Kalsbeek 1998: 495. Distinct from cˈr̩k-nu-t {cȑknut} 'to die (miserably)' [Kalsbeek 1998: 426] and from krep-ˈa-t {krepȁt} (imperfective form krep-yev-ˈa-t {krepievȁt}) 'to die (of animals)' of Romance origin [Kalsbeek 1998: 472].
Houtzagers 1985: 301. Distinct from cˈɛrk-nu-t {cȅrknut} 'to die (miserably)' [Houtzagers 1985: 220] and from krɛp-ˈa-t {krepȁt} 'to die (of animals)' of Romance origin [Houtzagers 1985: 277].
Houtzagers 1999: 280. The unprefixed stem is probably used in the infinitive and in the l-participles. In the present and in the l-participles prefixed stems are used as well: ˈu=mrɛ-l-ɔ {ȕmrelo} and zˈa=mrɛ-l-ɔ {zȁmrelo} etc. [Houtzagers 1999: 151, 280]. Distinct from cˈɛrk-nɔ-t {cȑknot} 'to die (of animal)' [Houtzagers 1999: 236].
Gregorič 2014: 474. For the isogloss of the phonetic change um- > xm- see SLA map 1/72.
Distinct from cˈr̩k-e̝n-t {ˈcr̥kėnt} [Gregorič 2014: 59] and krˈɛːp-e̝n-t {kˈreːpėnt} [Gregorič 2014: 158], both meaning 'to die (of animals) / to die (miserably)'.
Steenwijk 1992: 283. Distinct from krap-ˈɐ-t {krapɐt} 'to die (of animals)' of Romance origin [Steenwijk 1992: 271]. The verbs {jtǝ́t} ~ {tit} 'to go / to become' and na=tˈɛg-nu-t-sɛ {natɛgnut se} 'to lie down' can be sometimes used in the meaning 'to die' as well [Steenwijk 1992: 264-265, 319].
Occurs in contexts: {Tá ďefčička sa smutno ďívá, ja dibi uš chťeu̯a umřít} "This girl is looking so sorrowful, as if she wants to die" [Malina 1946: 19]; {Ten chce umřít} "He is going to die" [Malina 1946: 38].
Unprefixed form is also possible: {Ludé hoďňe mřú na lunzocht} "A lot of people die of tuberculosis" [Malina 1946: 54].
Distinct from z=dɛx-nuː-t {zdechnút} 'to die (of animals) / to die [miserably] / to die out (of fire)' [Malina 1946: 157]; z=gr̩g-nuː-t {zgrgnút} 'to die (jokingly)' [Malina 1946: 159]; from dɔ=ȡɛw-a-t {doďeu̯at} 'to finish / to die' [Malina 1946: 20]; from dɔ=kr̩pač-a-t {dokrpačit} 'to die (pejorative)' [Malina 1946: 21]; and from skap-a-t {skapat} 'to die (pejorative)' [Malina 1946: 108].
The word z=mɪ-nuː-t-sa {zminút sa} is also glossed as 'to die' by Malina [Malina 1946: 160], but there is no reason to suggest that it is the basic term.
Gregor 1975: 281. Imperfective form is ʔu=miːr-a-t {umírat}. Distinct from z=gr̩g-nu-t {zgrgnut} 'to die (about animals or [miserably] about people)' [Gregor 1975: 289].
Kucaɫa 1957: 165. SidG., Fac.: u=mʸˈɨr-a-ɕ {umyrać}. Perfective form: wˈu=mʐɨ-ɕ {u̯umžyć}. Less frequent is the unprefixed form written down by Kucaɫa in the Standard orthography as {mrzeć} [Kucaɫa 1957: 165].
TS 4: 152; TS 5: 197. In the meaning 'to die' the same root is used with different prefixes.
Distinct from z=mʸˈɛr-cʸi {зме́рці} 'to die out' [TS 2: 158], from s=kan-ˈa-cʸ {скана́ць} 'to pass away' [TS 5: 39].
