Scottie Creek: possr=kʼòh 'neck' [John 1997: 17]. In [John 1997: 15], erroneously quoted as possr=kʰoh.
Lower Tanana (Minto):possr=kʼʊθ1
Kari 1994: 171, 443.
Central Carrier:possr=c̪ʼil-čʰʌn3
Poser 1998/2013: 508, 823; Poser 2011a: 145; Antoine et al. 1974: 51, 320. Literally 'handle of elbow(s)' with possr=c̪ʼil 'elbow' [Poser 1998/2013: 508] and possr=čʰʌn 'handle of broom, canoe paddle, or similar object, stem of plant' [Poser 1998/2013: 102]. Perhaps originally 'handle of upper arms'.
Cf. possr=c̪ʼil-yoh 'nape of neck' [Poser 1998/2013: 508], literally 'in elbow(s)' (*'in upper arms'?) with the postposition -yoh 'in' [Poser 1998/2013: 563], or 'house of elbow(s)' with yoh 'house' [Poser 1998/2013: 563].
Koyukon:possr=qʼuɬ1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 368, 962; Jones 1978: 108.
Degexit'an:possr=qʼʊθ1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 34.
Distinct from possr=ðaːn 'front of neck' [Taff et al. 2007], glossed as 'around one's neck' in [Kari 1978: 34] and simply as 'neck' in [Chapman 1914: 219].
Sarsi:possr=kʼús1
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 69; Hoijer 1956: 222.
Number:59
Word:new
Hupa:qʼaŋ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 780; Golla 1996: 65. Polysemy: 'recently, just now / new'. In [Sapir & Golla 2001], qʼaŋ is only glossed as 'recently' (there are no expressions for 'new' in this dictionary); in [Golla 1996], qʼaŋ is transcribed as qʼuŋ.
Mattole:
Not attested.
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:
Not attested.
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:qʼu-ti-ti ~ qʼu-ti-χ-ya-ʔa2
Kari 2007: 164, 354.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:qʼu-ti-ti ~ qʼu-ti-qʰǝ-ya-ʔa2
Kari 2007: 164, 354.
Inland Tanaina:qʼu-ti-ti ~ qʼu-ti-qʰǝ-ya-ʔa2
Kari 2007: 164, 354; Wassillie 1979: 68.
Iliamna Tanaina:qʼu-ti-ti ~ qʼu-ti-qʰǝ-ya-ʔa2
Kari 2007: 164, 354.
Common Tanaina notes:
The forms for 'new' are derived from the temporal adverb qʼu-ti 'now' (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 164], which in turn contains the adverb qʼu 'already, just now' (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 163], modified with the rare adverbial suffix -ti (for which cf. the Upper Inlet multiplicative adverbs cʼiɬ-ti 'once', nu-ti 'twice', and so on [Kari 2007: 322]). For the second suffix -ti see notes on Ahtena.
The additional morpheme chains -qʰǝ-ya-ʔa and Upper Inlet -χ-ya-ʔa are less clear.
Central Ahtena:ʔa-tiː-ti2
Kari 1990: 250, 558; Kari & Buck 1975: 96; Smelcer 2010: 118.
Western Ahtena: ʔa-tiː-ti [Kari 1990: 250, 558; Kari & Buck 1975: 96; Smelcer 2010: 118].
Mentasta Ahtena:qʼa-tiː-ti2
Kari 1990: 250, 558; Kari & Buck 1975: 96; Smelcer 2010: 118.
Common Ahtena notes:
A noun-like adjective. It should be noted that in [Kari 1990: 153, 250, 558], ʔa-tiː-ti / qʼa-tiː-ti (Mentasta) is glossed as the substantive 'a new thing', but cf. the examples for attributive use: "I am expecting to learn some new (ʔatiːti) words" [Kari 1990: 85], "New (ʔatiːti) words are pleasing to me" [Kari 1990: 263].
Derived from the adverb qʼa-tiː with the occasional variant ʔa-tiː 'now' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 250]; Kari does not mention dialectal distribution of qʼa-tiː and ʔa-tiː; the latter can be treated as a dissimilated variant of the former. This adverb is derived from the emphatic particle qʼa [Kari 1990: 250].
Medial -tiː is the temporal adverbial suffix [Kari 1990: 153]; final -ti is the nominal suffix [Kari 1990: 154].
Dogrib:=kòː3
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 48, 191; Marinakis et al. 2007: 157. Polysemy: 'new / fresh / young'. A suffix or noun-like adjective, enclitically attached to the noun.
North Slavey (Hare):ʔè=kʰònì ~ ʔè=kʰònè4
Rice 1978: 186, 567. Polysemy: 'new / young / young person'. A noun-like adjective; initial ʔe- is the unspecified pronoun. Cf. the examples: "I bought new shoes yesterday" [Rice 1978: 318], "I have a new skirt" [Rice 1978: 373]. A cognate word is kʰònè 'already' [Rice 1978: 562].
Tanacross:kʼa-ti-ti2
Shinen 1958: 20. Not found in other sources. Tonal and quantitative transcription are unclear. For the ti-suffixes see notes on Ahtena.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):kʼaː-tu-ʔu2
Milanowski 2009: 72. A noun-like adjective, found in the example "He is showing us a new dance". Derived from the adverb kʼaː-tuːʔ ~ kʼah-tuːʔ 'now, right now' [Milanowski 2009: 19].
Lower Tanana (Minto):
Not documented properly.
Central Carrier:ʔan-ti-t5
Poser 1998/2013: 27, 824; Antoine et al. 1974: 3. Polysemy: 'new / now'; the morphological analysis is in accordance with similar forms in other languages. The variant ʔan-ti-ti is also attested. Cf. some examples: "He is moving into the new house" [Antoine et al. 1974: 77], "He is broke because he bought a new car" [Antoine et al. 1974: 122], "He bought a new bed for his children" [Antoine et al. 1974: 131], "He is finishing the new house" [Antoine et al. 1974: 135], "We are going to buy a new stove" [Antoine et al. 1974: 206].
The adjective ʔʌyu 'another' [Poser 1998/2013: 71] can be translated as 'new' in some contexts: "He is making new snowshoes" [Antoine et al. 1974: 2], "I am going to buy a new mattress for my bed" [Antoine et al. 1974: 129].
Koyukon:ǝtʼǝ-ʁ-ɬ-tiː-ʔiː6
Jetté & Jones 2000: 127, 963; Jones 1978: 109. Cf. the attested examples: "she has new boots" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 127], "My mother has a new sewing machine" [Jones 1978: 99], "He is shopping for new clothes" [Jones 1978: 144]. This is the Central and Upper form. Derived from the adverb ǝtʼǝ-ʁ(ǝ)-ɬ ~ ǝtʼǝ-ʁ(ǝ)-ɬ-tǝ 'right now, recently, just now' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 127, 546] < ǝtʼǝ 'right, correct, appropriate, genuine, actual' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 546].
In the Lower dialect, the parallel formation ǝƛʼǝ-ʁ-ɬ-tiː-ʔiː 'new' is used < Lower ǝƛʼǝ-ʁ-ɬ-tǝ ~ ǝƛʼaː-ʁ-ɬ-tǝ 'right now, recently, just now' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 127, 597].
Degexit'an:qʼoː-teː-d ~ qʼoː-teː-t ~ qʼoː-teː2
Taff et al. 2007; Chapman 1914: 230. The forms qʼoː-teː~ qʼoː-teː-t are quoted with polysemy: 'new / ago, a while ago' in [Taff et al. 2007]. Cf. the examples: "He's building a new house", "We're getting a new cupboard", "I want a new kicker", "He has a new hat", "His parka has a new ruff", "She is singing a new song" [Taff et al. 2007].
Sarsi:kʰa-hi-ta7
Goddard 1915: 212. Attested in the only example: "They gave him a new blanket" [Goddard 1915: 213]. For the adverbial suffix -hi-, cf. tàà 'here' [Cook 1984: 41] > táá-hì 'now' [Cook 1984: 52].
Number:60
Word:night
Hupa:xi=ƛʼeʔ ~ xu=ƛʼeʔ ~ xa=ƛʼeʔ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 801; Golla 1996: 65; Golla 1964: 117. The first element xV- is not entirely clear; it may be a permutation of the root xiɬ 'dark, murky color' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 801; Golla 1996: 24; Golla 1964: 116].
Mattole:ča=kʷo=l=xˈin2
Li 1930: 126. Literally 'it is dark here'. Descriptive expression with the verb =l=xiŋ (< *=l=xin) 'to be dark, black' [Li 1930: 80] (cf. notes on 'black'). Initial ča- is the verbal prefix 'darkness' [Li 1930: 62]; -kʷo- is the prefix referring to place or weather [Li 1930: 61].
Bear River dialect: ɬʔetaŋkʰo, an unclear formation, glossed as 'night, eight or nine o'clock' [Goddard 1929: 318].
Kato:ƛʼeʔ1
Goddard 1912: 19. Contra Goddard, in [Curtis 1924: 205], 'night' is quoted as something like cʰeut - an unclear form.
It is not entirely clear how the Proto-Tanaina term for 'night' should be reconstructed (tʰǝc or ƛʼaqʼ). Could ƛʼaqʼ be analyzed as ƛʼa-qʼ with the postposition -qʼ 'on the surface of obj, on top of obj / like obj, copying obj' (Outer Inlet [Boraas 2010: 31], Inland [Tenenbaum 1978: 215])?
Central Ahtena:tʰec3
Kari 1990: 334, 559; Kari & Buck 1975: 91; Smelcer 2010: 116.
Distinct from the word for 'evening': xèh-cʼõ̀, glossed as 'evening, night' in [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121], literally 'before the darkness' with xèh 'darkness' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121] and cʼõ̀ 'until, before' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 106].
North Slavey (Hare):tʰèwè3
Rice 1978: 96, 156; Hoijer 1956: 222.
Tanacross:tʰèdᶞ3
Arnold et al. 2009: 183; Holton 2000: 345; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 13; McRoy 1973: 7; Shinen 1958: 22.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):tʰadn3
Milanowski 2009: 24, 80. Final dn < *tǝ.
