Munro et al. 1992: 23. Polysemy: 'land / country / place / dirt / mud / clay / down / below / floor'. Short form: mat. Possessed form: ɲ=a=mat. No Mojave word is glossed as 'earth' in the dictionary.
Munro et al. 1992: 37. Glossed as 'eat, engage in eating, eat something'. Plural forms: ʔič a=ma-č- (of two people), ʔič uː=ma-v- (of three or more people). Secondary synonyms: a=maː-m ~ a=ma-m 'eat (soft foods like cooked vegetables, bread, ground meat)' [Munro et al. 1992: 50], i=θoː-k 'eat (meat)' [Munro et al. 1992: 105].
Cocopa:ma1
Crawford 1989: 118-119. Glossed as 'eat (soft things)'. Word class: transitive verb. According to the dictionary, "[t]his is the general word used for the consumption of food. It requires an object, which is usually nʸawíˑ something, if a food item is not specified. Food items are classified according to whether they are relatively soft or hard, depending on the amount of chewing required, and their consumption is expressed by either ma to eat (soft things) or ṣaˑ to eat (hard things)". Typical objects of ma are: bananas, beans, potatoes, cottage cheese, cheese, macaroni, spaghetti, tortillas, candy, and bread. Secondary synonym: ʂaː 'eat (hard things) / bite'. Typical objects of ʂaː are: grapefruit, oranges, lemons, meat, watermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers, lettuce, tomatoes, radishes, carrots, onions, and sunflower seeds [Crawford 1989: 264].
Miller 2001: 16, 18, 92, 105, 118, 121-122, 128. Plural stem: saw [Miller 2001: 105]. Secondary synonym: ma 'to eat (soft food)' (plural stem: ma-č) [Miller 2001: 14, 106]. Objects of saːw, attested in the available examples, include meat [Miller 2001: 172], bread [Miller 2001: 239], vegetables [Miller 2001: 260], beans [Miller 2001: 321], and cookies [Miller 2001: 324] (note that in closely related Cocopa, bread and beans are typical objects of ma 'to eat (soft things)'). saːw is used when the type of food is not specified: 'He had already eaten and he went along full' [Miller 2001: 171], 'When I finish, we can eat' [Miller 2001: 191], 'He ate a lot and got fat' [Miller 2001: 285], 'They ate and drank silently' [Miller 2001: 309]. The word for 'food', č=aʔ=sˈaw ~ č=aː=sˈaw, is derived from saːw [Miller 2001: 121].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:wǝ=saːw2
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 55. Glossed as 'eats hard things, meat'. Plural: wǝ=suw. Secondary synonym: wǝ=maː 'eats soft things, mush' (plural: wǝ=ma-č) [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 54]. Examples from [Langdon 1970] show that in neutral contexts, when the type of food is not specified, =saːw is used: 'He wants to eat' [Langdon 1970: 155], 'Would he eat?' [ibid.], 'After I go away, you eat!' [Langdon 1970: 160], 'I like to eat' [Langdon 1970: 181], 'Give him something to eat!' [Langdon 1970: 182]. Moreover, the word for 'food', ʔǝ=suw [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 5], and the verb 'feed', uː=suw [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 51], are derived from =saːw.
Number:24
Word:egg
Mojave:i=θ=ʔaw1
Munro et al. 1992: 104. Polysemy: 'child (of a woman) / egg'. Plural form: i=θ=ʔoː-č. Cf. i=θ=ʔaw-k 'have a child (of a woman)' (plural form: θa=t=uː=ʔoː-č) [ibid.] and θ=o=ʔaw-k ~ θ=uː=ʔaw-k 'give birth / lay an egg' [Munro et al. 1992: 188].
Cocopa:xmˌa=ʂ=u=ʔˈap1
Crawford 1989: 359. Word class: noun. The word is a compound of xma 'chicken' [Crawford 1989: 357] and ʂ=u=ʔˈap - 3rd person form of the verb ʂ=ʔaːp 'lay eggs / give birth' [Crawford 1989: 289]. Alternatively, two separate words xma ʂuʔˈap may be employed.
