Does not occur in the dictionary as a separate entry, but is attested in the text: {ˈkožata na ˈgredata a ˈkɫava} "and he fixes her skin on the woodwork" [Hill 1991: 150].
Occurs in examples: {Pořáď babúňá a neide spat} "All the time [he or she] is hanging about and is not going to sleep" [Malina 1946: 8]; {Ďecka sa ubjehali a spali jag zabité} "Chlidren were tired of running and were sleeping as a log" [Malina 1946: 131]. Distinct from buːc-a-t {búcat} ~ buc-ɪŋk-a-t {bucinkat} [Malina 1946: 13] and ɦay-a-t {hajat} ~ ɦal-a-t {halat} [Malina 1946: 29] used in baby talk. Distinct from fr̩č-a-t {frčat} [Malina 1946: 26] and kɪs-a-t {kisat} [Malina 1946: 42] which mean 'to sleep', but belong to the lower style.
Some examples are: {v noci, ked buďe xlapec spat} "in the night, when the boy will be sleeping" [Gregor 1975: 191]; {ďeťi uš spá} "the children are already sleeping" [Gregor 1975: 141].
Kalsbeek 1998: 486. Comparative form is mˈaɲ-i {mȁnji}. Distinct from mîːȶ-i {mȋći} '(very) small, tiny' [Kalsbeek 1998: 490].
There is also the term mˈiɲ-i {mȉnji} which is glossed as 'small, little' in the dictionary [Kalsbeek 1998: 491]. There are examples of such use ({ovȍ je je prĩšlo mȉnjo} "this [piece of clothing] has become too small for her" [Kalsbeek 1998: 491]), but in most cases it means 'small' while speaking of age. Typical examples are: {dȍkle je mȉnji je pȉplić, pȍkle je pulȁštar} "as long as it is small it is a chick, after that it is a pullet" [Kalsbeek 1998: 436]; {kat so bȋli dȉca mȉnji} "when they were little children" [Kalsbeek 1998: 372].
Occurs in examples and texts: {malí stolík} 'little stool' [Gregor 1975: 271]; {tam mali jenného malého xlapca} "there was a little boy" [Gregor 1975: 190].
Kucaɫa 1957: 230. Comparative form: mɲˈɨy-sʸ-i {mńyi̯s'i} ~ mɲˈɛy-sʸ-i {mńei̯s'i} (rare). Diminutive forms mayˈikʸ-i {mai̯iki} ~ mayˈitkʸ-i {mai̯itki} and maɕˈikʸ-i {maćiki} are used as well [Kucaɫa 1957: 230].
Occurs in examples: {Балʼшайъ балота, а то малʼинʼкʼийъ бълатʼинъчʼкъ} "'Boloto' is a big bog, while 'bolotinochka' is a little bog" [DS 1969: 62]; {Надъ думатʼ а балʼшой вадʼе, а нʼи малʼинʼкʼай} "One should think of big water, not of small water (when a bridge is built)" [DS 1969: 64]. The form {манʼинʼкай} is used as well [DS 1969: 289]. The comparative form is mʸˈɛnʸ-ɪ {мʼенʼь} ~ mʸˈɛnʸ-ay {мʼенʼай} [DS 1969: 292].
Groen 1977: 288. The word dim is not quoted in [Groen 1977].
Vevchani-Radozhda Macedonian: čat [Hendriks 1976: 294]. The word dim is not quoted in [Hendriks 1976].
Skopje Macedonian: dim {дим} [Evdokimova 2009; Tolovski & Illich-Svitych 1963: 89]. For the literary language, the synonym čat {чад} 'smoke' is also documented [Tolovski & Illich-Svitych 1963: 525].
Malina 1946: 19. Another candidate {kúř} does not have a separate entry, but occurs in the following examples: {Tu je kúřu, že bi tu mohu̯ pantoki vješat} "Here there is so much smoke, one can hardly breathe" [Malina 1946: 80]; {Kúř sa valí do zemňe, bude pršat} "Smoke is hanging low, it will be raining" [Malina 1946: 136]. It is possible that we observe here the process of lexical replacement. In any case, there is not enough material to find any difference between these words, so we include both terms in the list.