Northway: tʰadn 'night' [Milanowski 2007: 13].
Scottie Creek: tʰɤt 'night' [John 1997: 65].
Lower Tanana (Minto):tʰǝtθ3
Kari 1994: 236, 444; Tuttle 2009: 143.
Central Carrier:tʰʌz3
Poser 1998/2013: 474, 824.
Distinct from the adverb ʔʌ(-)ɬ-c̪is̪ 'at night' [Poser 1998/2013: 57, 824], which is glossed, however, simply as 'night' in [Poser 2011a: 146; Antoine et al. 1974: 35, 320]; either a nominal compound or a fossilized verbal form from an unclear root.
Koyukon:ƛʰǝt-ǝ3
Jetté & Jones 2000: 576, 964; Jones 1978: 110. Polysemy: 'night / at night', morphologically an adverb with the spatial/temporal suffix -ǝ [Jetté & Jones 2000: 10]. In the Toklat-Bearpaw subdialect of the Upper dialect, the non-metathesized substantive tʰǝƛ 'night' is retained [Jetté & Jones 2000: 514].
Degexit'an:tθʰǝt-aː-ŋǝθ3
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 47; Chapman 1914: 216. Polysemy: 'night / at night'; glossed only as 'last night' in [Kari 1978: 47]. Historically 'long night', '[all] night long' with the old root tθʰǝt 'night' and ŋǝθ 'long' q.v. Corresponds to Koyukon ƛʰǝtǝ χo-naːɬ 'all night long'.
Cf. some examples for tθʰǝt-aː-ŋǝθ 'night, at night': "So then, one night, some one scratched her head while she slept" [Chapman 1914: 107], "So, for two days and two nights he remained in the house" [Chapman 1914: 141], "Bats fly around at night", "I sat up at night", "He came in the middle of the night", "Last night he was wild" [Taff et al. 2007].
Western Ahtena: possr=en=cʰiːs [Kari 1990: 390, 559; Kari & Buck 1975: 62; Smelcer 2010: 45].
Mentasta Ahtena:possr=en=cʰiːs1
Kari 1990: 390, 559; Kari & Buck 1975: 62; Smelcer 2010: 45.
Common Ahtena notes:
Synchronously, explained by Kari as a deverbative formation from =cʰen 'to smell [trans., intrans.]' (the ablaut imperfective stem of the transitional or customary aspect is =cʰiːs < *=cʰiːn-s) [Kari 1990: 380, 447] plus the gender exponent -n- [Kari 1990: 285].
Dogrib:possr=ĩ́=ɣõ̀2
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 42, 192; Siemens et al. 2007: 31. It is quoted in [Siemens et al. 2007] and therefore should be the default expression for 'nose' in modern Dogrib.
The second candidate is the more archaic term possr=ĩ́-cʰĩ́ 'nose' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 42, 192].
Of the two words, at least possr=ĩ́-ɣõ̀ is also applicable to animals: w=ĩ́-ɣõ̀ː 'its nose' [Siemens et al. 2007: 82].
North Slavey (Hare):possr=ĩ̀=ɣṍ-ʔ2
Rice 1978: 60, 156; Rice 1989: 212; Hoijer 1956: 222. The same root without the izafet suffix: possr=ĩ̀=ɣõ̀ 'nostril, inside nose' [Rice 1978: 60].
The old root sĩ is apparently retained in the compound =sĩ́-ɬíl-éʔ 'snot' [Rice 1978: 91].
Tanacross:possr=ìn=cʰĩ̀ː1
Arnold et al. 2009: 185; Holton 2000: 345; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 24; McRoy 1973: 8; Shinen 1958: 3. Cf. the verb =h=cʰèn̥ 'to smell (trans.)', =l=cʰèn̥ 'to smell (intrans.)' [Arnold et al. 2009: 240].
Kari 1994: 291, 445; Tuttle 2009: 144. Prefixal -ǝn- is a "gender" morpheme [Kari 1994: 194].
Central Carrier:possr=n=in=cʰis1
Poser 1998/2013: 360, 825; Poser 2011a: 148; Antoine et al. 1974: 40, 320. Note the doubled gender n-prefix.
The alienable stem in=cʰis 'nose, snout (of hog), nozzle' is also attested [Poser 1998/2013: 206].
Distinct from the obsolete term possr=in=čʰʌs 'nose, snout' [Poser 1998/2013: 205].
Koyukon:possr=ǝn=cʰǝy̥1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 638, 965; Jones 1978: 110. Polysemy: 'nose / muzzle of animal'. The initial element is the anatomical gender exponent ǝn-/nǝ- [Jetté & Jones 2000: 460].
Degexit'an:possr=aːn̥=cʰeː1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 33; Chapman 1914: 216. In [Taff et al. 2007], the innovative variant possr=aːn̥=čʼǝ of unclear nature is also quoted.
Sarsi:possr=cʰíh1
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 69; Hoijer 1956: 222.
Distinct from possr=ɣɒ̀ʔ 'beak (of a bird), snout (of animal)' [Hoijer & Joël 1963: 69].
Number:62
Word:not
Hupa:toː-1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 752; Golla 1996: 66; Golla 1996a: 381; Golla 1970: 291. The verbal prefix toː- is used for both indicative and prohibitive. In prohibitive, the predicate is additionally modified with the enclitic -heh 'despite, even if' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 756; Golla 1996a: 383; Golla 1970: 291].
Mattole:toː-1
Li 1930: 128 sub toːšxˈiʔ, 143 "He did not kill the people", 145 sub No. 9. Verbal prefix (or particle) toː-, expressing negation of assertion. In the prohibitive form, the verb is modified with toː- and the additional prefix ɣi- ~ gi- [Li 1930: 34].
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:toː-1
Goddard 1912: 41. The verbal prefix (or particle) toː- expresses negation of assertion. The prohibitive pattern is unclear. Cf. the verb =toːʔ (< *=toː-ʔ [perf.]?) 'to be none, do not exist' [Goddard 1912: 70].
Taldash Galice:toː-1
Landar 1977: 294 No. 8, 295 No. 69, 85. The prohibitive exponent is not documented.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested. Cf. the prohibitive, which can be expressed in one of the following ways:
1) the verbal enclitic -i, as in [Lovick 2005: 45 ex. 2.7, 160 ex. 4.47c].
2) the verbal enclitic -laki, as in [Lovick 2005: 44 ex. 2.5c, 225 ex. 6.13c].
Outer Inlet Tanaina:kʼuštʼa2
Boraas 2010: 86-89. According to [Boraas 2010], negation of assertion is expressed by the combination of the particle kʼuštʼa 'not' + the verbal confix z-...-*V in imperfective, future and customary, and similarly by the particle kʼuštʼa 'not' + the confix i-...-*V in perfective and stative imperfective. The morpheme -*V is an etymological and morphophonological unit, phonetically realized as a zero, but causing the voicing of root final fricatives (i.e., -ɬ > -l and presumably other fricatives in the old intervocalic position).
Prohibitive (i.e., negative imperative) can be expressed in one of the three ways [Boraas 2010: 89-91]:
1) The particle kʼuštʼa + the enclitic particle -tu.
2) The verbal enclitic -u.
3) The verbal enclitic -iku.
Inland Tanaina:n=čʼu5
Tenenbaum 1978: 112-114; Holton et al. 2004: 32. According to [Tenenbaum 1978; Holton et al. 2004], verbal negation of assertion is expressed by the combination of the proclitic particle n=čʼu 'not' (or n=ʔuʁa ~ n=luʁa 'not yet') + the verbal confix z-...-*V in imperfective, future and customary, and similarly by the particle n=čʼu 'not' + the confix i-...-*V in perfective and stative imperfective. The morpheme -*V is an etymological and morphophonological unit, phonetically realized as a zero, but causing the voicing of root final fricatives (i.e., -ɬ > -l, x > ɣ, χ > ʁ and presumably s > z, š > ž in the old intervocalic position).
Prohibitive (i.e., negative imperative) can be expressed in one of the three ways [Tenenbaum 1978: 114-115; Holton et al. 2004: 32-33]:
1) The proclitic particle n=čʼa + the enclitic particle -tu.
2) The verbal enclitic -ilay.
3) The verbal enclitic -a.
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Common Tanaina notes:
The confixes z-...-V and i-...-V can be reconstructed as the Proto-Tanaina patterns for negation of assertion. It is possible that discrete negative particles have later been introduced because of the morphological obscuring of the resulting verbal forms. Both Outer Inlet kʼuštʼa and Inland n=čʼu (prohibitive n=čʼa < *n=čʼu-a?) are originally verbal forms, although detailed analysis of these negative copulas is unclear.
We treat n=čʼu, kʼuštʼa, z-, i- and *-V as main negation morphemes.
The reconstruction of the Proto-Tanaina prohibitive pattern is unclear.
Central Ahtena:=e6
Kari 1990: 55, 66.
Lower Ahtena: =e [Kari 1990: 55, 66].
Western Ahtena: =e [Kari 1990: 55, 66].
Mentasta Ahtena:=e6
Kari 1990: 55, 66.
Common Ahtena notes:
As can be seen in [Kari 1990: 55, 66, 276, 560], negation of assertion is expressed by the combination of the verbal suffix -e with the particles ʔe=leʔ / liʔi / qʼa=liʔ. The morphological structure of these particles is unclear, but the shared element leʔ / liʔ can be singled out. Initial qʼa- in the Mentasta form is the emphatic particle qʼa [Kari 1990: 250].
Additionally, negated verbal forms contain the prefixes -s- or -i- (in [Kari 1990: 66, 276], these are explicitly called "negative prefixes"), but in reality both -s- and -i- are also used in some positive forms as well, see the schema in [Kari 1990: 55; Kari 1979: 42]; therefore, -s- and -i- cannot be synchronically treated as negative exponents (although see [Kari 1979: 46] for the morphophonological difference between negative -s- and modal -s- in the position immediately before the root).