Yavapai:s=qˈáw-a2
Shaterian 1983: 406, 453, 556. Related to qˈâw-i 'broken, break in two' [Shaterian 1983: 406].
Jamul Tiipay:šǝ=yˈač3
Miller 2001: 80, 360. Related to t̪ǝʔ=yˈač 'corn' [Miller 2001: 83]. Historically, this word is a compound with the literal meaning 'bird's seed'. Cf. also the verb šǝ=yˈač 'to lay eggs' [Miller 2001: 65].
Munro et al. 1992: 87. Polysemy: 'eye / face'. Short form: ðo. Secondary synonym: iːðo saːk 'eye' [Munro et al. 1992: 88] (from i=saːk-k 'have one's eyes open' [Munro et al. 1992: 100]).
Cocopa:ʔi=yˈu1
Crawford 1989: 412. Polysemy: 'eye / face / spectacles'. Word class: noun. i= (glottal stop is automatic in initial position) is a prefix occurring before several noun roots denoting body parts [Crawford 1989: 398].
Munro et al. 1992: 29. Polysemy: 'fat / grease / lard'. Derived from i=say-k 'be fat' [Munro et al. 1992: 102]. The first element of the compound is probably identical to ʔamo 'mountain sheep' [Munro et al. 1992: 28].
Cocopa:šay1
Crawford 1989: 294. Polysemy: 'fat / grease / wax / lard'. Word class: noun. The same root functions as the intransitive verb šay 'be fat, greasy, waxy'.
Yavapai:sˈay-a1
Shaterian 1983: 448, 558. Related to sˈé (plural sˈâˑy-km) '(to be) fat' [Shaterian 1983: 448, 558].
Jamul Tiipay:
Not attested.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:
Not attested, but cf. the verb wǝ=ʂay 'is fat, greasy' (plural: wǝ=ʂaːy-č) [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 56].
Number:27
Word:feather
Mojave:si=viːʎ1
Munro et al. 1992: 164. Related to iː=viːʎ 'wing' [Munro et al. 1992: 106].
Cocopa:ša=wˈal1
Crawford 1989: 293. Word class: noun. Etymologically a compound of ša 'bird' and wal 'leaf', q.v. Cf. also the verb š=iː=wˈal 'be or become feathered, grow feathers', containing the prefix iː= 'be, become' [Crawford 1966: 112]. The word ʂuːmˈi, glossed as 'feather (?)' in [Crawford 1989: 285], is known only from the expression ʂuːmˈi čkupˈaɲ, denoting some unidentified kind of head-dress ('war bonnet'? 'crown of feathers'?) [Crawford 1983: 571].
Crawford 1989: 245. Word class: noun. The first part of this compound continues the Proto-Yuman root for 'fish', the second is found also in ʔi=ʔˈiʎ̥ 'head lice' and ma=ʔˈiːʎ̥ 'worm', q.v.
Yavapai:ʔ=čˈiˑ1
Shaterian 1983: 365, 560.
Jamul Tiipay:
Not attested.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:
Not attested.
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Mojave:i=yer-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 110. Plural forms: uː=yar-, uː=yar-v-.
Cocopa:man2
Crawford 1989: 122. Polysemy: 'get up / arise / fly / start out / begin / sit up from a lying position / heal'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: ʔu=mˈan.
Yavapai:β=yˈaˑr-i1
Shaterian 1983: 440, 515.
Jamul Tiipay:
Not attested.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:wǝ=man̪ ~ u=man̪2
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 54. Glossed as 'flies'. Plural: pǝ=maːn̪.
Number:31
Word:foot
Mojave:iː=me1
Munro et al. 1992: 95. Polysemy: 'leg / foot / footprint / track'. Short form: me.
Cocopa:ʔi=mˈiː1
Crawford 1989: 401. Polysemy: 'leg / foot / toe'. Word class: noun. i= (glottal stop is automatic in initial position) is a prefix occurring before several noun roots denoting body parts [Crawford 1989: 398].