Distinct from a number of expressive verbs used in the meaning 'to die': z=ɣʸˈirʒʸ-i-cːa {згі́рдзіцца} [TS 2: 143], pɔ=ɣʸˈirʒʸ-i-cːa {погі́рдзіцца} [TS 4: 89], zɫˈoxn-nu-cʸ ~ zɫɔxn-nˈu-cʸ {зло́хну́ць} [TS 2: 156], kʸˈɛk-nu-cʸ {ке́кнуць} [TS 2: 189], pɔ=ɔ=prˈuc̢-va-cːa {поопру́чвацца} [TS: 4: 164], s=kɔpucʸ-ˈi-cːa {скопуці́цца} [TS 5: 46]; and from vˈu=sn-u-cʸ {ву́снуць}, which is probably applied to mass deaths (pejoratively), cf.: {Тые немцы од морозу вуснулі, не прывуклі воны} "Those Germans died of the cold, they aren't used to it"; {Мой купіў таку пляшэчку, попрыскала, то ўсе мухі вуснулі} "My husband bought a bottle of it, I sprinkled [it], and all the flies died" [TS 1: 175-176].
Some examples are: {Када сʼвʼакры умʼарла, ана ской вʼилʼика была?} "When her step-mother died, how old was she [a girl]?" [DS 1969: 518]; {Знатʼ йаму бох сулʼил такой сʼмʼерʼтʼйу пъмʼирʼетʼ} "Evidently such death was predestined for him by God" [DS 1969: 492]. Imperfective forms are pǝ=mʸir-ˈa-tʸ {пъмʼиратʼ} [DS 1969: 436] and u=mʸir-ˈa-tʸ {пъмʼиратʼ}.
Distinct from ǝta=ydʸ-ˈi-tʸ {ътайдʼитʼ} ~ ata=ydʸ-ˈi-tʸ {атайтʼитʼ} 'to move away, to leave / to end (intransitive) / to die (probably about an extended process)' [DS 1969: 379], rʸaʂ-ˈɨ-cːa {рʼашыццъ} 'to decide / to lose / to pass away' [DS 1969: 489] and u=pˈas-tʸ {упасʼтʼ} 'to fall / to die (of animals) / to flow into (of river)' [DS 1969: 576].
Number:18
Word:dog
Dihovo Macedonian:kuč-e-1
Groen 1977: 262. A wandering Balkan word of unclear origin.
Vevchani-Radozhda Macedonian: kuč-e [Hendriks 1976: 268]. Distinct from the inherited term pes 'sheep-dog' [Hendriks 1976: 277].
Skopje Macedonian: kuč-e [Evdokimova 2009; Tolovski & Illich-Svitych 1963: 236]. Distinct from the more rare inherited term pes 'dog' [Tolovski & Illich-Svitych 1963: 356].
Hill 1991: 197. Most probably of onomatopoeic origin, cf. such Bulgarian appellative interjections as {куч}, {куч-куч}, {кут-кут} and the wide range of similar interjections in European languages and names for 'dog' based on them [BER 3: 167-170].
Distinct from kutˈal-ɛ {kutale} 'pup'.
Orbanici Chakavian:brɛk {brȅk}-1
Kalsbeek 1998: 422. A Romance borrowing. The term {pas} is not attested.
Appears in examples: {Súsedovi majú velice kúsavého psa} "The neighbours have a dog that bites a lot" [Malina 1946: 50]; {vzáu̯ sa tu přede mnú najednú velikí pes} "a big dog suddenly appeared in front of me" [Malina 1946: 147].
TS 5: 67. Distinct from cʸˈucʸ-a {цю́ця} ~ cʸˈucʸ-k-a {цю́цька} ~ cʸˈucʸ-ik {цю́цік} used in baby talk or as an expressive word [TS 5: 284]. The term {пёс} is not attested.