In all the dialects, prohibitive is expressed by the optative forms, modified with the suffix -(y)ita or -(y)kʸi plus the particle ncʼe [Kari 1990: 68, 404]. In Mentasta, prohibitive can also be expressed by the optative forms, modified with the negative suffix -e plus the particle sonʔo [Kari 1990: 468].
Dogrib:=lé7
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 68; Marinakis et al. 2007: 131, 152, 162. Information from [Marinakis et al. 2007] and a brief analysis of [Saxon & Siemens 1996] suggest that the main exponent of both negation of assertion and prohibitive is the enclitic =lé, attached to the verb.
North Slavey (Hare):=yí=lè ~ =lè7
Rice 1989: 1101. According to [Rice 1989: 1101 ff.], the most common ways to express negation of assertion are:
1) the verbal enclitic =yí=lè or simply =lè [Rice 1989: 1101],
2) the particle tù [Rice 1989: 1103].
The forms (=yí)=lè and tù are mutually interchangeable and also frequently co-occur in the same phrase [Rice 1989: 1104].
Prohibitive is expressed with the help of the same verbal enclitic (=yí)=lè [Rice 1989: 1102] and/or the complex particle ʔèhtíní [Rice 1989: 1105].
Tanacross:kʼá-8
Arnold et al. 2009: 185, 231; Holton 2000: 270. According to [Holton 2000: 270 ff., 231 ff.], negation of assertion is expressed by the combination of the particle/proclitic kʼá- 'not' + the verbal prefix =íː= + the verbal suffix *-V̀. The morpheme *-V̀ is an etymological and morphophonological unit, phonetically realized as a zero, but causing the voicing of root final consonant (i.e., -ɬ > -l, tθ> dᶞ and so on in the old intervocalic position). The prefix =íː= appears in active perfective and stative imperfective verbs which lack an inner subject prefix, whereas in other forms, underlying =íː= is realized as high tone of a prefix vowel. Additionally, in final phrasal position, the root vowel acquires extra-high tone - this is the only case when extra-high tone appears in Tanacross [Holton 2000: 81 ff., 271], otherwise the dropped suffix *-V̀ causes the standard tonal assimilation of the root vowel.
Besides, the verbal suffix *-V̀ may combine with a specific "negative-descriptive" prefix cʼ- attested at least in the verbal stem cʼ=...=t=ndíːg 'do not know' from =t=ndéy̥ 'to know' q.v.
Prohibitive is formed with the particle sṹːʔ ~ sṹʔũ [Holton 2000: 289].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):kʼa-8
Milanowski 2009: 19, 81; Minoura 1997: 191. According to [Minoura 1997: 191-192], negation of assertion is normally expressed by the combination of the particle/proclitic kʼa- 'not' + the verbal prefix =iː= + the verbal suffix *-ǝ (the latter tends to be dropped in the majority of dialects, causing change of the final consonants). [Minoura 1997] is apparently based on the Scottie Creek dialect (the tonal forms are kʼà- and =ìː=), but the described system should be common for the Upper Tanana varieties, because Minoura does not mention dialectal discrepancies. In [Milanowski 2009: 19, 81], the Tetlin negative particle is quoted in two variants: kʼa- and kʼa-tʼey-.
The aforementioned negative construction competes with the less frequently used negative construction: proclitic làh + enclitic -àʔ [Minoura 1997: 191-192].
Besides, there exists a specific “negative-descriptive” prefix cʼ-, attested in such verbal stems as cʼ=...=t=ndiːk 'do not know' from =t=nãy̥ ‘to know’ [Milanowski 2009: 49, 99] or cʼ=...=l=kãy 'to taste bad’ from =l=kãy ‘to taste good’ [Milanowski 2009: 45].
Prohibitive is formed with the particle sõʔ [Milanowski 2009: 22, 81].
Lower Tanana (Minto):=ã6
Kari 1994: 3; Urschel 2006: 39-40. According to [Urschel 2006], negation of assertion is normally expressed by the combination of the verbal enclitic/suffix -ã (tonal: -ã̌, sporadically denasalizes: -a) + one of the two prefixes: -ð- in non-perfective (i.e., imperfective active, future, optative, progressive) forms or -i- in other forms (i.e., perfective active, perfective stative, imperfective stative).
Additionally, the enclitic -ã may combine with a specific negative prefix ʼ- which is glossed as 'negative descriptive, pejorative' in [Kari 1994: 3, 280]. It is attested in such verbal stems as ʼ=...=kʊt-ã 'to be blunt, stubby, dull' from =kat / =kʊt 'to stab, spear, poke, prick, lance obj with pointed instrument' [Kari 1994: 107] or ʼ=...=t=nik-ã 'do not know (information, song, story)' from =t=nik 'to know (information, song, story)' [Kari 1994: 216], etc.
It should be noted that simple -ã does not obligatorily express negation of assertion, but may occasionally mark negative dimensional adjectives such as cʰǝƛʼ-ã 'small', ti=cʼak-ã 'narrow', =kʊc-ã '(to be) short' etc.
Prohibitive is formed with the particle ʂuʔu [Kari 1994: 356].
Central Carrier:ɬ-7
Poser 2011b: 26.
The Central Carrier system of negation has not yet been described in detail, but it can be seen from the paradigms in [Poser 2011b: 26] that verbal negation of assertion is expressed by the prefix ɬ=. Additionally, the prefix =z= is used in imperfective, future, and optative forms. In imperfective and optative, ɬ=...=z= is supplemented with the suffix -*V, an etymological and morphophonological unit, phonetically realized as zero, but causing the voicing of root final fricatives (i.e., -ɬ > -l and so on in the old intervocalic position).
There is also a special participial form ʔaw 'not' which is used for non-verb negation or for emphatic verb negation: "if placed immediately before the verb ʔaw is merely emphatic, and if emphasis is not desired, is omitted. However, if something other than the verb is to be brought within the scope of negation, ʔaw is obligatory and must precede whatever is negated" [Poser 1998/2013: 31]
Prohibitive is expressed by the particle čʌnih + optative [Poser 1998/2013: 207] or by the particle iloh + imperative [Poser 1998/2013: 203].
Koyukon:=aː ~ =ǝ6
Jetté & Jones 2000: 5; Thompson 1977: 29.
According to [Thompson 1977: 29-31], negation of assertion is normally expressed by the combination of the verbal suffix -aː + one of the two prefixes: -lǝ- in non-perfective (i.e., imperfective and progressive) forms or -iː- in perfective. As noted in [Jetté & Jones 2000: 5], suffixal -aː can be reduced > -ǝ (with -ǝ being even more common).
Additionally, the suffix -ǝ may combine with the specific negative prefix cʼǝ- which is glossed as 'pejorative, negative, lacking' in [Jetté & Jones 2000: 660]. It is attested in such verbal stems as cʼǝ=...=t=niːk-ǝ ' do not know' from =t=nǝy̥ 'to know', cʼǝ=t=qʰun-ǝ 'to be without a husband' from =qʰunʔ 'husband', etc. The full variant of this pejorative morpheme cʼoː- 'bad, evil, difficulty' is used as the incorporated root or the first element of compounds [Jetté & Jones 2000: 672].
The suffix -ǝ alone is lexicalized in several verbs, where it emphasizes small dimensions, e.g., =kuc-ǝ 'to be small', =cʼaːq-ǝ 'to be narrow' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 5].
Prohibitive is expressed by the enclitic/suffix -yu ~ -yuː + optative [Jetté & Jones 2000: 719; Thompson 1977: 29].
Degexit'an:ð- ~ θ-3
Taff et al. 2007; Hargus 2000. Browsing through [Taff et al. 2007; Hargus 2000] suggests that negation of assertion is expressed by the suffix *-V, which is an etymological and morphophonological unit, phonetically realized as a zero, but causing the voicing of root final consonants (i.e., -ɬ > -l, -n̥ > -n, etc. in the old intervocalic position). Additionally, the prefix ð- ~ -θ- is also used (apparently it is restricted to non-perfective forms, just like the related -lǝ- in Koyukon), as well as the enclitic particle cʼǝnʔ. Cf. non-perfective: t=aː=ʂ=oː=tʼ=eː-ɬ 'we will do (it)' / t=aː=ʂ=ǝ=θ=tʼ=eː-lcʼǝnʔ 'we won't do (it)' [Hargus 2000: 10], ntaːʒ t=aː=tʰ=oː=nǝɬ 'What (ntaːʒ) will he say?' / tǝ=t=eː=neːl cʼǝnʔ 'he didn't say' [Hargus 2000: 14].
We treat -р-/-и- and cʼǝnʔ as synonyms.
Prohibitive exponents are not documented properly.
Sarsi:tú1
Cook 1984: 51. Glossed as 'not' by Cook. Browsing through the texts in [Goddard 1915] suggests that the verbal proclitic tú is the most common way to express negation of assertion.
Another negative exponent is the verbal prefix/proclitic cʼà, attested in some examples [Cook 1984: 182].
There is also a particle cʰá, glossed as 'no' in [Cook 1984: 51] (with the example: "It wasn't water").
Prohibitive is expressed by -ɬ in the suffix chain -ì-kù-ɬ, where -kù is the optative exponent [Cook 1984: 37].
Number:62
Word:not
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:z-3
Boraas 2010: 86-89.
Inland Tanaina:z-3
Tenenbaum 1978: 112-114; Holton et al. 2004: 32.
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:ʔe=leʔ7
Kari 1990: 276.
Lower Ahtena: ʔe=leʔ [Kari 1990: 276].
Western Ahtena: liʔi [Kari 1990: 276]. Instead of liʔi, younger speakers of the Cantwell subdialects can use the particle kʼʸeyeʔ of unclear origin [Kari 1990: 126].
Li 1930: 134. Quoted by Li as lˈaihaʔ - probably a typo, since l- in the initial position should not occur in Mattole. Historically ɬai-haʔ, although the element -haʔ is unclear: cf. the enclitic particle -haʔ, probably with the emphatic function [Li 1930: 136].
Bear River dialect: ɬaihaʔ 'one' [Goddard 1929: 318].
