Sapir & Golla 2001: 782; Golla 1996: 24, 33. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be far / to be deep'. Originates < *=saːt-i; the parallel light variant is =sah < *=saːt.
Mattole:
Not attested. Cf. the verb =cʰat 'to be deep' [Li 1930: 108], which corresponds to the Hupa term for 'to be far / to be deep' q.v.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:=se1
Goddard 1912: 38. Verbal root 'to be far'. Originates < *=sat, as suggested by the Hupa comparandum. Cf. the synchronically different verb =sat < *=sat-i 'to be deep' [Goddard 1912: 66].
Taldash Galice:=cah2
Hoijer 1973: 70. Verbal root, glossed as 'to be far away, distant, far away'. The adjectival form is ɬ=cah.
Distinct from the verb =man 'to be deep / to be full' [Hoijer 1973: 63].
A poorly documented term. Expressions for '(to be) deep' are not attested at all.
Central Ahtena:=zet1
Kari 1990: 458, 518.
Lower Ahtena: =zet [Kari 1990: 458, 518].
Western Ahtena: =zet [Kari 1990: 458, 518].
Mentasta Ahtena:=zet1
Kari 1990: 458, 518.
Common Ahtena notes:
Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be far, distant / to be deep / to be long in duration'.
Dogrib:=wà1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 47, 81, 164; Marinakis et al. 2007: 163. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be far, distant / to be deep'. The latter meaning is quoted for the root variant =ʍàː [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 93]. The expressions for 'near' q.v. are based on this verb: =wà-lé-(á), literally 'not to be far'.
North Slavey (Hare):ní=wã́1
Rice 1978: 562, 566. Verbal form with polysemy: 'it is far (spatially) / it is far (temporally)'.
Tanacross:=θ̬áːt1
Arnold et al. 2009: 115; Shinen 1958: 22. Verbal root: 'to be far'.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):nd=iː=θaːdn1
Milanowski 2009: 22, 74. Glossed as 'far away / distant in space or time'. Verbal root =θaːt 'to be far'; final ...dn < *...t-ǝ with the relativizing suffix.
Lower Tanana (Minto):=ɬ=ðʌt1
Kari 1994: 92, 401. Verb with polysemy: 'to be far, distant (spatially) / to be far (temporally)'.
Central Carrier:ni=ɬ=c̪aʔ2
Poser 1998/2013: 355, 704; Poser 2011a: 83; Antoine et al. 1974: 172, 307. Fossilized verbal form with polysemy: 'far, distant (spatially) / far (temporally)', from the verb =ɬ=c̪aʔ 'to be long (temporal)' [Poser 1998/2013: 794, 1219, 1252], further to =c̪aʔ 'to be light in weight'.
Koyukon:niː=ɬ=loːt1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 417, 904; Jones 1978: 59. Verbal form with polysemy: 'far, distant (spatially) / far (temporally)'.
Degexit'an:nǝ=ɬ=ðoːt-ǝ ~ neː=ðoːt-ǝ1
Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914: 220. Verbal form. Cf. some examples: "The mountains are far away", "binoculars (lit.: far away in it we see)" [Taff et al. 2007], "but now that they are far away, I kill but few" [Chapman 1914: 125], "While I was far from you, I was thinking about you" [Chapman 1914: 135], "And then far away she heard the sound of singing" [Chapman 1914: 164]
The second candidate is the more rare form ŋǝ=ɬ=ŋaːθ 'far away, long ways' [Taff et al. 2007] from =ŋaːθ 'to be long' q.v.
Sarsi:ku=ti=ni=sat1
Nanagusja 1996a: 128. Not a very reliable form, glossed as 'far away' in the only source. Initial ku= is the locative prefix.
Rice 1978: 260, 440, 510. Verbal stem: 'to be heavy'. Cf. the examples: "The box is too heavy", "How heavy are you?" [Rice 1978: 260].
The second candidate is =tà 'to be heavy' [Rice 1978: 301, 414] as in "That box is really heavy" [Rice 1978: 301], but according to Rice, this verb is only used in Hare localities (Fort Norman, Fort Franklin) contacting with other Slavey dialects.
Tanacross:n=táːθ1
Arnold et al. 2009: 145; Shinen 1958: 20. In [Holton 2000: 31, 350], transcribed as n-táːθ ~ n-táːtθ ~ n-tèːθ. Verbal form: 'it is heavy', with the adjectival/gender exponent n= [Holton 2000: 237 ff.].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=tɯːh ~ =tɯː1
Milanowski 2009: 21, 98, 120. Verbal root: 'to be heavy', cf. the frequently used deverbal adjective n=tɯːh ~ n=tɯː '(it is) heavy'.
Poser 1998/2013: 753, 1219, 1250; Poser 2011a: 110; Antoine et al. 1974: 313. Verbal stem: 'to be heavy'.
Koyukon:=toːɬ1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 146, 928; Jones 1978: 79. Verbal stem: 'to be heavy'.
Degexit'an:=toːθ1
Taff et al. 2007. Verbal stem: 'to be heavy'.
Sarsi:=kʰìɬ2
Li 1930b: 21; Cook 1984: 172; Nanagusja 1996a: 129. Verbal stem: 'to be heavy'.
Number:103
Word:near
Hupa:=tiŋ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 751; Golla 1996: 65. Verbal root: 'to be close, near by'. Originates from *=tin; the perfective root variant is =teʔn < *=tin-ʔ-i.
Mattole:
Not attested.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:=tǝn1
Goddard 1912: 38. Verbal root: 'to be near, close'. The equivalent for 'to be nearby' is =tǝn-č with the diminutive suffix -c ~ -č.