Kalsbeek 1998: 552. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be located / to be / to live, dwell / to suit, to fit'. Distinct from se=stˈa-t {se stȁt} 'to stand up' [Kalsbeek 1998: 552].
Houtzagers 1985: 357. Polysemy: 'to stand, remain standing / to stay, remain; stick (e.g. in the mud) / to stay up (at night) / to live, reside / to find oneself, be situated / to fit (into something)'. Distinct from stǎː-nu-t {stãnut} 'to stand up / to (go and) stand / to step on' [Houtzagers 1985: 356].
Houtzagers 1999: 315. Polysemy: 'to stand / to live'. Distinct from stˈɒ-t-sä {stȁt sȩ} ~ stˈaː-t-sä {stȃt sȩ} 'to rise / to stand up / to go and stand somewhere'. The particle {sȩ} can be elided [Houtzagers 1999: 314].
Ogrinc 2014; Uhlik 2016. Distinct from w=stˈaː-ti {vstati} 'to stand up' [Uhlik 2016].
Standard Slovene: {stati} 'to stand' [Pretnar 1964: 839], {vstati} 'to stand up' [Pretnar 1964: 93].
Kostel Slovenian:staː-t {sˈtaːt}1
Gregorič 2014: 423. First person sg. form is stˈo̝y-i-n {sˈtȯjin}. Distinct from sta-t {sˈtat} 'to stand (on something) / to stand up' [Gregorič 2014: 423-424].
DS 1969: 543-544. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be situated / to hold on (about weather) / to stay invariable / to hold office / to rent a flat'. Distinct from f=sta-tʸ {фстатʼ} 'to stand up / to take up (a position) / to make a decision' [DS 1969: 97].
Kalsbeek 1998: 450-451. There are two terms glossed as 'stone' in the dictionary: grˈot-a {grȍta} of Romance origin and kˈam-ik {kȁmik} [Kalsbeek 1998: 461]. In the texts only the first term occurs, but we cannot be sure that it has already replaced the inherited kˈam-ik {kȁmik}, since the text corpus is too small. Thus we have to include both terms in the list.
Distinct from kˈam-en {kȁmen} 'rock' [Kalsbeek 1998: 461], krûːx {krȗh} 'big stone, rock (in a field) / circle' [Kalsbeek 1998: 474] and u=plˈas {uplȁs} 'stone, rock in a ploughing field' [Kalsbeek 1998: 578].
Occurs in examples: {pátrički na krki su s kameňa} "beads on the neck are made of stone" [Gregor 1975: 255]; {ďesat kiloví kameň} "ten kilogram stone" [Gregor 1975: 204].
We found only three contexts: {йета исподнʼик, камʼинʼ такой-тъ} "It is a nether millstone, a kind of stone" [DS 1969: 78]. In plural the form {камʼенʼйа} is used: {шʼшʼалкал па крышы, йа думъла - камʼенʼйа} "Hail snaped on the roof, I thought that it was stones" [DS 1969: 608]; {Лук пъсадʼила, анʼи палак, камʼенʼйав нъбрасалʼи, вʼесʼ прʼикаталʼи лук} "I planted onions, they threw some sticks and stones about and pressed down all the onions" [DS 1969: 457].
Some examples are: {Глаза ат сонʼцъ γадʼуццъ} "Eyes begin to ache from the sun" [DS 1969: 105]; {Када сонʼца-та прʼипʼикʼетʼ} "When the sun is rather hot" [DS 1969: 481]. Diminutives like {солнышкъ}, {солнушкъ}, {сонышкъ} are common as well: {трава зʼилʼонъйъ, а папалъ пат сонышкъ и заγълубʼилъсʼ} "Grass had been green, but it became bluish under sun rays" [DS 1969: 179].
Gregor 1975: 258. Used by older generations, while young people prefer the Hungarism uːs-uv-a-t {úsuvat} [Gregor 1975: 281]. There is also another term, vɛksl-uv-a-t {veksluvat}, also glossed as 'schwimmen' [Gregor 1975: 283], but it never occurs in contexts or texts, so we cannot specify the difference.
Distinct from plaːv-a-t {plávat} 'to float', cf.: {Jaŋko, hibaj zát tíx jabúček, jako pekňe plávaju po tej voďe} "Janko, go and take some apples which are floating in the water so nicely" [Gregor 1975: 191].
