Berger 1974: 140. Borrowed from Khowar čʰik 'all'. Different from kʰul 'all, whole' (= totus) [Berger 1974: 159]. Cf. also har 'every, all' [Berger 1974: 150]; sˈauf 'all, collected' [Berger 1974: 175] (borrowing from Khowar). The latter form is quoted as the main equivalent for 'all' in [Backstrom 1992: 258]: sʌo̥.

Berger 1998: III, 191. Borrowed from Urdu har. This is the most frequent of all the attested equivalents for 'all' in Burushaski; there are several others as well, but most are identifiable as borrowings. Cf. kul 'all, together' [Berger 1998: III, 246] (< Urdu kull, ultimately from Arabic). An original stem may be preserved in =yˈoon 'all, together' [Berger 1998: III, 477], but it is mainly used in conjunction with pronominal forms ('all of us', 'all of you', 'all of them'). This form is listed as the main equivalent for 'all' in [Backstrom 1992: 258]: Hunza, Nagar uyˈoon.

Berger 1974: 170. Y-class; plurale tantum (-iŋ is the regular plural marker of the y-class). Distinct from the more specialized term ʂapʰˈeru 'ashes or other sorts of fertilizers for vegetables' [Berger 1974: 179], borrowed from Khowar. Quoted as pʰˈɛtiŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 248].

Berger 1998: III, 328. Y-class; plurale tantum (-iŋ is the regular plural marker of the y-class). Distinct from the more specialized term marmˈaq 'hot ashes' [Berger 1998: III, 282] (cf. also marmˈan 'heap of glowing embers' [ibid.]). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar pʰˈɛtiŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 248].

Not attested.

Not attested. The closest word in meaning is probably ɕʰˈumuʂ ~ ɕʰˈumurʂ (Nagar ɕʰˈumur) 'coarse bark that is used to feed the fire' [Berger 1998: III, 101], which Berger derives from the verb ɕʰamˈur- 'to crumble, crumple' [Berger 1998: III, 96]; there are, however, no indications that this could be the neutral, non-specialized term for 'tree bark' in general as well.

Berger 1974: 184. Polysemy: 'abdomen / intestines'. Y-class (pl. =úl-ɕiŋ) when applied to slaughtered animals; x-class (pl. =úl-iʆu) when applied to people. Quoted as y=uˈul in [Backstrom 1992: 244].

Berger 1998: III, 453. Plural form: =ˈul-iʆo ~ =ˈul-iŋ (the plural forms also mean 'intestines'). Y-class when applied to slaughtered animals; x-class when applied to people. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar y=uˈul in [Backstrom 1992: 244].

Berger 1974: 167. Plural forms: =nˈaŋ (y-class), =nˈoyu (x-class). Cf. also tʰˈan-um, pl. tʰˈayu 'big (of person); tall' [Berger 1974: 183]. Quoted as nʸũ ~ nʸu in [Backstrom 1992: 255].

Berger 1998: III, 460. Plural form: uyˈoŋ-ko (Nagar uyˈo-ko). Cf. also tʰˈaan-um, pl. tʰˈaa-iko 'big (of person); tall' [Berger 1998: III, 435]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar uy-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].

Berger 1974: 140. Plural form: c̢ˈeyu ~ c̢ˈiu. Meaning glossed as '(small) bird', but no separate term for 'large bird' is attested.

Berger 1998: III, 107. Plural form: c̢ʰˈiu. Meaning glossed as '(small) bird'. The equivalent for 'large bird' is balˈas (Nagar balˈac) [Berger 1998: III, 33] (plural forms are either the same as sg. or Hunza balˈas-ʆo, Nagar balˈas-iʆo), which Berger believes to be cognate with du=wˈal- 'to fly' q.v. (the development of *-b- > -w- in the intervocalic position is normal). Another candidate is parindˈa 'bird', borrowed from Urdu [Berger 1998: III, 312]; this could be a generic term for 'bird' irrespective of size, but it seems less basic than the other two terms.

Berger 1974: 145. Present tense stem: gaʈ-ˈiɕ-.

Berger 1998: III, 150. Present tense stem: gaʈ-ˈiɕ-. Numerous quasi-synonyms are also adduced in the dictionary, but for most of them, 'to bite' is not the primary meaning, cf.: ɕurˈuʈ- 'to pierce, sting, bite' (of insects) [Berger 1998: III, 93]; ʁaᶚˈam- 'to scratch (face) with nails; to bite (of dog)' [Berger 1998: III, 166]; qap- 'to bite, snap' (of horse or dog) [Berger 1998: III, 341].

Berger 1974: 164. Plural forms: matˈum-iʆu, matˈum-iŋ. Quoted as mat-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].

Berger 1998: III, 284. Plural forms: matˈum-iʆo, matˈum-iŋ. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar mat-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].

Berger 1974: 166. Plural: multˈan-iŋ. Polysemy: 'money / wergeld (blood money)'. Quoted as muɬtˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 245].

Berger 1998: III, 293. Plural: multˈa-iŋ. Secondary quasi-synonyms include: (a) koɕ 'blood', a special term used specifically in oaths and curses [Berger 1998; 245]; (b) qʰˈuun 'blood' (borrowed from Urdu xuːn), sometimes substituted for multˈan [Berger 1998: III, 360]; (c) raŋ 'color; blood' (< Urdu rang) [Berger 1998: III, 363]; (d) tˈiti 'blood' (only in children's speech) [Berger 1998: III, 427]. All of these words seem to have specific stylistic and situational usage compared to the default equivalent multˈan. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar multˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 245].