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:χuʁ2
Boraas 2010: 20.
Inland Tanaina:χuʁ2
Kari 2007: 333.
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Common Tanaina notes:
χuʁ is an independent postposition. The final voiced spirant points to *-V which is apparently the negative suffix (see notes on 'not').
Distinct from the postposition with the more specific meaning 'nearby, beside': Upper Inlet yǝš, Outer Inlet yǝš ~ žǝx, Inland, Iliamna žǝx [Kari 2007: 334; Wassillie 1979: 67; Boraas 2010: 21].
Central Ahtena:ʁaːʁ-e2
Kari 1990: 203, 558.
Lower Ahtena: ʁaːʁ-e [Kari 1990: 203, 558].
Western Ahtena: ʁaːʁ-e [Kari 1990: 203, 558].
Mentasta Ahtena:ʁaːʁ-a2
Kari 1990: 203, 558. Regular assimilation -e > -a.
Common Ahtena notes:
The form ʁaːʁe is a postposition. Final -e is probably the negative exponent (see notes on 'not' and [Kari 1990: 66; Kari 1979: 169]).
Dogrib:=wà-lé3
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 81, 191. Verbal root, glossed as 'to be near, be nearby, be close by'. Literally 'not to be far' with =wà 'to be far' q.v. and the negation -lé q.v.
The higher degree of closeness is expressed by =wà-lé-á 'to be very close by, be very near, be nearby' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 81] with the additional diminutive suffix -á [Marinakis et al. 2007: 152 ff.].
Distinct from the postposition possr=kà 'beside, next to, near' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 108] (with the example: "The groceries are beside the flour").
North Slavey (Hare):ní=wã́-lé3
Rice 1978: 191. Not reliably documented. Hare ní=wã́-lé 'near' literally means '(it is) not far' with ní=wã́ '(it is) far' q.v. It is found in only one example: "Don't go near the dog" [Rice 1978: 191].
A second candidate is the verb =h=tùw-è [Rice 1978: 303, 422, 521], glossed with polysemy: 'to be short / to be near', but not provided with examples for the meaning 'near'.
Distinct from the postposition =ɣá 'next to, nearby' [Rice 1978: 559; Rice 1989: 281] as in "He's sitting near me".
Tanacross:àː=x̬áʔ2
Arnold et al. 2009: 181; Shinen 1958: 22. Functions as a postposition. Semi-voiced x̬ should indicate that initial àː is a prefix.
Kari 1994: 119, 443. Verb with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal) / to be near, close to'. Final -a (< -ã) expresses negative dimensional semantics, see notes on 'not'. Cf. Kari's examples: "it is close", "then as it was close enough to them to be visible".
A second candidate is the postposition obj=ʔʌɣa 'near, close to obj' [Kari 1994: 16, 443], cf. Kari's examples: "Golstream is near Cache", "they were not close to the Minto people".
We have to treat =l=kʊc-a and obj=ʔʌɣa as synonyms.
Central Carrier:xʷ=e=n=ɣoh2
Poser 1998/2013: 527, 823; Poser 2011a: 145; Antoine et al. 1974: 247, 320. There are two similar expressions, both with polysemy: 'near (spatial) / near (temporal)'.
1) xʷ=e=n=ɣoh (the spatial examples: "When they were near the bear den, they began to run back", "They are living close to Tache").
2) xʷ=e=n=ɣʌn (the spatial example: "They made camp close to the river").
Both of them represent fossilized verbal forms, initial xʷ= is the areal prefix. We treat them as synonyms.
Koyukon:obj=cʼu-χu7
Jetté & Jones 2000: 263, 667, 962; Jones 1978: 108. Cf. some examples: "he is standing close to her", "he is walking along near her", "The place is very near the river", "it (compact object) is close to the house", "it is closely sewn, with stitches close together". Originates from the areal noun =cʼǝn 'to, toward, at, in the direction of' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 664] + the clitic χu 'general area, the place where, the time when' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 262]. Since =cʼu-χu is the only expression for 'near' quoted in [Jones 1978], it is permissible to use it to fill the primary slot.
Other expressions for 'near' are:
1) obj=ʔoː-tʰoχ ~ =ʔoː-tʰǝ 'in the vicinity of, nearby, near to, next to', literally 'in separate places' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 38], cf. the examples: "he one who works for him lives near him", "he lives near his parents", "there are two fires burning next to each other".
2) obj=cʰiː-toːʁ-ǝ 'near to, close to, in the neighborhood of' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 137] < =toːχ ~ =toːʁ-ǝ 'preceding, ahead of, in front of' + cʰiː '?' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 623]. The examples are: "there were no people near them", "he was walking around close to the camp".
3) obj=noːt-ǝ 'around, near' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 489]. The examples are: "near the house, around the house", "you were standing near sth. (e.g., near a bear)", "the caribou were lying near the boulder".
Degexit'an:nǝ=ɬ=qʊʒ ~ nǝ=ɬ=qʊc-ǝ-tǝ4
Chapman 1914. Adverbalized verbal form from =quʒ (< *=qʊc-ǝ) 'to be short' q.v. This is the only form for 'near' found in the text collection [Chapman 1914], but missing in other sources. Cf. the examples: "Then, near the village, he changed himself into a man, and kept on toward the village" [Chapman 1914: 111], "Because, when there was plenty of game near by, up the river, I could get them" [Chapman 1914: 125], "She came near to the village from behind it" [Chapman 1914: 131], "Outside, near the house, she took off the skin, and removed the teeth also" [Chapman 1914: 134], "'Now', said they, 'get out, for the village is near!'" [Chapman 1914: 192].