Does not have a separate entry, but frequently occurs in examples: {ана зрʼа нʼи брʼахала нʼи нъ каво, нʼикаво, нʼи троγъла, сабака харошъйъ} "it did not bark at anyone for nothing, it did not attack anyone, it was a good dog" [DS 1969: 66]; {Сабака хужы кошкʼи, сʼтʼерʼву фсʼу йисʼтʼ, акълʼаватʼину} "Dog is worse than cat, it eats all carrion" [DS 1969: 366]. The term {пёс} is not attested.
Some examples are: {Jedli a pili v rospust} "They ate and drunk their fill" [Malina 1946: 102]; {S téj sklénki nepij} "Do not drink from this glass" [Malina 1946: 50]. Distinct from br̩mb-a-t {brmbat} ~ bumb-a-t {bumbat} 'to drink' (in baby talk) [Malina 1946: 12].
Some examples are: {ležáčki sa ňedá pit} "it is not possible to drink while lying" [Gregor 1975: 145]; {pijeme teju vínovú} "we drink tea with wine" [Gregor 1975: 278].
Occurs in examples: {Чʼем вʼино пʼитʼ, лучʼчʼи паслажы паисʼ} "It is better to eat something sweet than to drink wine" [DS 1969: 445]; {Што-тъ нʼа хочʼиццъ пʼитʼ} "I am not really thirsty" [DS 1969: 514].
Occurs in examples: {ze suxím drevom kúri} "[he or she] is stoking with dry wood" [Gregor 1975: 238]; {dom pokrívali ze suxú trsťinu} "the houses were covered with dry reed" [Gregor 1975: 119].
Kucaɫa provides only the meaning 'lean' [Kucaɫa 1957: 164], but in some contexts we can find it in the meaning 'dry': {suχe gau̯ǫski} 'dry branches' (Więciórka) [Kucaɫa 1957: 89]; {śano ńesuχe} 'non-dry hay' (Więciórka) [Kucaɫa 1957: 114]; {ńesuχe zarno} 'non-dry grain' (SidG.) [Kucaɫa 1957: 146]; {suχy lont} 'dry land' (SidG.) [Kucaɫa 1957: 215].
Occurs in examples: {Tŕku̯a ho kráva a rozvaliu̯a mu škraň od nosa aš po ucho} "Cow butted him and tore his temple from nose to ear" [Malina 1946: 104]; {Má ku̯apaté uši} "He is lop-eared" [Malina 1946: 42].
Groen 1977: 131, 257. Apparently the root variant yay- gradually supplants the more archaic variant yad- across the paradigm.
Vevchani-Radozhda Macedonian: yai-t [Hendriks 1976: 181, 263]. Apparently the root variant yai- gradually supplants the more archaic variant yad- across the paradigm.
Kalsbeek 1998: 458. Distinct from pap-ˈa-t {papȁt} 'to eat', used in baby talk [Kalsbeek 1998: 513] and from žer-ˈa-t {žerȁt} (less common is the form žryě-t {žriẽt}) 'to gulp, to bolt (food), to devour, to eat in an improper way / to eat (of animals)' [Kalsbeek 1998: 595].
Houtzagers 1999: 258-259. Perfective: pˈwo=yäs {pȍjȩs}. Distinct from žˈär-ɒ-t {žȩ̏rat} 'to eat (of animals or, rude, of people) / to drink (alcohol, rude)' [Houtzagers 1999: 339].
Houtzagers also provides the term kˈuš-a-t {kȕšat}, which he translates as 'eat; taste' [Houtzagers 1999: 269], but only two contexts for this word can be found in his book and they are not sufficient to define its meaning with greater precision. However, we suppose that it has some additional connotations.
Čujec Stres 1: 234-235. The term ðuβs-t {ˈđuƀst} 'to gouge, to chisel' can be used in the meaning 'to eat' as well [Čujec Stres 1: 140], probably with a pejorative shade.
Some examples are: {Jan nechťéu̯ jest} "Jan did not want to eat" [Malina 1946: 76]; {Jedli a pili v rospust} "They ate and drank their fill" [Malina 1946: 102]. Distinct from pap-a-t {papat} 'to eat' (in baby talk) [Malina 1946: 80] and žɦr-a-t {žhrat} 'to eat' (pejorative) [Malina 1946: 164-165].