Kato:ɬahaʔ1
Goddard 1912: 36; Curtis 1924: 205.
Taldash Galice:ɬaʔ1
Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:cʼǝɬ-1
Kari 2007: 322.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:cʼǝɬ-1
Kari 2007: 322.
Inland Tanaina:cʼǝɬ-1
Kari 2007: 322; Wassillie 1979: 70.
Iliamna Tanaina:cʼǝɬ-1
Kari 2007: 322.
Common Tanaina notes:
Forms of the numeral '1' generally coincide in all the dialects: cʼǝɬ-qʼi '1' applied to things, cʼiɬ-tʼan '1' applied to humans, cʼiɬ (Upper Inlet also cʼiɬ-ti)multiplicative 'once'.
Central Ahtena:cʼeɬ-qʼey1
Kari 1990: 416, 562, 634; Kari & Buck 1975: 99; Smelcer 2010: 102. In [Kari 1990: 634], quoted as cʼiɬ-qʼey - a typo.
Western Ahtena: cʼeɬ-qʼey [Kari 1990: 416, 562, 634]. In [Kari 1990: 634], quoted as cʼiɬ-qʼey - a typo.
Mentasta Ahtena:cʼeɬ-qʼey1
Kari 1990: 416, 562, 634; Kari & Buck 1975: 99; Smelcer 2010: 102.
Common Ahtena notes:
The form cʼeɬ-qʼey / cʼaɬ-qʼey is applicable to things and animals. Cf. the forms of the numeral 'one' with other suffixes (no dialectal difference): cʼiɬ-ʁan applicable to persons; cʼiɬ-ten applicable to times and places; cʼiɬ-ʁu-χu applicable to ways [Kari 1990: 634].
Dogrib:ĩ́=ɬè1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 53, 194. The initial morpheme ĩ́- is unclear.
According to the description in [Rice 1989: 376-377] and available examples, Hare possesses two cardinal numerals for '1', líkì and lá-tʼè, and two cardinal numerals for '2', rákʰiè and ʔõ̀=kʰè-tʼè.
In preposition to the counted noun, the forms líkì '1' and rákʰiè '2' are used.
In postposition, lá-tʼè '1' is normally used; cf. some examples with animate and non-animate nouns: "One kid ran around all night" [Rice 1978: 285], "I netted only one fish" [Rice 1978: 370], "I measured one piece of wood" [Rice 1978: 229], whereas líkì '1' has the specific meaning 'one of the'. The situation with cardinal '2' is slightly different: both rákʰiè '2' and ʔõ̀=kʰè-tʼè '2' can be used postpositionally, and the difference between two numerals is not described.
The semantic opposition between the constructions numeral + noun and noun + numeral is such that the noun designates a less concrete object in the former case [Rice 1989: 377].
Final -tʼè / -tʼiè is the verb 'there are number' [Rice 1989: 383, 385]. Further analysis of líkì '1' and lá-tʼè '1' is less evident, apparently the forms are cognate to each other representing various results of reanalysis of the proto-stem. It is proposed in [Rice 1989: 376] that the first element of lá-tʼè '1' is possr=lá-ʔ 'hand' q.v., but this solution is typologically not likely and also does not explain the high tone in lá-tʼè.
Tanacross:cʼéhɬêg1
Arnold et al. 2009: 188; Holton 2000: 345; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 21; McRoy 1973: 16; Shinen 1958: 18.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):cʼehɬaɣŋ1
Milanowski 2009: 80.
Northway: cʼehɬeɣŋ 'one' [Milanowski 2007: 13].
Scottie Creek: cʼèhɬik 'one' [John 1997: 52].
Lower Tanana (Minto):cʼiɬkʼ-i1
Kari 1994: 301; Tuttle 2009: 148; Frank et al. 1988: 34. Applicable to things; cʼiɬkʼ-ǝn̥ is applicable to humans.
Central Carrier:ʔi=ɬo1
Poser 1998/2013: 35, 1284; Antoine et al. 1974: 396. The initial morpheme ʔi- is unclear. ʔiɬo is the generic form. Cf. other forms applicable to various objects: human & locative ʔiɬo-ɣʌn, multiplicative ʔiɬo-h, abstract ʔiɬo-xʷ.
Koyukon:kʼiːɬ-ǝqʼ-iː1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 309, 391, 812; Jones 1978: 113. Applicable to things; kʼiːɬ-ǝqʼ-aːn̥ ~ kʼiːɬ-ǝqʼ-ǝn̥ is applicable to humans. Cf. kʼiːɬ-tǝn̥ 'once', kʼiːɬ-χu 'in one direction' and other adverbs based on the synchronic root kʼiːɬ- 'one, single' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 309].
Degexit'an:kǝɬ-ǝq-ǝ ~ kǝɬ-ǝq1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 52. Applicable to things and animals; kǝɬ-ǝq-ǝn̥ is applicable to humans (both men and women); keːɬ-ǝχ ~ keːɬ-ǝχ-tǝ is applicable to places and also means 'once' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 52; Chapman 1914: 229].
Sapir & Golla 2001: 805; Golla 1996: 71. Polysemy: 'person / people / Indians'. Literally 'acorn eater', from the word kʼʸi-win-yaʔn 'acorn' - literally '(what) someone eats' with =yaːn 'to eat' - and the same verb =yaːn 'to eat' q.v.
Mattole:kʷo=ni=s=tʼˈeʔ2
Li 1930: 130. Li quotes this nominalized verbal form as the collective term 'people (Indian)', although the Bear River gloss ko-ne-s-tʼe 'man' q.v. could point out that it can be used with the singulative meaning as well. Morphologically it looks like a deverbative from the verb =tʼeː or =tʼeʔ '?' (cf. =tʼeː 'to be of such sort' [Li 1930: 92] and the expression for 'man' q.v.: kaʔtʼˈeːn).
Cf. also the ethnonymical suffix -niː 'person' [Li 1930: 138].
Bear River dialect: not attested. Cf. ko-ne-s-tʼe, glossed in [Goddard 1929: 318] as 'man' (an error for 'person'?).
Kato:naneš ~ naneːš3
Goddard 1909: 119 No. 3, 130 No. 1. Polysemy: 'man [sg.] / person [sg.] / people [pl.]'. Further see notes on 'man'.
Taldash Galice:ta=teː4
Hoijer 1973: 54. Polysemy: 'person / Galice tribal name / relatives'. Originates from *=ta-i 'to sit', further see notes on 'man'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:qʰuχtʼan-a5
Kari 2007: 72, 353; Kari 1977: 88.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:qʰuχtʼan-a ~ qʰutʼan-a5
Kari 2007: 72, 353; Kari 1977: 88.
Inland Tanaina:qʰutʼan5
Kari 2007: 72, 353; Kari 1977: 88.
Iliamna Tanaina:qʰuχtʼan-a5
Kari 2007: 72, 353; Kari 1977: 88.
Common Tanaina notes:
Polysemy: 'man / person' in all the dialects. Further see notes on 'man'.
Western Ahtena: qʰohtʼeːn-e [Kari 1990: 87, 566; Kari & Buck 1975: 54].
Mentasta Ahtena:qʰohtʼeːn5
Kari 1990: 87, 566; Kari & Buck 1975: 54.
Common Ahtena notes:
Polysemy: 'man / person' in all the dialects. For the morphological analysis, see notes on 'man'. This seems to be the default term for person(s)' in Ahtena.
There is also a second term for 'person': teneː, which is glossed with polysemy: 'person / wealthy man, leader, chief' in [Kari 1990: 295]; the plural form 'people' is teneː-y ~ tʰneː-y (Central, Lower, Western) and teneː-y ʔiːn (Mentasta). For the morphological analysis te-neː cf. [Kari 1990: 147, 295].
Dogrib:tóné ~ tṍ6
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 20, 196; Marinakis et al. 2007: 163. tṍ is the reduced variant of tóné. Polysemy: 'man / person / people / Dene people'.
North Slavey (Hare):tènè6
Rice 1978: 45, 160. Polysemy: 'man / person / people'.
Distinct from the more specific term kʰohtʼiːn ~ tʼiːn, glossed as 'a person of a particular kind or from a particular place' [Milanowski 2009: 18, 26, 81] and probably ineligible for the status of the generic term for 'person' in Tetlin. The variant tʼiːn (only used as the second element of compounds?) looks like a secondary abbreviation of kʰohtʼiːn. The latter corresponds to Ahtena qʰohtʼeːne 'man / person', Tanaina qʰuχtʼan-a 'man / person' q.v. Tanana kʰohtʼiːn could be an Ahtena loanword.
Kari 1994: 12, 452. Glossed as 'person (of either sex), people, human, man, middle age person, Athabaskan person'. Pl.: kʰʌxtʼan-a-yi 'peoples'. To be analyzed in the same manner as Tanainaqʰuχtʼan, Ahtena qʰohtʼeːne 'man / person' (q.v.): literally kʰʌ-x-tʼ-an-a 'one who has territory' with the verb =tʼ=an̥ (< =t-ʔan) 'to have, possess' and -na 'pl. human relative suffix' [Kari 1994: 196] (the original plural form 'persons' has superseded the singular one); initial kʰʌ- is expected to be an areal object prefix 'area, place', although this morpheme is not quoted in [Kari 1994; Urschel 2006] as a morphological unit, which is why the whole term could actually be a loanword from a neighboring lect.
The second candidate is tǝna with polysemy: 'person / man' (q.v). We have to treat kʰʌxtʼan-a and tǝna as synonyms for 'person'.
Jetté & Jones 2000: 427, 976; Jones 1978: 118. Polysemy: 'man / person'.
Distinct from the collective term nǝn-qʰoː χo-tǝnaː-ʔ ~ nǝn-qʰoː tǝnaː-ʔ 'human beings, people, humanity' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 428], literally 'person(s) on surface of the earth' with nǝnʔ 'earth' (q.v.), qʰoː 'surface' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 334] and the areal prefix χo- [Jetté & Jones 2000: 266].