Munro et al. 1992: 175-176. Glossed as 'be full (of either a liquid or a solid substance)'. Plural form: ta=t=piːs-. Other candidates include atoː-k 'be full' [Munro et al. 1992: 54] (this word is related to iːto 'stomach / belly / middle / center' [Munro et al. 1992: 103]) and ɲi aːm-k 'overflow / be full / overcrowded' [Munro et al. 1992: 151].
Cocopa:č=puɾ #2
Crawford 1989: 29. Glossed as 'be full, be filled with'. Word class: impersonal intransitive verb. Distributive plural: č=puːɾ. Other candidates are čm=ʔuɾ ~ čma=ʔˈuɾ 'be full or filled, occupy the entire space of an area' (intransitive verb) [Crawford 1989: 27] and puːɾ 'be full, flood' (impersonal intransitive verb) [Crawford 1989: 222]. We tentatively choose č=puɾ as the main synonym. Cf. the following example: ʂkʷiɲ čpuɾ 'the cup is full' [Crawford 1989: 29].
Yavapai:tm=pˈir-i #2
Shaterian 1983: 337, 360, 562. Another candidate is tm=ʔˈor-i 'full' [Shaterian 1983: 360, 426, 562]. The main synonym cannot be determined, so the choice is arbitrary.
Jamul Tiipay:t̪ǝ=m=ʔˈur #3
Miller 2001: 23, 60, 95-96. Glossed as 'to be full'. Another candidate is t̪ǝ=p=rˈuː 'to be full' [Miller 2001: 62, 66].
Crawford 1989: 43. Glossed as 'give to someone'. Word class: transitive verb. Requires an object prefix.
Yavapai:ʔˈéˑ1
Shaterian 1983: 419, 565. Plural form: ʔˈéˑ-č-i.
Jamul Tiipay:=iɲ2
Miller 2001: 107, 112, 127, 138, 162, 353. Plural stem: w=iː-č 'to give (pl.) / give repeatedly / give to several' [Miller 2001: 14, 35, 107, 112, 143, 353].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:w=inʸ2
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 56. Glossed as 'gives'. Plural: w=iːnʸ.
Number:34
Word:good
Mojave:ʔa=hot-k ~ ʔa=hoːt-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 20. Polysemy: 'be good / be correct / be pretty, good-looking / be clean'. Short form: hot-. Plural form: ʔa=huːt-. Secondary synonyms: maɲye-k 'be good, good-tasting, good to feel, good to hear, good to smell' [Munro et al. 1992: 132], mat kʷisa-y-v-k 'be pretty / be good' [Munro et al. 1992: 136], ta=ʔahan-k 'be good / be real / repair / fix' [Munro et al. 1992: 168]. Cf. also ʔahan 'right (direction) / good / proper / original' (old word used in fixed expressions) [Munro et al. 1992: 17].
Cocopa:p=xʷay2
Crawford 1989: 226. Polysemy: 'be good / fine / well / healthy / first-class'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: p=u=xʷˈay. Secondary synonyms: xaɲ 'be new / fine / genuine / real / good / first-class' (intransitive verb) [Crawford 1989: 343], miːxˈaːn 'be pleasant / good / acceptable / comfortable / neat' (intransitive verb) [Crawford 1989: 139]. We choose p=xʷay because it is frequently opposed to xčaq 'bad'. Cf. the following examples: "I worked at bad (xčaq) things. I did not work at good (pxʷay) things" [Crawford 1983: 66-67], "He is not a good (paxʷˈay) person. A bad (xačˈaq) person lies here" [Crawford 1983: 164-165], "How do you see (i.e., like) what I did? Was it good (pxʷay). Was it bad (xčaq)?" [Crawford 1983: 398-399].
Yavapai:(ʔ)=hˈán-i3
Shaterian 1983: 463, 566. Polysemy: 'good / handsome / right / first / real / perfect'. Cf. nominal stem k=(ʔ)=hˈan-a 'right, good' [Shaterian 1983: 392, 566], derived from (ʔ)=hˈán-i with the relativizer k=.
