Ganieva 2002: 64, 367; Kibrik et al. 1972: 81. Polysemy: 'all (omnis) / all (totus)'. Borrowed from Azerbaijani bütün 'all (totus/omnis)'.

Ganieva 2002: 119, 386; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 207; Kibrik et al. 1972: 323, 330.

    Etymology: Khinalug zäkʼ 'ashes' originates from North Caucasian *HrimqʼːʷV̆ [NCED: 606], cognate with the basic Proto-Lezgian term *riqʼːʷˤ 'ashes'.

Ganieva 2002: 177; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 97. Polysemy: 'bark / peel / shell / human skin', borrowed from a dialectal variant of Azerbaijani gabɨg (Quba dialect *gabuɣ) 'bark; shell'.

    A second word for 'bark' is qabˈɨʁ {къабыгъ} 'bark / peel / shell', quoted in [Ganieva 2002: 161, 391]: a more recent borrowing from literary Azerbaijani gabɨg 'bark'.

Ganieva 2002: 346, 382; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 36; Kibrik et al. 1972: 311, 329. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach'. Paradigm: šax [abs.] / čx̴-i [erg.].

    Distinct from the specific term for 'stomach': mičˈi [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 36] ~ mičʰˈi {мичи} [Ganieva 2002: 224].

    Distinct from qursˈaʁ {къурсагъ} 'animal stomach' [Ganieva 2002: 181], borrowed from Azerbaijani gursag 'abomasum; stomach, belly'.

    Etymology: Khinalug šax 'belly' originates from North Caucasian *čiwxːVː 'a part of stomach or craw' vel sim. [NCED: 346], cognate with some scant Lezgian forms of similar semantics.

Ganieva 2002: 335, 365; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 237; Kibrik et al. 1972: 318, 325. Polysemy: 'big / elder'. This is, apparently, the basic term for 'big', cf. the examples in [Ganieva 2002: 335]: "big building", "big tree", "big crown (of a tree)", "capital letter", "big deal". As proposed in [NCED: 386], borrowed from Lezgian (Literary, Quba) čʼeχˈi 'big / elder' with regular Khinalug deglottalization before a consonant.

    Distinct from several more specific or marginal terms: zorbˈa {зорба}, which, according to examples, means something like 'massive (Russian: крупный)' and 'huge' [Ganieva 2002: 124, 365] (borrowed from Azerbaijani zorba 'big, massive, huge'); yakʰˈa {йака} 'big' with the only example "big boy" [Ganieva 2002: 136, 365] (borrowed from Azerbaijani yekä ~ äkä 'big, large'); qʰazˈɨ {хъазы} 'massive (Russian: крупный)' [Ganieva 2002: 312, 365].

Ganieva 2002: 181, 425; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 86; Kibrik et al. 1972: 308, 338. Borrowed from Azerbaijani guš 'bird'.

    Distinct from inherited cʼim-ˈir {цIимир} 'sparrow' [Ganieva 2002: 326; Kibrik et al. 1972: 316].

    Etymology: Theoretically, cʼim-ˈir 'sparrow' can represent the basic Proto-Khinalug term for 'small/middle bird (in general)' (cf. similar situation in Lezgian lects). It originates from Proto-North Caucasian *cʼːʷämʔV̆ 'eagle' [NCED: 370], cognate with some scant Lezgian forms of similar semantics.

Ganieva 2002: 190; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 160; Kibrik et al. 1972: 299, 332; Desheriev 1959: 85, 201. Polysemy: 'to bite / to bite off, take a bite'. A complex verb, with the auxiliary kʰ-iri / kʰ-wi 'to do'. The nucleus kʼakʼa is quoted as a separate entry in [Ganieva 2002: 190] with the gloss 'a bite', but it is unclear if kʼakʼa may function independently; in any case cf. the paronymous noun kʼakʼˈa-l 'piece' [Ganieva 2002: 190].