The second candidate is obj=ʔoːʁ 'near, nearby, close' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 104]. Cf. some examples: "He will build his house near the bank", "Sit near me", "Sit close to the fire", "His house is close to the store" [Taff et al. 2007].
We treat nǝ=ɬ=qʊʒ and obj=ʔoːʁ as synonyms.
Sarsi:ku=s=čʰan-a8
Nanagusja 1996a: 128. Not a very reliable form found in one source only. Initial ku= is the locative prefix; final -a is the diminutive suffix -a ~ -aa [Li 1930b: 9].
Number:103
Word:near
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):obj=ʔʌɣa5
Kari 1994: 16, 443.
Central Carrier:xʷ=e=n=ɣʌn6
Poser 1998/2013: 527, 823; Antoine et al. 1974: 247, 320.
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:obj=ʔoːʁ5
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 104.
Sarsi:
Number:104
Word:salt
Hupa:ɬeh=qʼončʼ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 765; Golla 1996: 81. For the first element ɬeh- 'a sloppy object', see notes on 'sand'. The root qʼončʼ is not entirely clear (cf. the verbal root =qʼočʼ 'to be sour, salty' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 781; Golla 1996: 81]).
Mattole:
Not attested.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:ɬe=toːŋʔ2
Goddard 1912: 30; Curtis 1924: 203. Explicitly explained by Goddard as a deverbative from =toːn 'to be bitter', although there is no evidence for such a Kato verb in Goddard's data. The attested verb for 'to be sour, bitter' is =kʼoːc [Goddard 1912: 79].
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:nu-tʰi3
Kari 2007: 128, 290, 357; Kari 1977: 221.
Distinct from the special term for 'store-bought salt': kʼ=tʰu=ƛʼǝt-i [Kari 2007: 290], literally 'something that they pour into water' vel sim.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:nu-tʰi3
Kari 2007: 128, 290, 357; Kari 1977: 221.
Inland Tanaina:nu-tʰi3
Kari 2007: 128, 290, 357; Kari 1977: 221; Wassillie 1979: 84.
Iliamna Tanaina:nu-tʰi3
Kari 2007: 128, 290, 357; Kari 1977: 221.
Common Tanaina notes:
According to [Kari 2007: 128, 290], nutʰi displays polysemy: 'saltwater / ocean, sea / salt (in general and as condiment)' in all the dialects, although in [Wassillie 1979: 69], the Inland term for 'ocean, saltwater' is quoted as nutʰi-ʔat, literally 'in nutʰi' with the postposition -ʔat 'in, on'.
Comparison to the Ahtena form (q.v.) suggests the analysis nu-tʰi ‘water of nu’.
Central Ahtena:na-tʰu-ʔ3
Kari 1990: 337, 581; Kari & Buck 1975: 147; Smelcer 2010: 79, 97.
Western Ahtena: na-tʰu-ʔ [Kari 1990: 337, 581; Kari & Buck 1975: 147; Smelcer 2010: 79, 97].
Mentasta Ahtena:na-tʰu-ʔ3
Kari 1990: 337, 581; Kari & Buck 1975: 147; Smelcer 2010: 79, 97.
Common Ahtena notes:
Polysemy: 'saltwater / ocean / salt'. Literally 'water of na' with tʰuː 'water' q.v. The meaning of na is not entirely clear; theoretically na may be a contracted form of Ahtena *naːqʼ 'gravel bar, reef; mineral lick, salt lick (substance that animals like to eat)' (> non-Mentasta naːʔ, Mentasta naːq) [Kari 1990: 289; Kari & Buck 1975: 79; Smelcer 2010: 32].
North Slavey (Hare):lésìlí ~ lèsíl ~ léhsìlí-1
Rice 1978: 74, 168. Borrowed from French {le sel} 'salt'.
Tanacross:lsèl-1
Arnold et al. 2009: 221; Holton 2000: 142; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 20; McRoy 1973: 15. Borrowed from French {le sel} 'salt' [Holton 2000: 142].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):seːl-1
Milanowski, p.c. Borrowed from French {le sel} 'salt'. Seldom used, according to Milanowski.
Scottie Creek: lìseːl 'salt' [John 1997: 43].
Lower Tanana (Minto):nʌ-tʰu3
Kari 1994: 247, 467. Polysemy: 'salt / saltwater / ocean, Pacific Ocean'. Literally 'water of nʌ' with tʰu 'water' q.v., the meaning of nʌ is not clear.
Central Carrier:lisel ~ lʌsel-1
Poser 1998/2013: 235, 240, 882; Poser 2011a: 177; Antoine et al. 1974: 131, 327. Borrowed from French {le sel} 'salt'.
Koyukon:soːlǝ ~ soːl-1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 740, 996; Jones 1978: 136. Borrowed from Russian solʸ 'salt'.
Degexit'an:toːʁǝyǝq ~ tʊʁǝyǝq-1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 83. Borrowed from Yupik taʁyuq 'salt'.
Bear River dialect: =čet 'to be short' [Goddard 1929: 320] (to be read as **=čʰet).