Degexit'an:tǝnaː6
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 29; Chapman 1914: 225. Polysemy: 'man / person'.
Distinct from the collective term ŋǝnʔ-qʰoːɢ χʊ-tǝnaː-ʔ 'human beings' [Kari 1978: 29], literally 'person(s) on surface of the earth' with ŋǝnʔ 'ground, world' q.v. and qʰoːɢ 'covering' [Taff et al. 2007].
Sarsi:tìná6
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 72; Hoijer 1956: 222. Polysemy: 'man / person / eyeball, pupil of the eye'.
Number:64
Word:person
Hupa:
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:
Mentasta Ahtena:
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):
Tanacross:
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):tǝna ~ tǝnǝh6
Kari 1994: 196.
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:
Number:65
Word:rain
Hupa:naː=n=ya-y1
Golla 1996: 77. Not found in [Sapir & Golla 2001]. Polysemy: 'rain (subst.) / it's raining'. A descriptive formation with the directional prefix naː- 'down from vertically above' [Golla 1970: 125] and the verbal root =yaː 'to move somewhere' (for which see notes on 'come' & 'go').
The old root for 'rain' is retained in kʰʸaŋ-kʰʸoh 'hailstorm' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 757] with the augmentative suffix -kʰʸoh (for which see notes on 'big').
Mattole:=tiɣ2
Li 1930: 86. Verbal stem with the meaning 'to rain': =teh < *=tex [imperf.] / =tiɣ < *=tex-i [perf.]. Li does not quote any nominal forms for 'rain'; apparently, the default expressions for 'rain' are based on the aforementioned verb.
Bear River dialect: the old nominal root čʰa=kʰˈon ~ ča=kʰon-e 'rain' [Goddard 1929: 319] is retained (the first element is not entirely clear). A second word for 'rain', quoted in [Goddard 1929: 319], is an unclear čʰa=kʰal.
Kato:tʰǝ=t=pǝl ~ tʰǝ=t=pǝɬ3
Goddard 1909: 74 No. 4, 93 No. 5; Curtis 1924: 205. Literally 'it falls, it sprinkles' from the verb =pǝɬ < *=pil [light imperf.] / =pǝl < *=pil-i [heavy imperf.] / =piːlʔ < *=pil-ʔ-i [heavy perf.] 'to fall (pl. subj.), fall in drops' [Goddard 1912: 68].
Taldash Galice:naː=yaː1
Hoijer 1973: 55; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. In [Hoijer 1956], quoted as na=i=yaː. Literally 'it moves down' (=yaː 'to move, go' [Hoijer 1973: 69]), a good match to the Hupa form naː=n=ya-y 'rain'.
In [Hoijer 1973: 69], specific paradigmatic forms of =yaː 'to move, go' q.v. are treated as a separate verb for 'to rain': =ya-š [imperf.] / =ya-ʔ [perf.].
Upper Inlet Tanaina:kʰun4
Kari 2007: 152, 356; Kari 1977: 138.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:kʰun4
Kari 2007: 152, 356; Kari 1977: 138.
Inland Tanaina:kʰun4
Kari 2007: 152, 356; Kari 1977: 138.
Iliamna Tanaina:kʰun4
Kari 2007: 152, 356; Kari 1977: 138.
Common Tanaina notes:
Also attested as the verb =ɬ=kʰun 'to rain' (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 152; Wassillie 1979: 79].
Central Ahtena:kʰʸaːn4
Kari 1990: 110, 574; Kari & Buck 1975: 89; Smelcer 2010: 127.
Western Ahtena: kʰʸaːn [Kari 1990: 110, 574; Kari & Buck 1975: 89; Smelcer 2010: 127].
Mentasta Ahtena:kʰʸãː4
Kari 1990: 110, 574; Kari & Buck 1975: 89; Smelcer 2010: 127.
Common Ahtena notes:
In [Smelcer 2010: 127], erroneously quoted as kʰʸan. Also attested as the verb =ɬ=kʰʸaːn 'to rain' (all dialects, Mentasta =ɬ=kʰʸãː) [Kari 1990: 110].
Rice 1978: 93, 165; Hoijer 1956: 222. Hoijer quotes the 19th c. archaic variant čõ. The verbal meaning 'to rain' is expressed analytically: šõ̀ tè=lè, lit. 'rains falls' [Rice 1978: 444, 529].
Tanacross:čʰãː4
Arnold et al. 2009: 209; Holton 2000: 346; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 12. In [Holton 2000], transcribed as čʰàːn. Also functions as the verb =h=čʰãː 'to rain' [Arnold et al. 2009: 209; Holton 2000: 351; McRoy 1973: 6; Shinen 1958: 13].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):čʰãː ~ čʰãː tʰu-ʔ4
Milanowski 2009: 12, 79. The full collocation čʰãː tʰu-ʔ literally means 'water of čʰãː'. Also functions as the verb =h=čʰãː 'to rain' [Milanowski 2009: 39].
Golla 1996: 78. Not found in [Sapir & Golla 2001]. As noted by Golla, a contraction from cʰeː-lin ne-h-waːn, literally cʰeː=lin 'blood' q.v. + 'it resembles' [Golla 1996: 78; Golla 1970: 63].
Mattole:=čʰiːč2
Li 1930: 116. Verbal root 'to be red'. Cf. the full form ɬi=čʰˈiːč '(it is) red' (for the adjectival prefix ɬi- see [Li 1930: 64]).
Bear River dialect: not attested.
Kato:ɬ=čʰiːk2
Goddard 1912: 28; Curtis 1924: 203. An adjective-like deverbal form. Polysemy: 'red / yellow' (the meaning 'yellow' is only quoted in [Curtis 1924]).
Distinct from the verb =čʰiːʔ, which is glossed in [Goddard 1912: 74] with polysemy: 'to be red / to dawn', although browsing through [Goddard 1909] suggests that its only meaning seems to be 'to dawn'.
Taldash Galice:=sit3
Hoijer 1973: 70; Landar 1977: 295. Verbal root: 'to be red'. The adjectival form is ɬ=sit.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:=l=tǝl4
Kari 2007: 319, 320, 356; Kari 1977: 253.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=l=tǝl4
Kari 2007: 319, 320, 356; Kari 1977: 253.
Inland Tanaina:=tǝl4
Kari 2007: 319, 320, 356; Kari 1977: 253; Wassillie 1979: 80.
Iliamna Tanaina:=l=tǝl4
Kari 2007: 319, 320, 356; Kari 1977: 253.
Common Tanaina notes:
Verbal stem: 'to be red', based on the substantive tǝl 'blood' q.v.
Central Ahtena:=l=tel4
Kari 1990: 148, 576; Kari & Buck 1975: 103; Smelcer 2010: 60.
Rice 1978: 14, 416, 529; Rice 1989: 10. Verbal form 'it is red', eventually based on the substantive poss=tél-éʔ 'blood' q.v.; initial tè- is the adjectival prefix [Rice 1989: 617], for the desemanticized verbal suffix -e see[Rice 1989: 816].
Distinct from more specific sìh 'red ashes from driftwood / vermillion (adj.)' [Rice 1978: 90] (in [Hoijer 1956: 222], it is quoted as the basic term for 'red').
Tanacross:t=è=l=tʼèɬ6
Arnold et al. 2009: 212; Holton 2000: 178, 351; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 22; McRoy 1973: 16; Shinen 1958: 18. The verb =l=tʼèɬ 'to be red' with the adjectival/gender exponent t= [Holton 2000: 237 ff.].
Distinct from phonetically similar tèɬ 'blood' q.v.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):t=e=l=tʼal6
Milanowski 2009: 15, 72. Formed from the verb =l=tʼaɬ 'to be red'.
Northway: t=e=l=tʼal '(it is) red' [Milanowski 2007: 15] (quoted with a typo).
Kari 1994: 166, 463; Tuttle 2009: 162. Verbal stem: 'to be red', also functions as the noun-like adjective kʼǝʐ-aʔ 'red'. Derived from the substantive kʼǝʂ 'thin leaf alder, red alder' [Kari 1994: 166].
The second candidate is the rarely used verb =l=tǝl 'to be red' [Kari 1994: 68] from tǝɬ 'blood' q.v.
Central Carrier:=l=kʼʌn7
Poser 1998/2013: 865, 1221, 1256; Poser 2011a: 169; Antoine et al. 1974: 88, 325. Verbal stem: 'to be red'.
Koyukon:=t=qʼǝs5
Jetté & Jones 2000: 358, 989; Jones 1978: 129. Glossed as 'to be red, reddish, orange, rust-colored'. Also functions as the noun-like adjective qʼǝz-ǝʔ 'red' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 359]. Derived from the substantive qʼǝs 'alder' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 357].
In the Upper dialect, it competes with the more marginal verb =l=tǝɬ 'be red, be blood-red, be bloody' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 131] from tǝɬ 'blood' q.v.
Degexit'an:=qʼǝʂ ~ =qʼǝʐ5
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 55; Kari 1976: 43; Chapman 1914: 230. Verbal stem: 'to be red'.
Sarsi:=V=kʼáːz5
Li 1930b: 22; Hoijer 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 166. Verbal stem: 'to be red'.
Li 1930: 128, 148 sub No. 84. Glossed as 'road, trail'. The final element -ŋ is unclear. There is another attested variant: tiniŋ 'road' [Li 1930: 148 sub No. 84], phonetically obscure.
Bear River dialect: tʰena ~ tʰanːa 'road' [Goddard 1929: 319].
Kato:tʰǝnːiː1
Goddard 1912: 32, 120.
Taldash Galice:tʰateː1
Hoijer 1973: 54; Hoijer 1956: 223. Glossed as 'road, trail'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:tʰǝn1
Kari 2007: 234, 356; Kari 1977: 230. Possessed: possr=tʰǝn ~ possr=tʰǝn-a.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:tʰǝn1
Kari 2007: 234, 356; Kari 1977: 230. Possessed: possr=tʰǝn ~ possr=tʰǝn-ʔa.