Kucaɫa 1957: 191. SidG., Fac.: yɛ {i̯eś}. Habitual form: yˈɒd-a-ɕ {i̯ådać} [Kucaɫa 1957: 191]. Distinct from xˈɒrk-a-ɕ {χårkać} 'to eat (about animals or about people pejoratively)', which means 'to choke (intransitive)' and rarely 'to eat' in Fac. [Kucaɫa 1957: 81].
Occurs in examples: {Rosšvŕlau̯a sem vajco a dau̯a sem ho do poléfki} "I shook up the egg and poured it into the soup" [Malina 1946: 102]; {Stŕžiu̯a sem za vajca padesát korun} "I earned 50 crowns for eggs" [Malina 1946: 116].
Some examples are: {Йайцо нонʼи сʼнʼасла курʼица, йа слыхала - кутакчʼила} "A hen laid an egg today, I heard it cackling" [DS 1969: 264]; {Йетъ γусʼина, а йетъ γусак, γусʼина, йайца нʼисʼетʼ, а γусак топчʼитʼ} "This is a she-goose, and this is a he-goose, she-goose lays eggs, and he-goose covers her" [DS 1969: 133].
Groen 1977: 55, 264. Polysemy: 'fat / butter'. Apparently this is the most generic term. Distinct from loy 'fat of cow/sheep, tallow' [Groen 1977: 15, 263] and salo 'fat of pig' [Groen 1977: 280].
Vevchani-Radozhda Macedonian: mast [Hendriks 1976: 270]. Polysemy: 'fat / oil'. Apparently this is the most generic term. Distinct from salo 'lard of pig' [Hendriks 1976: 285].
Not attested. The most probable candidate, mas {mas}, is glossed as 'butter' [Hill 1991: 204]. Though the example {masɫoto pliska} is translated as "the fat is spattering" [Hill 1991: 216], in the dictionary entry mˈasɫ-ɔ {masɫo} is glossed only as 'oil' [Hill 1991: 204].
Kalsbeek 1998: 575. There are two possible candidates: tûːk {tȗk}, glossed as 'fat', and mâːs {mȃs} 'fat, grease' [Kalsbeek 1998: 488] with its derivate mas-n-ˈoȶ-a {masnȍća} 'fat' [Kalsbeek 1998: 488]. Since they are almost completely absent from texts, we cannot differentiate between them.
Distinct from lwôy {luȏj} 'tallow, fat' [Kalsbeek 1998: 483].
Three probable candidates occur: mâːst {mȃst} 'fat, esp. of pigs and people' [Houtzagers 1985: 292], sǎːl-ɔ {sãlo} 'fat' [Houtzagers 1985: 347] and smɔ̂ːk {smȏk} 'fat' [Houtzagers 1985: 353]. Unfortunately, none of them can be found in the texts. We include only mâːst {mȃst} in the list, as a term that is widespread in the Slavic languages in the meaning 'fat'.
Distinct from lɔ̂ːy {lȏj} 'suet, mutton fat' [Houtzagers 1985: 287] and from tûːk {tȗk} 'sheep suet which has been melted, purified and congealed' [Houtzagers 1985: 383].
The word does not have a separate entry, but occurs in the following examples: {ˈriːƀa ˈmuorǝ tˈrikǝrt pˈlaːwat u ˈwađ, na mašˈčaƀ m pa u ˈƀiːnu} "a fish should swim three times: in water, on fat and in wine" [Čujec Stres 2: 222]; {ˈkejk sǝ ˈtustǝ paˈciːǝra u đwaˈnaːjstǝχ ˈuːraχ, đǝ sǝ sˈcaːjta, đǝ pˈriːđǝ mašˈčoƀa ˈwǝn} (-o- instead of -a- is etymologically non-expected, so we suspect it might be a misprint) "you have to leave fat [meat] for 12 hours to make fat come out" [Čujec Stres 2: 53].