Kato:s=woːl-č3
Goddard 1909: 116 No. 9. Browsing through [Goddard 1909] suggests that the meaning '(to be) short' is expressed by the forms s=woːl-č ("short sticks" [Goddard 1909: 116 No. 9, 117 No. 9]) ~ č=woːl-č ("short riffles" [Goddard 1909: 121 No. 8]) ~ š=wuːl-c ~ š=woːl-č ("short back-bone" [Goddard 1909: 138 No. 11, 142 No. 15]). The first element is not entirely clear, whereas the final -č ~ -c is the common diminutive suffix [Goddard 1912: 27]. It must be noted that in [Goddard 1912: 36], s=woːl-č is treated as a "pronominal adjective" with the meaning 'small'.
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:=ɬ=qǝcʼ4
Kari 2007: 101.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=ɬ=qǝčʼ4
Kari 2007: 101.
Inland Tanaina:=ɬ=qǝčʼ4
Kari 2007: 101.
Iliamna Tanaina:=ɬ=qǝčʼ4
Kari 2007: 101.
Common Tanaina notes:
Verbal root: 'to be short'. In [Kari 2007: 101], it is quoted in application to a person ("he is short"), but in the collocation "short hair" (all dialects) the same verb is attested [Kari 2007: 179].
Central Ahtena:=ɬ=tiy-e5
Kari 1990: 155, 586.
Lower Ahtena: =ɬ=tiy-e [Kari 1990: 155, 586].
Western Ahtena: =ɬ=tiy-e [Kari 1990: 155, 586].
Mentasta Ahtena:=ɬ=tiy5
Kari 1990: 155, 586. Final -e was regularly reduced.
Common Ahtena notes:
Verbal stem with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal) / to be low'. Final -e is the negative exponent (see notes on 'not' and [Kari 1990: 66; Kari 1979: 169]).
Dogrib:=kʼõ̀-ã́6
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 80, 208. Verbal stem with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal)'. Final -ã́ is the common diminutive suffix [Marinakis et al. 2007: 152 ff.].
North Slavey (Hare):=h=tùw-è5
Rice 1978: 303, 422, 534. Verb with polysemy: 'to be short / to be near'. For the desemanticized verbal suffix -e see[Rice 1989: 816]. The examples are: "The tree is short" [Rice 1978: 259], "The days are getting shorter" [Rice 1978: 303].
A second candidate is =čòr-è 'to be short' [Rice 1978: 260, 438, 534] with the examples: "Her hair is short", "My mother is short" [Rice 1978: 260].
The difference between the two verbs is unclear; we have to treat them as synonyms.
Tanacross:=kʼôŁ8
Arnold et al. 2009: 231; Holton 2000: 351; Shinen 1958: 20. Verbal stem with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal)'.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):n=cʰuːl9
Milanowski 2009: 57, 83, 105. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be small / to be short'. The only available example "One is tall and the other is short" may point to the specific meaning 'small in height (of person)' [Milanowski 2009: 57], but Milanowski, p.c., has confirmed the generic meaning '(to be) short' for =cʰuːl.
Lower Tanana (Minto):=kʊc-ã4
Kari 1994: 119, 473. Verb with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal) / to be near, close to'. Also used with the "classifiers" =ɬ= or =l=. Final -ã expresses negative dimensional semantics, see notes on 'not'. Cf. Kari's examples: "short day", "it (stick...) is short", "it (rope) is short", "it (board) is short".
Central Carrier:=tʌkʷ5
Poser 1998/2013: 900, 1219, 1251; Poser 2011a: 185; Antoine et al. 1974: 328. Verb with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal)'.
Koyukon:=quc-ǝ4
Jetté & Jones 2000: 221, 1004; Jones 1978: 144. Verb with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal)'. Also used with the "classifier" ɬ-. Final -ǝ is a lexicalized negative suffix, emphasizing small dimensions, see [Jetté & Jones 2000: 5] and notes on 'not'.
Degexit'an:=qʊc ~ =qʊʒ4
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 22. Verb with polysemy: 'to be short (spatial) / to be short (temporal)', according to the examples in [Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914]. Final -ʒ < *-c-ǝ.
Sarsi:=kʼʷɒ̀n-āā ~ =kʼʷan6
Li 1930b: 22; Nanagusja 1996a: 129; Nanagusja 1996b: 317. Verbal stem: 'to be short (spatial)'. Final -a is the diminutive suffix -a ~ -aa [Li 1930b: 9]. Cf. the examples: "These pants are too short" [Nanagusja 1996b: 313], "This has two short legs" [Nanagusja 1996b: 355].
Distinct from the verb =tùs-t-āā 'to be short', quoted without specifications and examples in [Li 1930b: 18] (-t- is the fossilized perfective exponent plus the diminutive suffix -aa).
Number:105
Word:short
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):=čòr-è7
Rice 1978: 260, 438, 534.
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:
Number:106
Word:snake
Hupa:ƛʼiwiʍ ~ ƛʼiːʍ ~ ƛʼiʍ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 767; Golla 1996: 87; Golla 1964: 117. Polysemy: 'snake / rattlesnake'. The form ƛʼiwiʍ is original, ƛʼiːʍ and ƛʼiʍ are contracted; in the modern source [Golla 1996], only the latter variant is quoted.
Mattole:ƛʼiɣiš1
Li 1930: 133. Morphologically unclear.
Bear River dialect: ɬeɣaš 'snake' [Goddard 1929: 320].
Kato:
Not attested. Cf. the specific term ɬʔkǝš 'rattlesnake' [Goddard 1912: 90], which corresponds to the Hupa-Mattole generic term.
Taldash Galice:ƛʼaːš1
Hoijer 1973: 62 No. 301. Two terms for 'snake' are quoted in [Hoijer 1973]: archaic ƛʼaːš and descriptive ɬoː-čʰoh, both of them without additional specification. We treat them as synonyms.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
No original term.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
No original term.