Jamul Tiipay:ʔiː=xˈan ~ xan3
Miller 2001: 19, 61, 69, 91, 127-128, 305, 349. Polysemy: 'to be good / be in good condition'. Plural stem: ʔiː=xˈaːn [Miller 2001: 127].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ʔǝ=xan̪3
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 2. Polysemy: 'is good / correct / right / tasty / true / sure'. Plural: ʔǝ=xaːn̪.
Number:35
Word:green
Mojave:ha=va=suː-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 76. Polysemy: 'be blue / be green / come into leaf (of plants)'.
Cocopa:x=p=siw1
Crawford 1989: 364. Glossed as 'be blue or green'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: x=p=u=sˈiw. Connected by rules of sound-symbolism to x=p=šiw 'leaf out (as trees and shrubs)' [Crawford 1989: 365] and x=p=ʂiw 'be brown or reddish brown (as an Indian or a Mexican)' [Crawford 1989: 365].
Munro et al. 1992: 83. Glossed as 'hair of the head'. Plural form: kʷiʔiː 'a lot of people's hair'. Secondary synonyms: ɲ=iː=ʔe 'hair (of the head)' [Munro et al. 1992: 151], mukor 'hair' (old word) [Munro et al. 1992: 141] (according to [Munro et al. 1992], related to makor 'top (point), summit').
Cocopa:m=xʷaɬ2
Crawford 1989: 148. Glossed as 'hair (of the head)'. Word class: noun. Distinct from lmiʂ 'hair / fur' [Crawford 1989: 94]. m= is a desemanticized prefix [Crawford 1989: 116].
Miller 2001: 25, 146. Another candidate is lǝmˈis 'hair' [Miller 2001: 78].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:xǝɬʸt̪aː4
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 21. Polysemy: 'his head / hair / scalp'. Distinct from lǝmis 'his fur / body hair' [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 29].
Number:37
Word:hand
Mojave:iː=saʎ1
Munro et al. 1992: 100. Polysemy: 'hand / arm / sleeve'. Short form: saʎ.
Cocopa:ʔi=šˈaːʎ̥1
Crawford 1989: 406. Polysemy: 'arm / hand / finger / wing (of a chicken)'. Word class: noun. i= (glottal stop is automatic in initial position) is a prefix occurring before several noun roots denoting body parts [Crawford 1989: 398].
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 17. Polysemy: 'his hand / arm / fingers'.
Number:38
Word:head
Mojave:čuksa ~ čuska1
Munro et al. 1992: 65.
Cocopa:m=kuɾ2
Crawford 1989: 140. Word class: noun. m= is a desemanticized prefix [Crawford 1989: 116].
Yavapai:hˈúː3
Shaterian 1983: 465, 569. Polysemy: 'nose / head'. Variant form: hˈúˑ (Tolkapaya dialect, informant Warren Gazzam). Secondary synonyms: qm=pˈây-a 'brain(s) / head' [Shaterian 1983: 407], kʔˈôy-a ~ kʔˈówy-a 'head, crown' [Shaterian 1983: 426] (glossed on pp. 390, 549 as 'crown of head / cock's comb').
Jamul Tiipay:ʎ̥mu4
Miller 2001: 25. The word is adduced in the grammar as an example of an initial cluster allowed in the speech of one of the main informants (Mrs. Dumas). We can suppose that in the speech of Mrs. Walker, the other main informant, this word sounds as *ʎ̥ǝmˈu, but there is no direct evidence for this.
Munro et al. 1992: 106. Polysemy: 'heart / chest'. Short form: wa. Plural form: iː=wa-č.
Cocopa:ʔi=yˈaːy1
Crawford 1989: 411. Word class: noun. Irregular 3rd person possessive form: ɲ=i=wˈay. i= (glottal stop is automatic in initial position) is a prefix occurring before several noun roots denoting body parts [Crawford 1989: 398]. w in ɲ=i=wˈay may be historically identical with =u= / =w= 3rd person animate subject prefix in verbs.
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