    A second candidate is didmˈiš-k-iri {дидмишкири} 'to bite' [Ganieva 2002: 100, 394; Kibrik et al. 1972: 289]. It must be noted that, according to Ganieva, it is the default Khinalug verb for 'to bite', cf. the examples: "he is biting his nail", "the wolf has bitten the sheep" [Ganieva 2002: 100]. A complex verb, with the Khinalug auxiliary kʰ-iri / kʰ-wi 'to do'. The nucleus didmˈiš is a borrowing from the Azerbaijani perfect stem did-miš- (infinitive did-mäk) 'to shred, pluck, scutch, pull about'.

    Distinct from the complex verb čʼi-class-x-wi {чIихьири} with polysemy: 'to hold / to seize / to catch / to bite' [Ganieva 2002: 343; Kibrik et al. 1972: 319] (-x-wi is the auxiliary verb, not used independently). According to available examples, in the meaning 'to bite' it is only applicable to dogs, with the semantic derivation {'to seize' > 'to bite'}: "When I was a kid, a dog bit me" [Kerimov 1985: 43], "I have unleashed the dog so that it may bite [undesirable persons]" [Kerimov 1985: 90], "don't enter the courtyard, the dog will bite you" [Kerimov 1985: 123], "let the dog not bite them" [Kerimov 1985: 153].

    Etymology: The analytical construction kʼakʼa-kʰ-iri 'to do a bite' looks like a recent introduction of areal origin (cf. similar patterns in Nuclear Lezgian). The Khinalug root kʼakʼa- 'a bite' lacks etymology.

Ganieva 2002: 224; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 234; Kibrik et al. 1972: 304.

    Etymology: Khinalug mičʼä 'black' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *miːčʼV 'dark, a k. of dark color' [NCED: 819]. Khinalug mičʼä is cognate with the Proto-Lezgian root *mičʼ[ä]-, whose Proto-Lezgian meaning was apparently 'dark', although in Udi it is indeed reflected as 'black' (seemingly, a case of homoplasy). Due to semantic difference between Khinalug and Nuclear Lezgian lects, there is no reason to treat the Khinalug form as a Lezgian loanword.

Ganieva 2002: 245, 393; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 48; Kibrik et al. 1972: 307, 332. Paradigm: pʼi [abs.] / pʼi-m-ˈi [erg.].

    A second, more marginal term for 'blood' is qan {къан} [Ganieva 2002: 167, 393], borrowed from Azerbaijani gan 'blood'.

    Etymology: Khinalug pʼi 'blood' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *pʼiħV [NCED: 879], which competes with *hʷĕʔnV [NCED: 496] for the status of the Proto-North Caucasian term for 'blood'. Khinalug pʼi is cognate to Proto-Lezgian *pːiy (~ pʼ-), whose meaning was either 'blood vessel' or even 'blood' per se (Lezgian *pːiy means 'blood' at least in Udi and Archi).

Ganieva 2002: 130, 392; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 39; Kibrik et al. 1972: 295, 331. Polysemy: 'bone / stone of fruit'.

    Etymology: Khinalug inkʼ 'bone' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *ɦreƛʼːʷĕ (~ -ĭ) 'bone' [NCED: 528], cognate with the basic Proto-Lezgian term *yirƛʼː 'bone'.

Ganieva 2002: 155, 376; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 22; Kibrik et al. 1972: 298, 328. Applicable to both men and women. Borrowed from Azerbaijani köks 'breast, chest'.

    Distinct from maχˈar {махар} 'female breast' [Ganieva 2002: 214, 376; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 23; Kibrik et al. 1972: 303, 328], borrowed from Kryts-Budukh maχar 'breast (in general)'.