Inland Tanaina:
No original term.
Iliamna Tanaina:
No original term.
Common Tanaina notes:
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska. Among available sources, expressions for 'snake' are only quoted in [Kari 2007: 12, 26], where these are allocated in the section "Distant animals", where artificial neologisms are collected. According to [Kari 2007: 12, 26], the Common Tanaina term for 'snake' is ƛʼǝʁǝš, whose main meanings is 'bloodsucker, leech' (all dialects) [Kari 1977: 37] (missing from [Kari 2007]) and 'lamprey, eel (Entosphenus tridentatus)' (Inland dialect) [Kari 1977: 34].
In Outer Inlet, the loanword smiya ~ zmiya 'snake' is also attested [Kari 2007: 12, 26] < Russian zmiyˈa 'snake'.
Central Ahtena:
No original term.
Mentasta Ahtena:
No original term.
Common Ahtena notes:
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska. Among available sources, an expression for 'snake' is only quoted in [Kari 1990: 220, 591], where the meaning 'snake' is additionally ascribed to ƛʼaʁes 'Pacific lamprey, eel'.
Dogrib:
No original term. There are no or almost no endemic snake spp. in the Northwest Territories. In [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 211], a number of terms for 'snake' is quoted, all of which look like artificial innovations, almost all of them based on the generic term for 'insect' kòː. These are: kòː 'insect, bug, worm, snake' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48]; kòː né-čʰàː 'snake' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48] (literally 'big worm' with =čʰà 'to be big'); kòː-čʰó [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48] (literally 'big worm' with the augmentative suffix -čʰó), kò-tʼìː 'leech, snake' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48]; also nàétìː-čʰó 'snake, serpent' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 76] (literally 'big bulldog fly' with nàétìː 'bulldog fly, large fly' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 76] and the augmentative suffix -čʰó).
North Slavey (Hare):rá=tù3
Rice 1978: 85, 171; Rice 1989: 170. Nominalized verbal form 'it crawls' from =t=tù 'to crawl' [Rice 1978: 359, 422].
Tanacross:
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska. The available sources do not quote any expressions for 'snake'.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska. The available sources do not quote any expressions for 'snake'.
Lower Tanana (Minto):
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska. In [Kari 1994: 128], the word ƛʼǝɣǝy̥ ~ ƛʼǝɣǝs from the Chena dialect is quoted with polysemy: 'arctic lamprey, eel / snake'. Its Minto counterpart ƛʼǝɣǝʂ is glossed simply as 'eel, lamprey' in [Krauss 1974: 12]. Apparently 'snake' is a recent artificial meaning for this word.
Central Carrier:ƛʼʌɣʌs1
Poser 1998/2013: 480, 915; Poser 2011a: 193; Antoine et al. 1974: 225, 330. Meaning specifically 'garter snake', the only snake endemic in the region, although can be used generally for any snake.
Koyukon:
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska.
Degexit'an:
There are no endemic snake spp. in Alaska.
Sarsi:
The only documented term for 'snake' is the morphologically unclear form nàtúzíɣá, glossed several times by Sapir as 'snake' in the tales “How Spotted Eagle and Crow-Flag brought home the medicine-pipe” and “The man who chopped a log into the river with his brother” [Sapir 1923]. The same form nàtúzíɣá is offered in [Hoijer 1956: 223] for the meaning 'worm' q.v. (Hoijer himself has relied on Sapir's unpublished materials). At the current stage, we prefer to leave the slots 'snake' and 'worm' empty.
Number:106
Word:snake
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:ɬoː-čʰoh2
Hoijer 1973: 62 No. 298. Literally 'big tongue' with ɬoː 'tongue' q.v. and the augmentative suffix -čʰoh (see notes on 'big').
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:
Number:107
Word:thin1
Hupa:=tʼaʔnyeː1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 790; Golla 1996: 96. Verbal root: 'to be thin (2D)'. Historically, < *=tʼanʔyeː, but the whole root is synchronically unanalyzable, cf. [Sapir & Golla 2001: 818].
Mattole:=čʼix3
Li 1930: 118. Verbal root 'to be thin'. The semantics remain unspecified by Li; thus, apparently with polysemy: 'to be thin 2D / to be thin 1D'.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:
Not attested.
Taldash Galice:=tʼaʔ1
Landar 1977: 295. Landar's transcription can also be interpreted as =tʼãʔ. Verbal root: 'to be thin'. The exact semantics and application remain unknown.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:=l=tʼun1
Kari 2007: 131.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=l=tʼun1
Kari 2007: 131, 184.
Inland Tanaina:=l=tʼun1
Kari 2007: 131; Wassillie 1979: 101.
Iliamna Tanaina:=l=tʼun1
Kari 2007: 131.
Common Tanaina notes:
Verbal root: 'to be thin'. It is unknown whether the lexical opposition 'thin 2D' / 'thin 1D' exists in Tanaina. In the examples in [Kari 2007; Wassillie 1979], =l=tʼun is applied to ice and silk, i.e., 'thin 2D'.
Central Ahtena:=l=tʼaːn-e1
Kari 1990: 341, 608.
Lower Ahtena: =l=tʼaːn-e [Kari 1990: 341, 608].
Western Ahtena: =l=tʼaːn-e [Kari 1990: 341, 608].
Mentasta Ahtena:=l=tʼaːn1
Kari 1990: 341, 608. Regular reduction of final -e.