Resian Slovenian:grɐs {gräs}-1
Steenwijk 1992: 2005: 45. In this dictionary Steenwijk uses ä both for ɐ and ɘ, but since this word is of Friulian origin ({gras}), we suppose that ɐ is the right transcription.
Does not appear in [Steenwijk 1992], where we find twice the Italianism {grasso}: {ni díjo nútur ne grasse, da an bódi míjak} "they put fats in it to make it soft" [Steenwijk 1992: 176], {to saparáwa wod mlíka anu il grasso wostáje̤ na din kǀ, sám, mást} "it separates [that] from milk and fat remains on a…, only, butter" [Steenwijk 1992: 220].
The Germanism špǝh {špé̤h} means 'lard' [Steenwijk 1992: 316].
TS 2: 71. Polysemy: 'nutrition / fat'. Generic term for 'fat', used in a wide range of contexts, and applied not only to animal fat, but also to human fat: {Поўзе штандарына, жыр еле цягне} "A fat woman is dragging her feet, she could hardly move her fat" [TS 5: 337]; {Ежову і собачы жыр от сухот пілі} "People used to drink hedgehog and dog fat as a remedy for tuberculosis" [TS 2: 51]; {Рыб'ячы жыр піла} "She drank fish oil" [TS 4: 340]; {Ек заб'еш свінча́, то коло жэлудка такой сеткой жыр, чэпец; его перэтапліваюць і п'юць от сухот} "When you kill a pig, there is a net of fat near the stomach, it is called chepets, you can melt it and drink it as a remedy for tuberculosis" [TS 5: 310]; {оточыны – жыр на кішках} "otochyny is fat on guts" [TS 3: 85]; {Шмалец, то чысты жыр} "Lard is pure fat" [TS 5: 330]; {От жырное сало, натекло много жыру} "This pig's fat is so greasy, so much grease poured out" [TS 2: 72]; {Як пеку млінцы, то мажу ско́вороду жыром, шоб воны отсталі} "When I fry pancakes, I spread some fat over the pan, so that they won't stick to it" [TS 3: 289]; {Жыром у дно заўсегда ўпаде хлеб} "Buttered bread always falls on the fat side" [2: 22].
There are also two terms denoting animal fat, especially the one used in cooking. The first one is sˈaɫ-ɔ {са́ло} [TS 5: 10], applied to fat of pig, chicken, goose, fish and badger, cf. the following contexts: {Сало ў куры, сало і ў гусе, а ў козы, корову і овечкі — лой} "A chicken has salo, a goose has salo too, and a she-goat, cow and sheep have loy [TS 5: 10]; {Гусінэ сало не порціцца} "Goose fat never goes bad" [TS 1: 238]; {Сало було на долоню на ём, на кабану} "That boar had palm-thick fat [TS 5: 10]; {Борсуковое сало пілі от сухот} "Badger fat was drunk as remedy for tuberculosis" [TS 1: 75]; {Сом, у ём толькі хвост жырны, розрэж, то сало й польецца} "With the catfish, only the tail is fat; if you cut it, its fat will pour out" [TS 4: 144].
The term ɫoy {лой} [TS 3: 40] is applied to goat, cow, sheep and bear fat. Cf. {От сы́тое целя — лою багато!} "What a thick calf! It has a lot of fat!" [TS 3: 40]; {Як хто де́ржыть овечкі, то й лой е} "If you have sheep, you have fat" [TS 3: 40]; {А медзвёдзіца шчэ не набрала лою, шчэ ходзіць — осцерэгайса} "The bear has not yet accumulated fat, it is still awake – beware!" [TS 3: 40]; {На сенцэ — гной, то на короўку — лой} "With good manure in your hayfield, your cow will be fat" [TS 3: 40]; {Овечы лой под не́бом у роце закожавеў} "Sheep fat became hard under the palate in the mouth" [TS 2: 100]. However, in one case this word is also applied to human fat (possibly pejoratively): {У ёго лой скуру под'еў} "His fat eroded his skin" (about a fat man) [TS 5: 52]. Etymologically *lojь meant 'rendered fat', since it is derived from the verb *liti 'to pour', and in one collocation we can observe conservation of this meaning: {Заліць лою за шку́ру} 'to punish, to beat up', literally 'to pour fat under skin' [TS 3: 40].