Inland Tanaina:tʰǝn1
Kari 2007: 234, 356; Kari 1977: 230. Possessed: possr=tʰǝn ~ possr=tʰǝn-a.
Iliamna Tanaina:tʰǝn1
Kari 2007: 234, 356; Kari 1977: 230. Possessed: possr=tʰǝn ~ possr=tʰǝn-ʔa.
Common Tanaina notes:
In [Kari 2007: 234], tʰǝn is glossed as 'trail, road, path, animal trail' for all the dialects.
The second term, quoted in [Kari 2007: 234] for the meaning 'trail, road, path', is the descriptive formation tʰi=n=i=tʰun with the classificatory verb =tʰun 'to handle a long rigid object or an empty container' [Tenenbaum 1978: 136; Boraas 2010: 62, 118], where tʰi= can be the directional adverbial prefix 'out of a house or dwelling' [Tenenbaum 1978: 185; Boraas 2010: 129].
Central Ahtena:tʰene1
Kari 1990: 333, 579; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98.
Western Ahtena: tʰene [Kari 1990: 333, 579; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98].
Mentasta Ahtena:tʰen1
Kari 1990: 333, 579; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98. Regular reduction of final -e.
Common Ahtena notes:
Glossed as 'trail, road'. Cf. the cognate verb =l=tʰen 'to have a trail; to make a trip on a trail' [Kari 1990: 333].
Dogrib:tʰĩ́-lí1
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 97, 204. The second morpheme -lí is unclear. Glossed with polysemy: 'road / path / trail'. This is the default expression for 'road' as follows from numerous instances: "When it's slippery, they put gravel on the road" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 6], "He was by chance walking back on the road" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 12], "He walked by on the other side of the road" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 37], "The road is slippery because it rained a lot" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 42 ], "He is travelling on the road" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 73], "A road runs to Whati", "Long ago the road didn't extend to Yellowknife" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 81], "Evidently they made a road across the lake" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 85], "The road is crooked" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 118], "And so the bus drove off the road" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 130], "A truck went over the road" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 130].
The second candidate is kʼèlìː or é=kʼèlìː-kʼè (with possessive é= 'its' and the postposition -kʼè 'place of'), glossed as 'path, road' in [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 62]. It is a much more rare term, no examples have been found.
North Slavey (Hare):kiè2
Rice 1978: 56, 166. The possessed form is possr=kiér-éʔ [Rice 1989: 213] (apparently not possr=kír-éʔ). Glossed simply as 'road', cf. the attested examples: "The road is narrow" [Rice 1978: 260], "We followed an old road" [Rice 1978: 561], "we found him walking back along the road" [Rice 1989: 1227].
Distinct from more specific tʰõ̀-lù 'large road' [Rice 1978: 97] with the example "A tree fell across the road" [Rice 1978: 321]. Final -lù is an unclear element; formally it can be the attributive 'round' (see [Rice 1989: 244] for South Slavey -lú 'round'), a suffixless cognate to the verb =lùl-è 'to be round 3D' q.v.
Distinct from tʰènè 'path' [Rice 1978: 96, 159]. The words tʰõ̀-lù 'large road' and tʰènè 'path' are cognate.
Tanacross:tʰẽy1
Arnold et al. 2009: 217, 274; Holton 2000: 348; Shinen 1958: 13. Polysemy: 'trail / road / path'.
Distinct from ndiːɣŋ 'way, route' [Milanowski 2009: 22].
Northway: tʰãy 'road' [Milanowski 2007: 15].
Lower Tanana (Minto):tʰǝna1
Kari 1994: 234, 465; Tuttle 2009: 165. Glossed as 'trail, road, path'.
Central Carrier:tʰi1
Poser 1998/2013: 463, 874; Poser 2011a: 174; Antoine et al. 1974: 217, 326. Glossed as 'trail, road, path'.
Koyukon:tʰǝnǝ1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 513, 993; Jones 1978: 133. Glossed as 'trail, path, road'.
Degexit'an:tʰǝŋ1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 87. Polysemy: 'road / trail'.
Sarsi:tʰìnɒ̀ ~ tʰìnà1
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 70; Cook 1984: 215. Briefly glossed as 'path' in the sources. Note that in [Hoijer 1956: 223], an unclear Sarsi form ástì- is quoted in the Swadesh meaning 'path'.
Number:68
Word:root
Hupa:qat1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 753; Golla 1996: 80; Golla 1964: 116. In [Golla 1996], quoted as qut. Glossed as 'tree roots (esp. willow)' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 753; Golla 1964: 116] and more narrowly 'the long tubular root of the willow, used in basketry' [Golla 1996: 80]. Cf. the following examples: "He picked up a willow (qʼayliʍ) root (qut)" [Goddard 1904: 197], "There he saw alder (qʼiʍ) roots (qut) projecting into the water" [Goddard 1904: 341, 344].
Distinct from the more specific term xay 'the roots of a conifer (esp. pine or spruce roots)' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 799; Golla 1996: 80; Golla 1964: 115]. Examples are: "On the fire I throw small roots, so that they may get cooked" [Golla 1970: 271], "I make a cut along the lengths of the roots I brought" [Golla 1970: 306].
A third candidate is possr=xaːčʼ-eʔ, glossed as 'clumped roots, (tree's) stump' in [Sapir & Golla 2001: 797; Golla 1996: 92; Golla 1964: 115]. An example: "The scabby one took a Tan oak and split it to its roots with his hands" [Goddard 1904: 210, 213]. The same word is used in the expression for 'angelica, sweet anise, incense root': mi-xaːčʼ-eʔ xo-leːn, literally 'its-roots are-plenty' [Golla 1996: 4; Goddard 1904: 227]. It seems that possr=xaːčʼ-eʔ displays the specific collective meaning 'roots'; therefore, we exclude =xaːčʼ- from the list.
Mattole:possr=kʰˈat-eʔ1
Li 1930: 130. Quoted as ʔi=kʰˈat-eʔ with the indefinite possessive pronoun ʔi-, for which see notes on 'meat'. Cf. the non-possessed variant kʰaʔ in kʰaʔ payˈeh 'under the roots' [Li 1930: 135, 149 sub No. 93]; this form is not clear, because the normal development for the final position is -t > -h, not -t > -ʔ [Li 1930: 20].
Bear River dialect: not attested reliably.
Kato:
Not attested.
Taldash Galice:
Not attested.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:possr=qacʼ-a2
Kari 2007: 62, 356.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:possr=qacʼ-a2
Kari 2007: 62, 356.
Inland Tanaina:possr=qacʼ-a2
Kari 2007: 62, 356.
Iliamna Tanaina:possr=qacʼ-a2
Kari 2007: 62, 356.
Common Tanaina notes:
possr=qacʼ-a is glossed as 'primary tree roots, large roots' in [Kari 2007: 62] and inaccurately as 'secondary roots' in [Kari 1977: 76].
Cf. the morphophonological variant =qas without the izafet suffix: tkʰǝn qas 'roots of birch, alder, or willow', literally 'wood roots' (all dialects) [Kari 2007: 62; Kari 1977: 76].
Central Ahtena:possr=kʰʸen-eʔ3
Kari 1990: 113, 579; Kari & Buck 1975: 31; Smelcer 2010: 107.
Western Ahtena: possr=kʰʸen-eʔ [Kari 1990: 113, 579; Kari & Buck 1975: 31; Smelcer 2010: 107].
Mentasta Ahtena:possr=kʰʸen-ʔ3
Kari 1990: 113, 579; Kari & Buck 1975: 31; Smelcer 2010: 107.
Common Ahtena notes:
The basic meaning of kʰʸen is 'base', hence the polysemy: 'base, lower part / flat level surface, open ground, tundra, meadow / stump / root / chopping block'. This word is quoted as the generic term for 'root' in [Kari & Buck 1975; Smelcer 2010].
Distinct from possr=ʁah-te(-)ʔ 'main root of tree' (all dialects; an unclear compound) [Kari 1990: 210] and χay (all dialects; Mentasta χey) 'spruce root' [Kari 1990: 212].
Dogrib:xóh4
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121, 205. Glossed simply as 'root' with the example "When it's summer lots of roots grow". The synonym is the compound xó-čʰĩ̀ː 'root' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 121], literally 'čʰĩ́ of root' with -čʰĩ́ 'tree, bush, log, twig, stick', see notes on 'tree'.
North Slavey (Hare):xài4
Rice 1978: 108, 167.
Tanacross:xèy̥4
Arnold et al. 2009: 218; Holton 2000: 347; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 9; McRoy 1973: 5; Shinen 1958: 13. Usually glossed as 'spruce roots', but actually the word looks like a generic term, cf. the collocation for 'willow roots': kʼẽ́y x̬êyː-ʔ, literally 'xèy̥ of willow' [Arnold et al. 2009: 218].
Distinct from cʰàːθ 'edible root (carrot, Indian potato, potato)' [Arnold et al. 2009: 218; Brean & Milanowski 1979: 9].
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):xay̥4
Milanowski 2009: 28, 82.
Distinct from cʰɯː 'edible root' [Milanowski 2009: 25, 82].
Kari 1994: 109, 465; Tuttle 2009: 166. Polysemy: 'root / willow root'. A form from the verb =kaθ [imperf.] / =katθ [perf.] 'to twist, wring'; initial xʊ= is the area gender prefix [Kari 1994: 135]. Cf. the noun katθ 'main spruce root' [Kari 1994: 109].
Distinct from xʊy̥ 'spruce root, tree roots' [Kari 1994: 140], which is apparently more rare.
Distinct from čʼǝ=ɣʌc-aʔ 'tree trunk and roots' [Kari 1994: 134] (čʼǝ= is the indefinite possessive pronoun).
Central Carrier:possr=ɣih4
Poser 1998/2013: 159, 876; Poser 2011a: 174; Antoine et al. 1974: 24, 326.
Koyukon:possr=qaːƛ-ǝʔ2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 204, 994; Jones 1978: 133. Explained by Jetté as "General term applying to all roots except the fine radicles of the spruce (and other trees) which are specifically termed χoy̥". Cf. the possibly cognate verb =t=qǝƛ 'to be twisted, awry, out of alignment' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 207].