Common Ahtena notes:
According to Kari's example ("The plate is thin"), =l=tʼaːn-e means specifically 'to be thin 2D' as opposed to =ɬ=cʼeːqʼ-e 'to be thin 1D'. Final -e is the negative exponent (see notes on 'not' and [Kari 1990: 66; Kari 1979: 169]).
Dogrib:=tʰṍ-lé-á ~ =tʰṍ-lé4
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 16, 221; Saxon & Siemens n.d.; Siemens et al. 2007: 10. Verbal root, probably with polysemy: 'to be thin 2D / to be thin 1D' (in the only attested example, this verb-like adjective is applied to crackers, implying the meaning 'to be thin 2D'). Literally 'not to be thick' with =tʰṍ 'to be thick' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 16] and the negation -lé q.v. Optional final -á is the diminutive suffix [Marinakis et al. 2007: 152 ff.].
There is also a verb =pó-á 'to be thin' [Saxon & Siemens n.d.; Marinakis et al. 2007: 154], explicitly glossed as 'thin in dimension (metal, slice of bread)', that implies the specific meaning 'to be thin 2D' likewise.
We treat =tʰṍ-lé-(á) and =pó-á as synonyms.
North Slavey (Hare):=pèl-è5
Rice 1978: 219, 411, 544. This is the only found expression for '(to be) thin', with only one example: "I'm cold because my jacket is too thin" [Rice 1978: 219].
Tanacross:=tʼáːn1
Arnold et al. 2009: 267.
There are two documented verbs with the meaning 'to be thin', both only with examples for the meaning 'thin 2D':
1) =tʼáːn [Arnold et al. 2009: 267], cf. the example "rabbit skin is thin" [Arnold et al. 2009: 267];
2) =t=ɬ̬òn [Arnold et al. 2009: 267; Holton 2000: 352], cf. the examples "caribou skin is thin while moose skin is thick", "it is warm outside, so she is just wearing a thin shirt" [Arnold et al. 2009: 267].
We treat them as synonyms.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=tʼaːn1
Milanowski, p.c. Verbal root: 'to be thin'. Milanowski's only example points to the meaning 'thin 2D': tʰan̥ kʼatiːtʼaːn 'thin ice'.
Lower Tanana (Minto):=t=lʊs-k-ã7
Kari 1994: 180, 495. Meaning 'to be thin 2D' (glossed by Kari as 'inanimate is thin, membranous'). Cf. Kari's examples: "when the ice is thin", "then the caribou skins that seemed to be thinner were for undergarments". A denominative verb from possr=lǝs-ka-(ʔ) 'membrane, thin skin' [Kari 1994: 179], where -ka is a nominal suffix [Kari 1994: 106]. Final -ã expresses negative dimensional semantics, see notes on 'not'.
The only candidate for 'thin 1D' is the verb =cʼak-a glossed as 'to be narrow, thin, skinny' plus the noun-like adjective cʼak-a 'narrow' [Kari 1994: 295]. Cf. Kari's examples: "its leaves are narrow", "the ant came to have its narrow waist", "narrow strip of timber", "marsh hawk (lit. skinny legs)". Final -a (< -ã) expresses negative dimensional semantics, see notes on 'not'.
Central Carrier:=tʼan ~ =tʼon1
Poser 1998/2013: 956, 1222, 1260; Poser 2011a: 215; Antoine et al. 1974: 334. Meaning 'to be thin 2D'. Cf. the examples: "Some of the coins are thin" [Antoine et al. 1974: 232], "The hide I prepared is very thin", "The walls (of this house) are thin", "The plate is round and flat", "She is slicing the bread very thin" [Poser 1998/2013: 501].
Koyukon:=t=lus-k-ǝ7
Jetté & Jones 2000: 425, 1034; Jones 1978: 172. Denominative verb, meaning specifically 'to be thin 2D' (cf. the example: "The ice is thin"), although the original noun **lus-k 'membrane' is not retained in Koyukon, further see notes on Lower Tanana =t=lʊs-k-ã 'to be thin 2D'. Also functions as the noun-like adjective lus-k-ǝʔ 'thin 2D'.
Distinct from the noun-like adjective tʼoːn-ǝʔ 'thin 2D' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 553], which seems to be applicable specifically to leather.
Degexit'an:=tǝ=lǝs-k-ǝ7
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 35. Only examples for the meaning 'to be thin (2D)' have been found: "They want that thin moose skin", "The ice is thin" [Taff et al. 2007]. For morphology, see notes on Lower Tanana, Koyukon.
In [Kari 1976: 48], the verb =tʼoːn 'to be thin' is also quoted with a question mark.
Sarsi:=tʼɒ̀ːn1
Li 1930b: 19. Meaning 'to be thin 2D' (glossed as 'to be thin and flattened out' by Li). Cf. the example: "thin cloth" [Goddard 1915: 211].
Distinct from =mìːl 'to be thin and spread out' [Li 1930b: 18], which we treat as 'thin 1D', although no examples have been found.
Distinct from =čʼákʼ-āā 'to be narrow, to be slim' [Li 1930b: 25].
Number:107
Word:thin2
Hupa:=tʼikʼʸ2
Sapir & Golla 2001: 791; Golla 1996: 96. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be thin (1D) / to be slender, slim / to be narrow'.
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:=ɬ=cʼeːʔ-e3
Kari 1990: 404, 608.
Lower Ahtena: =ɬ=cʼeːʔ-e [Kari 1990: 404, 608].
Western Ahtena: =ɬ=cʼeːqʼ-e [Kari 1990: 404, 608].