We consider the distinction between sˈaɫ-ɔ {са́ло} and ɫoy {лой} as a distinction between the slow hardening and the fast hardening types of fat.
Distinct from ɔ=tˈɔc̢-ɨn-ɨ {ото́чыны} (plural) 'visceral fat' ({оточыны – жыр на кішках} "otochyny is fat on guts" [TS 3: 85]) and from ʂmˈalʸ-ec {шма́лец} 'lard, rendered fat / nicotine tar' [TS 5: 330].
Does not have a separate entry, but occurs in examples: {В γълавʼе у нʼей адʼнʼи косʼтʼи и жыру балʼшоʼвъ нʼет} "In its head there is nothing but bones, and not much fat (about a pike)" [DS 1969: 63]; {Хто жырнай – у таво падбруткʼи, а у каво жыръ нʼет, у таво падбруткъф нʼет} "A fat man has a double chin, but the one who has no fat has no double chin" [DS 1969: 418]. Distinct from bʸɛlʸ {бʼелʼ} 'pork fat' [DS 1969: 53].
Not attested itself, but we have encountered the collective noun pɛːr̝-iː {péří}: {Slépka traťí péří} "The hen lost its feathers" [Malina 1946: 128]; {U Vašíčků dŕhávajú péří každí deň} "At Vašíček's place they pluck [hens] every day" [Malina 1946: 22]. In addition, in Polešovice the form {péro} was attested [OLA Ph6, map 29].
TS 4: 275. The Turov dictionary provides two terms for 'feather': puʂ-ˈɨn-a {пушы́на} [TS 4: 275] and pʸɛr-ˈɨn-a {перы́на} [TS 4: 25]. Dictionary contexts are not numerous, but puʂ-ˈɨn-a {пушы́на} seems to be prefered, since it was used in the following sentences: {От пушына веліка ў того пеўня!} " That cock’s feathers are so big!"; {Поплавок з пушыны зробіў дзед} "Grandfather made a float from a feather"; {Лёгкэ, ек пушынка} "Light as a plume let"; {Пушынкі ў пеўня махінные} "The cock has huge feathers" [TS 4: 275], while pʸɛr-ˈɨn-a {перы́на} is attested only in one context where it means 'leaf of onion': {дае ему перынку цыбулі} "(he) gives him a leaf of onion" [TS 4: 25]. With nothing but these data at our disposal, we include only puʂ-ˈɨn-a {пушы́на} in the list.
The term pʸɛr-ˈɔ {перо́} means 'blade of an oar / pinnate grass / fin (in plural)' [TS 4: 23].
Some examples are: {Была курʼица харошъйа, а тʼипʼерʼ фсʼо блʼезʼнʼитʼ, блʼезʼнʼитʼ, пʼерʼйа лʼезутʼ} "It was a good hen, but now it gets bald, its feathers fall out" [DS 1969: 57]; {Как варона - такʼии-та ростам, тока пʼерʼйа у них бʼелаи} "It (seagull) is of the same size as crow, only its feathers are white" [DS 1969: 204].
Number:27
Word:feather
Dihovo Macedonian:
Gorno Kalenik Macedonian:
Orbanici Chakavian:
Orlec Chakavian:
Vrgada Chakavian:
Devinska Nova Ves Chakavian:
Burgenland Kajkavian:
Ljubljana Slovenian:
Kostel Slovenian:
Zatolmin Slovenian:
Resian Slovenian:plˈʊm-a {plṳ́ma}-1
Steenwijk 1992: 295. Of Italian origin. The difference between {péna} and {plṳ́ma} probably corresponds to the same difference in Italian.