Berger 1974: 181. Plural form: ten-ʓˈo. Quoted as tɛn in [Backstrom 1992: 245].

Berger 1998: III, 269. The first variant is the bound form; the second variant is the free (prefix-less) form. Plural forms: =ltˈi-o (bound), tin-ʓˈo (free). Cf. also kurˈoŋ, pl. kurˈoŋ-iʆo 'bone' [Berger 1998: III, 248] (no further specification; basic status unlikely due to low frequency of usage). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tin in [Backstrom 1992: 245].

Berger 1974: 142. Plural form: =dˈil-iŋ. Distinct from =mˈamu 'female breast' [Berger 1974: 164]. Quoted as dˈıl-iŋ ~ i=dˈil-iŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 244] (plural form).

Berger 1998: III, 302. Plural form: =ndˈil-iŋ. Meaning is glossed as both 'male' and 'female' 'breast', but the default word for 'female breast' seems rather to be =mˈamu-t, derived from mamˈu 'milk' [Berger 1998: III, 277]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ı=ndˈıl in [Backstrom 1992: 244].

Berger 1974: 148. Distinct from =ʁˈol- ~ =ʁul- 'to burn' (intr.) [Berger 1974: 148], but clearly sharing the same root, from which it is derived by means of the weakly productive prefix =s= [Berger 1974: 29]. Quoted as ˈɛ=s=qul 'burn!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].

Berger 1998: III, 382. Distinct from =ʁulˈu- 'to burn' (intr.) [Berger 1998: III, 178], but clearly sharing the same root, from which it is derived by means of the weakly productive prefix =s= [Berger 1998: III, 125]. Cf. also ʓak- 'to burn, singe (smbd.)' [Berger 1998: III, 221]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ˈɛ=s=qul 'burn!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].

Berger 1974: 184. Plural form: =ˈuru-mu. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Quoted as uˈuro in [Backstrom 1992: 244].

Berger 1998: III, 66. Plural forms: =ˈuri-muc, =ˈuri-anc. Polysemy: 'mountain top / comb / fingernail'. Quoted as Hunza y=uˈuri ~ y=uˈuli, Nagar y=uˈuri ~ y=uˈuro in [Backstrom 1992: 244].

Berger 1974: 160. Y-class; plurale tantum. The word probably denotes 'white clouds' and is distinct from harˈalt 'rain clouds; rain' (see under 'rain') [Berger 1974: 150]. In [Backstrom 1992: 247], the forms hurˈonc̢ and harˈʌɬt correspond to the meaning 'cloud' in different subdialects (Central and Northern Yasin respectively); this may not necessarily be accurate.

Berger 1998: III, 359. Plural form: qʰurˈonc̢-iŋ (Hunza), qʰurˈon-iŋ (Nagar). Polysemy: 'cloud / fog'. Quoted as Hunza qurˈonc̢, Nagar qʰʌrˈonc̢ ~ qʰorˈoŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 247].

Berger 1998: III, 64. Plural form: burˈunc̢-iŋ. Cf. in Nagar: birˈoonc̢, pl. -iŋ. Meaning glossed as 'clouds; overcast skies'. The semantic difference between qʰurˈonc̢ and burˈunc̢ is not clear, and we have to include both words as technical synonyms. Additionally, cf. dumˈaʂ 'cloud (of dust, smoke, water)' [Berger 1998: III, 125] (borrowed from Shina dumaʂ 'smoke' and most likely not a basic term).

Berger 1974: 138. Quoted as čʰaɣˈoor-um in [Backstrom 1992: 254].

Berger 1998: III, 95. Used as adjective or noun. The verbal stem is du=...=ɕʰˈaʁur- ~ d=...=ɕˈaqur- 'to be (or become) cold'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar čʰaɣˈur-um in [Backstrom 1992: 254].

Berger 1974: 137. Present tense stem.

Berger 1998: I, 128; III, 235. This suppletive stem (with the verbal prefix d=) forms the conative paradigm of the verb 'to come' (1st sg. d=ˈaa=ya, etc.), and it also quite probably underlies the past tense forms where the stem usually has a zero allomorph.

Berger 1974: 36, 137. Suppletive stem that underlies the imperative, reduplicated imperfective and certain other forms of cˈur-. Quoted as ᶚo 'come!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].

Berger 1998: I, 128; III, 235. This suppletive stem forms the present tense, infinitive, and optative forms of the verb 'to come'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ᶚu 'come!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].

Berger 1974: 187. Present tense stem: =yˈur-ɕ-. Cf. also: xˈatum ˈet- 'to die' [Berger 1974: 160], wafˈat =mˈan- [Berger 1974: 185] (both of these idiomatic expressions said to be < Urdu). Quoted as y=uˈuri 'he died' in [Backstrom 1992: 259].

Berger 1998: III, 214. Present tense stem: =iˈr-ɕ-. Altogether, Berger's dictionary adduces more than a dozen (!) possible equivalents for the meaning 'to die', which indicates the strong tendency of this word to be replaced by euphemisms. All of these verbs and idiomatic expressions, however, either have a clearly different original meaning (e. g. 'to go'), or are borrowed from neighboring languages. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar i=ˈir-imi 'he died' in [Backstrom 1992: 259].

Berger 1974: 152. Plural form: huk-ˈa. Quoted as huk in [Backstrom 1992: 251].

Berger 1998: III, 203. Plural form: huk-ˈai ~ huk-ˈanc (the latter only in the Nagar dialect). Cf. also dˈada 'dog' (in children's speech) [Berger 1998: III, 108]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar huk in [Backstrom 1992: 251].