Mentasta Ahtena:=ɬ=cʼeːq-e3
Kari 1990: 404, 608.
Common Ahtena notes:
Proto-Ahtena *=ɬ=cʼeːqʼ-e. Polysemy: 'to be narrow / to be thin 1D / to be skinny'. Cf. Kari's example for the meaning 'to be thin 1D': "The rope is thin". Final -e is the negative exponent (see notes on 'not' and [Kari 1990: 66; Kari 1979: 169]).
Dogrib:=pó-á5
Saxon & Siemens n.d.; Marinakis et al. 2007: 154. Final -á is the diminutive suffix [Marinakis et al. 2007: 152 ff.].
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:=t=ɬ̬òn6
Arnold et al. 2009: 267; Holton 2000: 352.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):=cʼak-a3
Kari 1994: 295. Meaning 'to be thin 1D'.
Central Carrier:=tat ~ =tot8
Poser 1998/2013: 956, 1219, 1250. Meaning 'to be thin 1D'. Cf. the available examples: "The rope is thin" [Poser 1998/2013: 125], "The alders around here are very thin" [Poser 1998/2013: 530].
Koyukon:=cʼaːq-ǝ3
Jetté & Jones 2000: 652; Jones 1978: 172. Polysemy: 'to be thin 1D / to be narrow'. Cf. some examples: "the stick or log is small in diameter", "The rope is small in diameter". Final -ǝ is the lexicalized negative suffix, emphasizing small dimensions, see [Jetté & Jones 2000: 5] and notes on 'not'.
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:=mìːl ~ =mìl-āā5
Li 1930b: 18. Meaning 'to be thin 1D' (glossed as 'to be thin and spread out' by Li). The final element is the diminutive suffix -a ~ -aa [Li 1930b: 9].
Number:108
Word:wind
Hupa:tʰeh=s=čʼeː1
Golla 1996: 107. Literally 'it blows along' from the verbal root =čʼeː 'to blow (of wind)' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 742; Golla 1970: 169, 201]. Names of specific kinds of wind are mostly based on the same root [Golla 1996: 107].
Mattole:
Not attested.
Bear River dialect: ta=s=čʼi ~ ta=s=čʼiʔ 'wind' [Goddard 1929: 322]. Corresponds to the Hupa form q.v.
Kato:wa=nǝ=n=čʰiː-ʔ1
Goddard 1909: 74 No. 2, 80 No. 12; Curtis 1924: 205. Literally 'it blows through' from the verb =čʰiː 'to blow (of wind)' [Goddard 1912: 74]. It is unclear whether =čʰiː is used outside this expression; the generic verb for 'to blow (particularly of wind), fan' is =yoːɬ [Goddard 1912: 62]. Note the sporadic de-ejectivization in the root =čʰiː < *=čʼiː.
Taldash Galice:ɬ=cʼĩː1
Hoijer 1973: 60; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Nominalized form of the verbal root =cʼĩː, not attested outside this expression.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:ɬ=cʼǝy1
Kari 2007: 154, 361.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:ɬ=čʼǝɣ1
Kari 2007: 154, 361.
Inland Tanaina:ɬ=čʼǝy1
Kari 2007: 154, 361.
Iliamna Tanaina:ɬ=čʼǝy1
Kari 2007: 154, 361.
Common Tanaina notes:
Historically, a verbal form ('it blows') from the widely used verb 'to blow (of wind), be windy': Upper Inlet =cʼǝy, Outer Inlet =ɬ=čʼǝɣ, Inland, Iliamna =čʼǝy [Kari 2007: 154].
In [Kari 1977: 139], Tanaina expressions for 'wind' are quoted as Upper Inlet qʰa=n=i=cʼǝy, Outer Inlet qʰa=n=i=ɬ=čʼǝɣ, Inland, Iliamna qʰa=n=i=čʼǝy, which represents synchronic forms of the aforementioned verb; in [Kari 2007: 154], these are glossed as 'it is windy'.
Central Ahtena:ɬ=cʼiː1
Kari 1990: 411, 622; Kari & Buck 1975: 90; Smelcer 2010: 127.
Western Ahtena: ɬ=cʼiː [Kari 1990: 411, 622; Kari & Buck 1975: 90; Smelcer 2010: 127].
Mentasta Ahtena:ɬ=cʼiː1
Kari 1990: 411, 622; Kari & Buck 1975: 90; Smelcer 2010: 127.
Common Ahtena notes:
Historically, a verbal form ('it blows') from the widely used verb =cʼiː (< *=cʼiy) 'to blow (of wind; ɬ-classifier); to breath (0-classifier)' [Kari 1990: 411].
Dogrib:n=ĩ́=h=cʼí1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 82, 230. Polysemy: 'wind / breeze / air'. A nominalized verbal form from =cʼí *'to blow (of wind)'; the verb itself is attested as =cʼí 'to turn, change direction (of wind)' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 37], =cʼíh 'to be blown about' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 60].
North Slavey (Hare):n=ì=h=cʼì1
Rice 1978: 82, 184; Hoijer 1956: 222. Nominalized verbal form from =cʼì 'to blow (of wind)' [Rice 1978: 473].
Tanacross:è=h=cʼèy̥1
Arnold et al. 2009: 295; Holton 2000: 353; Shinen 1958: 14. Glossed as 'it is windy'. Literally: 'it blows'.
Bear River dialect: koːh 'worms' [Goddard 1929: 322]. Corresponds to the Hupa form.
Kato:qoː1
Goddard 1912: 16, 20, 102.