Jurišić 1973: 139. Polysemy: 'fire / hearth'. There is also a less frequent term vâtr-a {vȁtra} [Jurišić 1973: 229], probably introduced under the influence of the Standard language.
Some examples are: {oheň plápolá} "the fire flames" [Malina 1946: 84]; {Ten oheň brzo zadusili} "They quickly extinguished a fire" [Malina 1946: 149].
Occurs in examples: {hibaj naklást na oheň} "make a fire!" [Gregor 1975: 247]; {mrxa drevo si položil na oheň} "you have put bad wood into the fire" [Gregor 1975: 245].
Occurs in numerous examples, cf. {Зʼимой па фсʼей ночʼи аγонʼ γарʼитʼ, а шʼшʼас нʼет} "In winter fire burns all night long, but now it does not" [DS 1969: 157]; {абажγла там къпʼатком илʼ у аγнʼа – вот ы абжыγа} "if your skin is burnt by boiled water or fire, you get a burn wound" [DS 1969: 352].
Does not occur as a separate entry, but is attested in the example "zdràv kak rìba" [Rajh 2010: 278] (cf. Standard Slovene "zdrav kot riba (v vodi)" < German "gesund wie ein Fisch im Wasser").
Occurs in examples: {leku̯á riba} "dead fish" [Malina 1946: 52]; {Riba sebú špŕňá ve voďe} "The fish thrashes around in water" [Malina 1946: 124].
Does not have a separate entry, but occurs in examples: {карасʼ жырнай, скусʼнʼей йей рыбы нʼет} "crucian carp is fat, it is the tastiest fish" [DS 1969: 63]; {брʼедʼинʼ - рыбу лавʼитʼ} "dragnet is for fishing" [DS 1969: 65]; {Када лʼот зъстываитʼ, чʼистай, бʼисʼ сʼнʼеγу, рыбъ плавъитʼ па крайу – ийо вʼидатʼ} "When ice is frozen, when it is pure, without snow, fish is swimming near the edge, and it is seen" [DS 1969: 231].
Čujec Stres 1: 313. Polysemy: 'to fly / to run'. Distinct from fǝrl-ˈiːǝ-t {fǝrˈliːǝt} 'to flit' which can be sometimes used in the meaning 'to fly' as well [Čujec Stres 1: 170].
Pronk 2009: 214. A German loanword, which is probably replacing the older term lt-èː-ti {ltẹ+ti} glossed as 'run; fly (not of birds)' in the dictionary [Pronk 2009: 233]. Distinct from fŕk-a-ti {fȑkati} 'to fly (of birds), to flit' [Pronk 2009: 214].
Malina 1946: 52. Malina glosses this word only as 'to run / to fall', but we have no reason to doubt that it also means 'to fly', as in almost all Slavic languages.
TS 3: 26-27. Polysemy: 'to fly / to move fast'. Durative / habitual form is lʸˈɛt-a-cʸ {ле́таць} ~ lʸɛt-ˈa-cʸ {лета́ць} ~ lʸat-ˈa-cʸ {лята́ць} ~ lʸˈɔt-a-cʸ {лётаць} [TS 3: 24-25]. The form lʸat-ˈa-cʸ {лята́ць} came from Polish or the literary Belarusian language.
Houtzagers 1985: 307. Distinct from stup-ǎːl-ɔ {stupãlo}, glossed as 'foot' in the dictionary [Houtzagers 1985: 359]; this is probably a specialized anatomic term, as is common in Slavic languages.
Does not occur as a separate entry, but is attested in some examples: {nọ́ga me àsa} "my leg hurts" [Rajh 2010: 12]; {zvínti si nogọ́} "to sprain one's ankle" [Rajh 2010: 285]. Distinct from the expressive terms cˈiːpo̞t-ɛ {ˈciːpọte} (f. pl.) [Rajh 2010: 28] and co̞kˈo̝ːt-i {cọˈkọ̇ːti} (f. pl.) [Rajh 2010: 29].