Distinct from χoy̥, glossed as 'spruce root, long thin tree roots' and specified as "The long slender roots of the spruce, used to sew together the birchbark pieces in making canoes ... [and] baskets" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 277].
Degexit'an:possr=qaːdᶞ2
Kari 1978: 17; Chapman 1914: 229. Glossed as 'tree roots' by Kari and simply as 'root' by Chapman. Cf. the attested examples: "She tore up spruces by the roots. In her rage, she broke down the trees also" [Chapman 1914: 129], "Then he happened to look toward the root [of the big drift-log lying in the edge of the water], and there were two masks hanging on it [...] He went to them; and when he reached them, he put out his hand to take them, when all at once the root vanished" [Chapman 1914: 172], "The earth shook, and soon afterward the door opened. You see they had put a big root against the door" [Chapman 1914: 176], "There he was all day, when the root that covered the smoke-hole slid aside, and a stunningly pretty woman in a fine marten-skin parka put her face down inside the hole. [...] Then she threw down the big root upon the hole, and turned away and vanished" [Chapman 1914: 178-179], "One morning his father placed a big root at the door for him, to exercise with" [Chapman 1914: 189].
It should be noted that the word possr=qaːdð is not found in [Taff et al. 2007].
The second candidate is χʊy̥, glossed in [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 17] simply as 'root(s)', but not found at all in [Chapman 1914]. The following examples are offered in [Taff et al. 2007]: "Willow root coiled basket or plate", "We're digging for roots", "My grandmother is going paddling for roots", "Edna is weaving a root basket".
Presumably the Degexit'an opposition between possr=qaːdð and χʊy̥ is the same as in Koyukon q.v.: possr=qaːdð is a generic term, whereas χʊy̥ denotes long slender roots used in handicraft.
Not attested. Cf. the verb =paːs 'to coil (a rope)' [Li 1930: 82], which corresponds to Hupa =maːcʼ.
Bear River dialect: čʰo=wol 'round' [Goddard 1929: 319], i.e., 'to be round' (not specified semantically).
Kato:=poːš2
Goddard 1912: 98, 158. Both of the attested examples in [Goddard 1909: 80 No. 1, 133 No. 3] point to the specific meaning 'to be round 3D'.
Taldash Galice:=paš2
Hoijer 1973: 63. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be round 3D / to roll (like a ball)'. No expression for 'round 2D' is documented.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested properly. The existence of the verbs =pucʼ 'to be round' and =l=ʁay 'to be round' is expected on the basis of the following documented collocations: kʼtʼun pucʼ-a 'quaking aspen, little cottonwood', lit. 'leaf-round' [Kari 2007: 50], na-ʁǝ-l-ʁay-i 'soup bowl', lit. 'one that is round' [Kari 2007: 268].
It must be noted that the aforementioned collocations point to the original meaning 'to be round 2D' for both =pucʼ and =ʁay.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Not attested properly. The existence of the verb =l=pǝs 'to be round 3D' is expected on the basis of the following documented collocation: cʰi-l-pǝs-i 'bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)', lit. 'round head' [Kari 2007: 29].
Inland Tanaina:=l=vicʼ2
Wassillie 1979: 83. Verbal root: 'to be round 3D'. Wassillie quotes the inflected form t=ʁǝ=l=vicʼ with the example "round ball".
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Common Tanaina notes:
Note the different shapes of the root: Upper Inlet =pucʼ, Outer Inlet =pǝs, Inland =vicʼ.
For =l=ʁaž cf. the cognate noun =ʁaž- 'egg' q.v.
Central Ahtena:=l=ciːt4
Kari 1990: 174, 580.
Lower Ahtena: =l=ciːt [Kari 1990: 174, 580].
Western Ahtena: =l=ciːt [Kari 1990: 174, 580].
Mentasta Ahtena:=l=ciːt4
Kari 1990: 174, 580.
Common Ahtena notes:
Verbal stem: 'to be round 3D'. Glossed by Kari as 'to be spherical, round, circular, concave, chubby'.
Dogrib:=ɣĩ̀-ã́ ~ =yĩ̀-ã́5
Saxon & Siemens 1996: 52, 205; Marinakis et al. 2007: 154, 156. Verbal root: 'to be round'. Final -á is the common diminutive suffix [Marinakis et al. 2007: 152 ff.]. -ɣĩ̀-ã́ ~ -yĩ̀-ã́ is also commonly used as a noun-like adjective (or a suffix) 'round' [Marinakis et al. 2007: 156]. It is unclear whether =ɣĩ̀-ã́ ~ =yĩ̀-ã́ means 'round 3D/2D' or only 'round 3D'. In [Marinakis et al. 2007: 154, 156], it is explicitly specified as 'round like a ball', i.e., 'round 3D', but the only found example "Her face is round" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 37] can suggest the additional meaning 'round 2D'. Because of nasalization, =ɣĩ̀-ã́ ~ =yĩ̀-ã́ 'round' seems unrelated to the noun possr=ɣè ~ possr=yè 'egg' q.v.
No specific expressions for 'round 2D' have been found in the available sources.
Cf. also the verbal root =mõ̀ː with unclear meaning, attested in the substantive écʼá=è=h=mõ̀ː ~ écʼá=è=mõ̀-ã́ 'circle, round' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 37; Siemens et al. 2007: 25]; initial écʼá- is the verbal spatial prefix 'in a circle' [Marinakis et al. 2007: 103].
North Slavey (Hare):=lùl-è6
Rice 1978: 261, 449, 531. For the desemanticized verbal suffix -e see[Rice 1989: 816].
There is a variety of verbs documented with the meaning 'to be round' in Hare:
1) =lùl-è with polysemy: 'to roll (trans., intrans.) / to be round 3D' [Rice 1978: 261, 449, 531] (glossed as 'round, spherical'). The attested examples are: "The teapot is round", "The wood is round" [Rice 1978: 261].
2) =ɣén-é with polysemy: 'to roll (trans., intrans.) / to be round 2D' [Rice 1978: 260, 435, 531] (glossed as 'round and flat'). The attested example is: "Give me the round plate" [Rice 1978: 260].
3) =kùl-è 'to be narrow and round' [Rice 1978: 259, 431, 531] with the example "The stick is long, round, and narrow" [Rice 1978: 259]. Apparently the meaning 'to be round in section' is meant.
4) =mén-é 'to be round 2D' [Rice 1978: 261, 453] (glossed as 'to be circular'), the example is: "The frame is round" [Rice 1978: 261]. Substantivized hĩ̀=mén-éʔ means 'circle' [Rice 1978: 62].
5) =kʼòl-è 'to be round' [Rice 1978: 261, 443, 531] with only one obscure example "The thread is big" [Rice 1978: 261], perhaps the meaning 'to be round in section' is meant;
6) =pàr-è 'to be rounded, curved' [Rice 1978: 257, 531], e.g., "The knife is rounded" [Rice 1978: 257].
Provisionally we fill the slot with =lùl-è 'round 3D' and =ɣén-é 'round 2D', although further corpus analysis is required.
Tanacross:=t=x̬èːs3
Arnold et al. 2009: 219; Holton 2000: 351. Verbal root: 'to be round 3D'. Cf. the cognate noun possr=x̬ěːz-ʔ 'egg' q.v.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):=t=xia3
Milanowski, p.c. Verbal root: 'to be round'. Milanowski's only example points to the meaning 'round 2D': cʼetxia tθʼaːɣn 'round dish'. Cf. the cognate noun possr=xia-ʔ 'egg' q.v.
Lower Tanana (Minto):=l=ɣaʂ3
Kari 1994: 123, 466. Verbal stem: 'to be round 3D'. Cf. the cognate noun possr=ɣaʐ-aʔ 'egg' q.v.
A second, probably more specific candidate is =l=cit, glossed as 'to be spherical, round, circular, concave, chubby' [Kari 1994: 104].
Central Carrier:=c̪ʼʌn7
Poser 1998/2013: 318, 876; Poser 2011a: 175; Antoine et al. 1974: 159, 326. Polysemy: 'to be round 3D / to be round 2D / to curl up". Cf. the examples: "The plate is round and flat", "The world is supposed to be round", "The dog is curled up by the fireplace" [Poser 1998/2013: 318].
May be the same verb as =c̪ʼʌn 'to be stiff, hard', thus in [Poser 1998/2013: 750, 1223, 1263].
Koyukon:=t=ʁǝs3
Jetté & Jones 2000: 235, 994. Polysemy: 'to be round 3D / to be fat, plump, lumpy'. Also functions as the noun-like adjective ʁǝs 'round 3D' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 236]. Cf. the cognate noun possr=ʁaːz-ǝʔ 'egg' q.v.
No expressions for 'round 2D' are documented reliably. Cf. the noun-like adjective qaːc ~ qaːc-ǝʔ, glossed as 'circular, spherical, solidly', with the example toːlǝl qaːc 'silver dollar', literally 'round, solid dollar' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 204]. The cognate verb =l=qaːc means 'to be wide-eyed, go having one's eyes open wide' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 204].
Degexit'an:kǝ=mǝθ2
Taff et al. 2007. Expressions for 'round' are poorly documented in available sources. The best candidate is kǝ=mǝθ, glossed as 'round on the outside' in [Taff et al. 2007] with the only example "I have a round bowl". Cf. the cognate verb =kǝ=mǝθ 'to roll' [Kari 1976: 18; Taff et al. 2007]. It is likely that kǝ=mǝθ is the Degexit'an expression for 'round 3D'.
The second candidate is the verb =ʁaːc 'to be spherical' [Kari 1976: 24], not found in other sources.
Cf. the verb =ŋǝð, translated as 'to be round' in the expression for 'bowl', literally 'round container' [Taff et al. 2007] and as 'to be round and deep inside' in the example "It is round and deep inside" [Taff et al. 2007]. Apparently, this is the same root as =ŋaːθ 'to be long', ŋǝθ 'long' q.v.