Taldash Galice:koː1
Hoijer 1973: 56. Polysemy: 'worm / maggot'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
No original term.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
No original term.
Inland Tanaina:
No original term.
Iliamna Tanaina:
No original term.
Common Tanaina notes:
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska. Helminths, intestinal worms (in mammals) are denoted by the collocation χviqʼ qiχ-ʔa [Kari 2007: 41; Kari 1977: 57], literally 'interior insect' with qiχ 'bug, insect (in general)'.
Central Ahtena:
No original term.
Mentasta Ahtena:
No original term.
Common Ahtena notes:
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska. In [Kari 1990: 200, 624; Kari & Buck 1975: 27; Smelcer 2010: 89], quːχ is glossed with polysemy: 'insect / bug / worm / monster / nickname for brown bear', but apparently 'worms in rotten organic' are mentioned. There is also another term, ʁaːkʸ 'worm(?)', attested in the collocation kʼʸecʰel ʁaːkʸ-eʔ 'tapeworm, intestinal worm (Cestoda)', lit. 'rectal ʁaːkʸ' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 204, 624].
Dogrib:
No original term. There are no or almost no endemic earthworms in the Northwest Territories. Cf. the generic term for 'insect': kòː, glossed with polysemy: 'insect / bug / worm / snake' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48].
North Slavey (Hare):kù1
Rice 1978: 59, 185. Glossed simply as 'worm'; apparently a generic term for this meaning.
Tanacross:
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska. Cf. the generic term kũː 'insect, bug, worm' [Arnold et al. 2009: 153, 297; Holton 2000: 348; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 8.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska.
Scottie Creek: Cf. the generic term kũː 'insect, worm' [John 1997: 44, 45].
Lower Tanana (Minto):
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska. Cf. the generic terms kux 'insect, bug, worm' [Kari 1994: 115], further tǝčʰǝ kuɣ-aʔ 'tree worm' (literally 'worm of wood'). There is also a specific term tθʼak, attested in the compound tǝčʰǝn̥ tθʼak-aʔ 'wood worm', literally 'tθʼak of wood' [Kari 1994: 315].
Central Carrier:ʔʌsko3
Poser 1998/2013: 61, 999; Poser 2011a: 239; Antoine et al. 1974: 41, 340. This is a generic term for worm-like creatures, glossed as 'worm, larva, maggot'. In particular, ʔʌsko is the default expression for 'earthworm' (Bill Poser, p.c.). Morphologically unclear, can be a compound whose second element ko represents the more generic term kuʔ 'bug / worm' [Poser 1998/2013: 157, 999].
Distinct from čʰʌɬ-ɣʌs 'wood worm' [Poser 1998/2013: 102] and čʼʌnʌɬ-ɣʌk 'tapeworm' [Poser 1998/2013: 106; Antoine et al. 1974: 72], both morphologically unclear.
Koyukon:
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska. Cf. the generic terms quːʔ ~ quːχ 'insect, bug, fly, worm' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 215].
Degexit'an:
There are no endemic earthworms in Alaska. Cf. the generic term qeːχ 'bug, worm, maggot' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 16]. In [Taff et al. 2007], the example "There are earthworms in my garden" is offered, where 'earthworm' is denoted by the expression qeːχ ŋǝθ 'long worm'.
Sarsi:
No expressions for 'earthworm' are documented reliably. The only known word for 'worm' (not specified) is the unclear form nàtúzíɣá in [Hoijer 1956: 223], although the same word is translated by Sapir as 'snake' q.v.
Not attested. Cf. kʰai 'winter' [Goddard 1912: 20].
Taldash Galice:kʰai1
Hoijer 1973: 56. Polysemy: 'year / winter'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:χǝyi1
Kari 2007: 159, 361; Kari 1977: 146.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:χǝyi1
Kari 2007: 159, 361; Kari 1977: 146.
Inland Tanaina:χǝyi1
Kari 2007: 159, 361; Kari 1977: 146. In [Wassillie 1979: 113], quoted as χǝy 'winter'.
Iliamna Tanaina:χǝyi1
Kari 2007: 159, 361; Kari 1977: 146.
Common Tanaina notes:
Polysemy: 'year / winter' in all the dialects.
Central Ahtena:χay1
Kari 1990: 212, 625.
Lower Ahtena: χay [Kari 1990: 212, 625].
Western Ahtena: χay [Kari 1990: 212, 625].
Mentasta Ahtena:χey1
Kari 1990: 212, 625.
Common Ahtena notes:
Polysemy: 'year / winter' in all dialects.
Dogrib:xó ~ xó: ~ xóyé1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121, 232. Polysemy: 'year / winter'. xó: and xó are reduced variants of xóyé.
North Slavey (Hare):xài1
Rice 1978: 108, 186. Polysemy: 'year / winter'.
Tanacross:
The only source which offers an expression for 'year' is [Shinen 1958: 22], where the form na=ne=ʔ=te=θ̬et 'year' is quoted. Theoretically, it can mean something like 'it stands' from the verb ná=...=θ̬èt 'to stand' q.v.
Poser 1998/2013: 583, 1002; Poser 2011a: 241; Antoine et al. 1974: 287, 340. Polysemy: 'on top of snow / winter / year / birthday'. Literally 'on top of snow' with yʌs̪ 'snow' and the postposition -kʼʌt 'on'.
Koyukon:χoy̥1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 276, 1059. Polysemy: 'year / winter'.
Degexit'an:
Not documented reliably. Cf. χǝy̥ 'winter' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 49].