Ganieva 2002: 139, 432; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 53, 95; Kibrik et al. 1972: 296, 329. Historically, this is a causative formation which includes the auxiliary verb kʰ-wi 'to do' from k-i- [imperf., perf.] / class=ˈekː-i-l [imv.] 'to burn (intrans.)' [Ganieva 2002: 159; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 94; Kibrik et al. 1972: 297, 328].

    Cf. the second verb for 'to burn (intrans.)', which is a close synonym to k-i: class=ˈuv-i {йуври} [Ganieva 2002: 144; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 94; Kibrik et al. 1972: 297, 328].

    Etymology: Khinalug =(e)kː- 'to burn' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *=oːgʷV [NCED: 860], cognate with the basic Proto-Lezgian term *ʔokːʷɨ- 'to burn'.

Ganieva 2002: 333, 407; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 33; Kibrik et al. 1972: 318, 334.

    Distinct from dɨrnˈaʁ {дырнагъ} with polysemy: 'claw / hoof' [Ganieva 2002: 105; Kibrik et al. 1972: 289, 331], borrowed from Azerbaijani dɨrnag 'fingernail, claw, hoof'.

    Etymology: Khinalug čʰimi 'fingernail' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *mɦäːƛă (~ -ǝ̆) 'fingernail' [NCED: 814], cognate with the basic Proto-Lezgian term *mːäɬː 'fingernail'.

Ganieva 2002: 293, 408; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 205; Kibrik et al. 1972: 319, 334. Polysemy: 'cloud / fog'.

    Etymology: Khinalug unkʼ 'cloud' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *rĕnƛʼːʷV̆ (~ -ä̆-) 'a k. of cloud, fog' vel sim. [NCED: 947], without Lezgian cognates.

Ganieva 2002: 175, 447; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 245; Kibrik et al. 1972: 308, 343. Applied to both objects and weather. The word is a perfective participle from the verb q-izˈi [imperf.] / q-iː [perf.] / class=äqː-il [imv.] {къизи} 'to become cold' [Ganieva 2002: 175; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 97]. Vowel length (iː) is only noted in [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990].

    Etymology: Khinalug =(ä)q- 'to get cold' originates from Proto-North Caucasian *=HĭɢAː 'to get cold' [NCED: 568], cognate with Proto-Lezgian *ʡiqˤä- 'to get cold'. The synchronic participle from this verb forms the basic terms for 'cold (adj.)' in Archi and Northern Tabasaran.

Ganieva 2002: 146, 423; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 75; Kibrik et al. 1972: 297, 338. Suppletive paradigm: kʰˈaː=kː-wi [imperf.] / kʰˈaː=0=ʁ-i, kʰˈaː=class=ɨʁ-i [perf.] / kʰˈaː=0=r, kʰˈaː=class=ɨr [imperf.]. Vowel length (aː) is only noted in [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988].

    The stems are prefixed with the common spatial prefix kʰa= 'towards the speaker' [Kibrik et al. 1972: 226], and contain the suppletive verb =kː-wi [imperf.] / =(ɨ)ʁ-i [perf.], which forms a great number of prefixal and complex verbs of motion. Imperfective =kː-wi is used independently as the imperfective stem k-wi 'to go' q.v., whereas perfective =(ɨ)ʁ-i is not attested in independent use. See notes on 'to go' for additional detail.

    Etymology: No etymology for =kː-, but perfective =(ɨ)ʁ- is cognate with the basic Proto-Lezgian verb *ʔiqːʷˤä- 'to go / to come' with imperfective function; see notes on 'to go'.

    Imperative =(ɨ)r apparently goes back to the Proto-North Caucasian verb of motion *=VʔʷV(r) [NCED: 1016], cognate with the basic Proto-Lezgian verb *ʔVʔʷV(r)- 'to come' with perfective function.

    Quite different in [NCED: 422], where the spatial prefix kʰa= is regarded as a verbal root with the meaning 'to come' (further to Proto-North Caucasian motion verb *=ǝːrƛːŬ). We prefer to reject such an analysis.

Perfective stem.