DS 1969: 405. Durative / habitual form is pɫˈav-a-tʸ {плаватʼ}, cf. {Када лʼот зъстываитʼ, чʼистай, бʼисʼ сʼнʼеγу, рыбъ плавъитʼ па крайу – ийо вʼидатʼ} "When ice is frozen, when it is pure, without snow, fish is swimming on the verge, and it is seen" [DS 1969: 231]; {Йа фсʼаγда зъ рʼаку взат-назат плавъйу} "I always swim across the river back and forth" [DS 1969: 171].
Occurs in examples: {Думъл наступʼитʼ на γълъву, а нъступʼил на хвост} "He thought that he would tread on [the snake's] head, but he trod on its tail" [DS 1969: 235]; {Нʼиткʼи, кък канʼинай хвост вʼисʼитʼ} "Threads are hanging like a horse tail" [DS 1969: 236].
Groen 1977: 84. As described in [Groen 1977], the Dihovo system of demonstrative attributive pronouns is ternary: ov-ay ~ ov-oy 'this (near the speaker)' / on-ay ~ on-oy 'that (far from the speaker)' / t-oy 'this, that (neutral)'.
The status of the third member, t-, is not entirely clear from [Groen 1977: 51-52, 84]; t- may be used in place of both ov- 'this' and on- 'that', but it is unknown which way is more common. Provisionally we treat ov- & t- as synonyms for 'this' and on- & t- as synonyms for 'that'.
Vevchani-Radozhda Macedonian: ov-oy 'this (near the speaker)' / on-oy 'that (far from the speaker)' / t-oy 'this, that (neutral)', i.e., the same system as in Dihovo [Hendriks 1976: 142-144].
Skopje Macedonian: In [Evdokimova 2009], the slots for 'this' and 'that' are both filled with the pronoun t-oy, which might be an inaccuracy. For the literary language, the ternary system is described in [Lunt 1952: 40-41; Tolovski & Illich-Svitych 1963: 559]: ov-oy 'this (near the speaker)' / on-oy 'that (far from the speaker)' / t-oy 'this, that (farther than ov-, closer than on-)'.
DS 1969: 609. Some examples are: {Вы какой будʼитʼа суп хлʼабатʼ, етат илʼи ентат?} "Which soup do you want to eat: this one or that one?"; {Ентʼи послʼи акатʼилʼисʼ йаγнаты, и то вон какʼии, а етʼи хужы} "Those lambs were born later, and they are better, and these are worse"; {Сто трʼиццатʼ шесʼтʼ енʼтʼимʼи дʼанγамʼи пълучʼила, а етʼимʼи трʼинаццатʼ} "I received 136 roubles in that currency, and 13 in this one" [DS 1969: 609].
Occurs in contexts: {Co céňíte ti prasata?} "How much do you ask for these piglets?" [Malina 1946: 14]; {S téj sklénki nepij} "Do not drink from this glass" [Malina 1946: 50].
Pilisszanto Slovak:tɛn-tɔ {tento}2
Gregor 1975: 123-124.
Wieciorka Lesser Polish:xˈaf-tä̃n {hawten}1
Kucaɫa 1957: 219. Kucaɫa glosses it as 'ten tutaj' ('this here') and provides no information that could help to distinguish between {hawten} and {ten} 'this'. However, in Anna Kuziorowa's article we find the context which shows that in the Więciórka dialect {hawten} and {χai̯tęn} are used in contrastive contexts: {hafta kura beʒ́e vękså u̯ot χai̯te} "this hen is bigger than that one" [Kuziorowa 1992: 106]. Since such contexts are the most important ones for detection of demonstratives according to the GLD semantic specifications, we include {hawten} in the list.