Li 1930b: 17; Cook 1984: 158. Not specified semantically, but apparently means 'to be round 3D'. Cf. the cognate verb =ɣáːl 'to roll (intr.)' [Li 1930b: 17; Cook 1984: 158].
Number:69
Word:round
Hupa:=maːcʼ2
Sapir & Golla 2001: 769; Golla 1996: 80. Verbal root with polysemy: 'to be round 2D / to coil (trans.), put in a circle' [Golla 1996: 19, 80].
Mattole:
Kato:
Taldash Galice:
Upper Inlet Tanaina:
Outer Inlet Tanaina:
Inland Tanaina:=l=ʁaž3
Wassillie 1979: 83; Tenenbaum 1978: 154. Tenenbaum's gloss 'it's spherical' implies the meaning 'to be round 3D', whereas Wassillie's example "the sun is round" can point to either 'to be round 3D' or 'to be round 2D'.
Iliamna Tanaina:
Central Ahtena:=l=paːcʼ2
Kari 1990: 99, 580.
Lower Ahtena: =l=paːcʼ [Kari 1990: 99, 580].
Western Ahtena: =l=paːcʼ [Kari 1990: 99, 580].
Mentasta Ahtena:=l=paːcʼ2
Kari 1990: 99, 580.
Common Ahtena notes:
Verbal stem: 'to be round 2D'. Polysemy: 'to roll, revolve, spin / to be round 2D, circular'. Paradigm =l=paːs [imperf.] / =l=paːcʼ [perf.]. In the meaning 'to be round', used with the l- or t-classifier.
Dogrib:
North Slavey (Hare):=ɣén-é5
Rice 1978: 260, 435, 531.
Tanacross:=l=màːtθ2
Arnold et al. 2009: 219. Verbal root: 'to be round 2D'.
Upper Tanana (Tetlin):
Lower Tanana (Minto):=bʌtθ ~ =l=bʌtθ2
Kari 1994: 40, 466. Verbal stem: 'to be round 2D'. The basic meaning of =l=bʌtθ is 'to roll, revolve, spin' [Kari 1994: 40].
Central Carrier:
Koyukon:
Degexit'an:
Sarsi:=mɒ̀ːz ~ =mɒ̀cʼ2
Li 1930b: 18. Not specified semantically, but apparently means 'to be round 2D'. Cf. the cognate verb =mɒ̀s [imperf.] / =mɒ́ːz ~ =mɒ́cʼ [perf.] 'to roll (intr., ring-like object)' [Li 1930b: 17].
Number:70
Word:sand
Hupa:ɬi=čʼiʍ1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 744, 766; Golla 1996: 29, 81; Golla 1964: 114. Polysemy: 'sand / sandy dirt / dust'. The second element of this form is possr=čʼiʍ-eʔ 'dust, particles of something' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 744; Golla 1996: 88], [Golla 1964: 114]. Initial ɬi= is not entirely clear (in [Sapir & Golla 2001: 766], this is treated as "thematic prefix in nouns"); it could be a reduced form of ɬeh- 'a sloppy object', which is singled out from the compounds ɬeh-č-maː 'blue clay', ɬeh-tʼeːtʼeʔ 'mud', ɬeh=qʼončʼ 'salt' q.v. [Sapir & Golla 2001: 765, Golla 1964: 117].
Mattole:ɬeːš2
Li 1930: 132.
Bear River dialect: ɬeš 'sand' [Goddard 1929: 320].
Kato:sai3
Goddard 1912: 20.
Distinct from ɬ=čʰǝš 'dust' [Goddard 1912: 16, 30], which corresponds to the Hupa term for 'sand' (with de-ejectivization čʰ < *čʼ).
Taldash Galice:sai3
Hoijer 1973: 58. However, in [Hoijer 1956: 223], the word for 'sand' is quoted as s=tai - an unclear form.
Distinct from ɬ=cʼas 'dirt / dust / cold ashes' [Hoijer 1973: 59], which corresponds to the Hupa and Kato terms for 'sand'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:suy3
Kari 2007: 146, 357; Kari 1977: 122.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:suɣ3
Kari 2007: 146, 357; Kari 1977: 122.
Inland Tanaina:suy3
Kari 2007: 146, 357; Kari 1977: 122; Wassillie 1979: 84.
Iliamna Tanaina:suɣi3
Kari 2007: 146, 357. In [Kari 1977: 122], quoted as suy.
Central Ahtena:saːs3
Kari 1990: 449, 581; Kari & Buck 1975: 81; Smelcer 2010: 98.
Poser 1998/2013: 440, 882; Poser 2011a: 177; Antoine et al. 1974: 208, 327.
Koyukon:ɬaːc2
Jetté & Jones 2000: 385, 996; Jones 1978: 136. Polysemy: 'dirt / soil / sand / dust / ashes / clay / mud / any granular substance'. This is quoted in [Jones 1978] as the default expression for 'sand'; browsing through available sources confirms this, cf. the examples: "She brought some sand in" [Jones 1978: 28], "Some sand fell" [Jones 1978: 58], "There is lots of sand" [Jones 1978: 136], "the place became invisible with sand (due to a storm)" 24], "sand went in my eyes again" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 488], "it digs sand" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 489], "sand was flying" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 508], "water filter", lit. "that in which liquid is drained from sand" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 649].
A second candidate is ɬoːy̥ 'sand, fine gravel' [Jetté & Jones 2000: 417] which is presumably more rare. Cf. the only found example: "he is walking (pushing) soft sand, fine gravel (which fills his tracks)" [Jetté & Jones 2000: 67].
Degexit'an:θoːy̥3
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 43.
Sarsi:cʰá-cìɬ4
Hoijer & Joël 1963: 74; Hoijer 1956: 223. Literally 'rough stones' with cʰá 'stone' q.v. and =cīɬ 'to be rough to the feel, like chapped hands' [Li 1930b: 23].
Number:71
Word:say
Hupa:=neː1
Sapir & Golla 2001: 775; Golla 1996: 81. Glossed as 'to say something, make noise, speak'. The perfective stem is =ne-ʔ < *=neː-ʔ.
Goddard 1912: 65. Polysemy: 'to say / to speak, talk'. Used in all grammatical persons.
Distinct from =yiːš 'to speak, talk', used in 1-2 person only [Goddard 1912: 62].
Taldash Galice:=tat2
Hoijer 1973: 64; Hoijer 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Suppletive verb =tat [imperf.] / =ni ~ =niy-a [perf.] with polysemy: 'to say / to tell, speak'.
Upper Inlet Tanaina:=ni1
Lovick 2005: 31 ex. 1.27a, 44 ex. 2.5c, etc. Polysemy: 'to say / to call'.
Outer Inlet Tanaina:=ni1
Boraas 2010: 56-58. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell / to deem / to call'.
Inland Tanaina:=ni1
Wassillie 1979: 85; Lovick 2005: 25 ex. 1.18. At least synchronically distinct from the verbs =nax [imperf.] / =nak [perf.] 'to speak; to talk' [Wassillie 1979: 93, 100] and =l=nǝk 'to tell' [Wassillie 1979: 101].
Iliamna Tanaina:
Not attested.
Central Ahtena:=niː1
Kari 1990: 304, 582.
Lower Ahtena: =niː [Kari 1990: 304, 582].
Western Ahtena: =niː [Kari 1990: 304, 582].
Mentasta Ahtena:=niː1
Kari 1990: 304, 582.
Common Ahtena notes:
Paradigm: =niː [imperf.] / =ne-ʔ [perf.]. Generic verb of speech with polysemy: 'to say / to think'.
Distinct from qʰ=...=yeː- 'to talk, speak', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1990: 424, 685] and hne=...=t=l=ʁaːs 'to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1990: 206].
As noted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996: xi], this is actually a suppletive verb with the root =sĩ́ used in the 1st p. sg. and the root =(n)tí elsewhere. Cf. á=tí 'he said it' vs. á=éh=sĩ́ 'I said it' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 3, 4].
Kari 1994: 206-207, 468; Tuttle 2009: 171. Paradigm: =ni ~ =ti [imperf.] / =ni-ʔ ~ =ti-ʔ [perf.]. The variant =ni is used for 1 & 2 p. sg., =ti for pl. For 3 p. sg. either =ni or =ti can be used, as may be seen from the data in [Kari 1994: 206-207].
Distinct from the verbs for 'to talk, speak': x=...=ya-y̥ [imperf.] / x=...=yʌ-ʔ [perf.] used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1994: 335, 481], kʰǝna=...=t=l=ɣʌʂ used with pl. subj. [Kari 1994: 133, 481].
Central Carrier:=ni1
Poser 1998/2013: 884, 1222, 1259; Poser 2011a: 179; Antoine et al. 1974: 327. Paradigm: =ni [imperf.] / =ni-ʔ [perf.] / =ni-h [customary]. Polysemy: 'to say / to sound'.
Distinct from =ɬ=tʌk 'to speak' [Poser 1998/2013: 923, 1219, 1251].
Koyukon:=niː1
Jetté & Jones 2000: 436, 997; Jones 1978: 136. Paradigm: =niː [imperf.] / =niː-ʔ [perf.]. Also used with the "classifier" ɬ-.
Distinct from suppletive =(h)aːy̥ [imperf.] / =yoː-ʔ [perf.] glossed as 'to talk, speak, say, utter, pronounce, articulate', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Jetté & Jones 2000: 704] and its counterpart =l=ʁus 'to make noise, holler, clamor, shout; to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Jetté & Jones 2000: 258].
Degexit'an:=neː1
Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 37; Chapman 1914: 214. Paradigm: =neː [imperf.] / =neː-ʔ [perf.]. Cf. some examples: "Down here they are going to stamp, they said", "What are they saying?", "Say it all again" [Taff et al. 2007].
Distinct from suppletive =(h)aːy̥ [imperf.] / ŋoː-ʔ [perf.] 'to talk' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 2], which is probably restricted to sg. subj., and its counterpart =ʁʊʂ [imperf.] / =ʁoːʂ [perf.] 'to talk (pl. subj.)' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 26].