Polysemy: 'full / corpulent'. Occurs in examples, cf. {У мʼинʼа набʼилъсʼ полнъ снасʼтʼ} "I had a tackle full of fish" [DS 1969: 603]; {нъблʼавал полнай тас} "he threw up a full basin of vomit" [DS 1969: 306]; {Матʼ у нʼей харошъйа, полнъйа, взрослайа} "Her mother is good, corpulent and tall" [DS 1969: 83].
Groen 1977: 131, 251. Paradigm: dav-a [imperf.] / day [perf.]. The root variant day- has already supplanted the more archaic variant dad- in all perfective forms except for the aorist.
Vevchani-Radozhda Macedonian: dav-a-t [imperf.] / dai-t [perf.] [Hendriks 1976: 157, 181, 254]. The root variant dai- has already supplanted the more archaic variant dad- in all perfective forms except for the aorist.
Steenwijk 1992: 251-252. Polysemy: 'good / tasty'. Distinct from lˈǝp-u {lé̤pu} 'beautiful / good' [Steenwijk 1992: 275] (the contexts seem to indicate that the distinction resembles the one in literary Slovene).
Occurs in examples: {to je dobra novina} "it is good news" [Gregor 1975: 249]; {dobrí gazda má dobré sersámi} "the good master of the house has good tools" [Gregor 1975: 267].
Kucaɫa 1957: 212. SidG., Fac.: dˈɔbr-ɨ {dobry}. Comparative form: lˈɛp-sʸ-i {leps'i} [Kucaɫa 1957: 212]. There is also a term fˈayn-ɨ {fai̯ny}, colloquial in Standard Polish. Kucaɫa provides the following contexts for it: {fai̯ny χu̯op ś͜ ńegu̯o} "he is a nice guy", {fai̯ny klȯski} "nice kluski" (W.), {to i̯es fai̯nå χåla} "it is a fine meadow" (SidG.) [Kucaɫa 1957: 212]. We assume that in the Więciórka dialect it is not a basic word as well, but has an additional shade of meaning.
TS 2: 23. Distinct from ɣˈarn-ɨ {га́рны} 'good / pleasant / beautiful' [TS 1: 196]. The comparative forms, mentioned in the TS, are {лепшы} lʸˈɛpʂ-ɨ [TS 3: 23] and ɫˈuc̢ː-ɨ {лу́ччы} [TS 3: 51].
DS 1969: 587-588. Polysemy: 'good / healthy / beautiful'. Some examples are: {Са взγлʼадʼа чʼилавʼека узнаиш, какой харошай, какой плахой… Фсʼе лʼудʼи разнаи} "Upon first sight you can understand if a person is good or bad… All people are different" [DS 1969: 82]; {Матʼ у нʼей харошъйа, полнъйа, взрослайа} "Her mother is good, corpulent and tall" [DS 1969: 83]; {Была курʼица харошъйа, а тʼипʼерʼ фсʼо блʼезʼнʼитʼ, блʼезʼнʼитʼ, пʼерʼйа лʼезутʼ} "It was a good hen, but now it gets bald, its feathers fall out" [DS 1969: 57]; {Сʼемʼа канопнъйа сʼеили… ды какайа сʼемʼа была харошъйа} "We sowed hemp seeds... and that seed was so good" [DS 1969: 237].
The comparative form is ɫˈučʸː-i {лучʼчʼи}: {Чʼем вʼино пʼитʼ, лучʼчʼи паслажы паисʼ} "It is better to eat something sweet than to drink wine" [DS 1969: 445].
The term dˈɔbr-ay {добрай} 'kind / festive / having good qualities, respectable (of person) / of full value / healthy' can be used in the meaning 'good' as well: {Какʼии тʼипʼерʼ картошкʼи, нʼи адной картошкʼи добрай нʼету: то чʼорнайъ, то нʼикакайъ} "There are no good potatoes now: some are black, some are bad"; {Съпаγʼи нʼа добрыи, свалʼал плоха… плахʼии, нʼа добрыи} "The boots are not good, he made them bad… bad, not good" [DS 1969: 144].
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