Paradigm: tɪ {ti} [nom.] / tɛb-ɛ {tebe} ~ ȶa {ťa} [gen.] / tɔb-yɛ {tobje} ~ ȶɪ {ťi} (clitic) [dat.] / tɛb-ɛ {tebe} ~ ȶa {ťa} (clitic) [acc.] / tɛb-uː {tebú} [ins] / tɔb-yɛ {tobje} [loc.]. Examples are: {Takového záhončlivého muža bich chťeu̯a, jag máš ti} "I want to have such a diligent husband as you have" [Malina 1946: 150]; {Jak ťa lisknu, toš s tebe neostane, enom masní flek} "If I slap you, there won't remain anything but a greasy stain" [Malina 1946: 53]; {Hrom do ťa bije} "Lightning strikes you" [Malina 1946: 34]; {Tobje sa řekne "semenec", ale zobad ho s flaški} "You can easily say "hemp seed", but it should be pecked from a bottle" (= It is easier said than done) [Malina 1946: 107]; {γdo ťi to uďeu̯áu̯?} "Who did this to you?" [Malina 1946: 93]; {Velice san a tebe mrzím, žes fčéra nepřišéu̯} "I am cross with you, because you did not come yesterday" [Malina 1946: 60]; {Otec si nat tebú mislí} "[Your] father thinks of you" [Malina 1946: 57]; {Stařenka počúvali za dveřma, co o tobje, co o tobje v izbje viku̯ádali} "The old woman overheard, what they were saying about you in the room" [Malina 1946: 86].
Kucaɫa 1957: 246. SidG., Fac.: {ty} [Kucaɫa 1957: 246]. Paradigm: tɨ {ty} [nom.] / ɕˈɛbʸɛ {ćebe} [gen.] / tˈɔbʸɛ {tobe} ~ ɕi {ći} [dat.] / ɕˈɛbʸɛ {ćebe} ~ ɕɛ {će} [acc.] / tˈɔbɔ̃m {tobǫm} [ins.] / tˈɔbʸɛ {tobe} [loc.]. Kucaɫa does not provide the accusative forms in the entry, but they occur in some examples.
TS 5: 168. Paradigm: tɨ {ты} [nom.] / cʸɛbʸ-ˈɛ {цебе} [gen.] / tɔbʸ-ˈe {тобе} [dat.] / cʸɛbʸ-ˈɛ {цебе} [acc.] / tɔb-ˈɔyu {тобою} ~ tɔb-ˈɔy {тобой} [ins.] / tɔbʸ-ˈe {тобе} [loc.]. Examples: {У цебе тухлі ўсе ў гразе} "Your shoes are all covered with dirt" [TS 5: 167]; {Хто тобе даў этых зернет?} "Who gave you these sunflower seeds?" [TS 5: 168]; {я цебе не знаю} "I don't know you" [TS 5: 294]; {Нашые мацерэ́ ро́дные, а мы с тобою ужэ стрэднякі́} "Our mothers are siblings and we are cousins" [TS 5: 109]; {Піліп с тобой одногодок?} "Is Pilip of the same age as you?" [TS 3: 247]; {твое дзеточкі по тобе плачуць} "your kids are crying for you" [TS 5: 416].
Some examples are: {Дʼевка, ты мнʼе нʼа чʼиста вымыла рубаху-то, зала, там пʼирʼаисʼтʼ} "Girl, you have washed my shirt badly, ashes will eat it away" [DS 1969: 102]; {У тʼибʼе кваску нʼету?} "Do you have kvass?" [DS 1969: 135]; {у тʼибʼа γолас харошай} "you have a good voice" [DS 1969: 182]; {Ох, ноγʼи какʼии у тʼабʼа шълудʼивыйи} "Oh, your legs are so scabby" [DS 1969: 603]; {Спрашывай, йа буду тʼибʼе выказыватʼ} "Ask, I will tell you" [DS 1969: 101]; {Чʼо йа табʼе сказал?} "What did I say to you?" [DS 1969: 484]; {А тʼибʼе, дʼеўк, в лʼес атправʼитʼ} "[speaking to cat] And you, girl, should be driven out to the forest" [DS 1969: 138]; {йелʼи он тʼибʼа укусʼитʼ, шышкъ вздуиццъ как твайа кнʼишкъ} "if it [mosquito] bites you, there will appear a lump as big as a book" [DS 1969: 156]; {Йа тʼабʼа кажный дʼенʼ вʼижу} "I see you every day" [DS 1969: 111]; {Ана нʼи уважытʼ тʼабʼе} "She will appease you" [DS 1969: 571]; {Вот тах-тъ пъруγалʼисʼ мы с табой} "That's the way I broke off with you" [DS 1969: 373].
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