Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 44. Polysemy: 'all kinds / all / every / everyone / everywhere / every time'. "Added to both noun and verb stems". The first morpheme is identical to =pa- 'completely / altogether / in many places / to finish doing' [ibid.], the second one, -nau-, possibly means 'much' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136].
Central Yana:=pa-nau-ma-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 44. Polysemy: 'all kinds / all / every / everyone / everywhere / every time'. "Added to both noun and verb stems". The first morpheme is identical to =pa- 'completely / altogether / in many places / to finish doing' [ibid.], the second one, -nau-, possibly means 'much' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136]. Secondary synonym: puica-...-ku-...-ʔa 'all / every last one' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 54].
Yahi:=pa-nau-ma-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 44. Polysemy: 'all kinds / all / every / everyone / everywhere / every time'. "Added to both noun and verb stems". The first morpheme is identical to =pa- 'completely / altogether / in many places / to finish doing' [ibid.], the second one, -nau-, possibly means 'much' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 49. Cognate to Central Yana panʔyau-na 'dead bark' [ibid.].
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
Number:4
Word:belly
Northern Yana:wil-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 175.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:wil-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 175.
Number:5
Word:big
Northern Yana:pa=cal- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. The dictionary lists several words for 'big', but only two of them are represented in texts in [Sapir 1910]: pa=cal- and CN cʰil- 'big' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 57]. It is hard to decide which of the two is the primary synonym. Other synonyms are taː- 'big' (occurs in taː-xa 'river, Sacramento River' = "big water") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] and YN tutʔ- 'big, much (with descriptive suffixes) greatly' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 78]. There is also a suffix: N -cʰul-la 'big', added to nouns [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 58].
Central Yana:pa=cal- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. The dictionary lists three words for 'big', but only two of them are represented in the texts in [Sapir 1910]: pa=cal- and CN cʰil- 'big' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 57]. It is hard to decide which of the two is the primary synonym. Another synonym is taː- 'big' (occurs in taː-xa 'river, Sacramento River' = "big water") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67].
Yahi:pa=cal- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Other candidates are taː- 'big' (occurs in taː-xa 'river, Sacramento River' = "big water") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] and YN tutʔ- 'big, much (with descriptive suffixes) greatly' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 78].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 193. Polysemy: 'to eat / to bite'. In the list of Northern Yana verbal stems in [Sapir 1922: 219] ca- 'eat, have in the mouth' is marked with an asterisk, signalling that "the stem cannot be directly followed by grammatical (i.e., tense-modal and pronominal) suffixes, but must have its meaning completed by one or more derivational suffixes" [Sapir 1922: 217]. However, in the meaning 'to bite' (not given in [Sapir 1922]) this stem does occur without further derivational material: cf. the form coː-nʔ-tʰ 'she bit' [Sapir 1910: 205.12] (coː- ablaut variant of ca-, -nʔ- remote past, -tʰ quotative). Another candidate is mai- 'to bite' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 120]. In the Northern Yana text "Grizzly Bear and Deer" [Sapir 1910: 203-208] both verbs are used in the same contexts in the meaning 'to bite'.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =pʰal- means 'black' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 139].
Central Yana:ta=pʰal-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =pʰal- means 'black' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 139].
Yahi:ta=hpʰal-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =pʰal- means 'black' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 139]. h is inserted by an automatic phonological rule.
Number:9
Word:blood
Northern Yana:watʔ-tu-wi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Related to 'red' q.v.
Central Yana:watʔ-tu-wi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Related to 'red' q.v.
Yahi:
Not attested.
Number:10
Word:bone
Northern Yana:ʔixtalʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 35.
Central Yana:ʔixtalʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 35.
Yahi:ʔaxtatʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 35.
Number:11
Word:breast
Northern Yana:cuxpin-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 210.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Northern Yana:haʔwi(ː)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 88.
Central Yana:haʔwi(ː)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 88.
Yahi:haʔwi(ː)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 88.
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Northern Yana:sukʼuʔlip-tal-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155. Glossed as 'fingernail'. "N form recorded sukʼoolib-". Contains tal-la 'hand, finger' q.v.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:sukʼuʔnim-tan-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155. Glossed as 'fingernail'. -tan-na is a diminutive of tal-la 'hand, finger' q.v.
Number:14
Word:cloud
Northern Yana:
Not attested.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
Number:15
Word:cold
Northern Yana:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only xaː-cʼitʔ- 'to feel cold' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 177].
Central Yana:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only xaː-cʼitʔ- 'to feel cold' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 177].
Yahi:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only xaː- 'to feel cold, frozen' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 177].
Number:16
Word:come
Northern Yana:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. There is no sepatate verb 'to come' in Yana. Instead, the verb 'to go' with various directional suffixes is used. The latter has the following suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and hat- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92].
Central Yana:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. There is no sepatate verb 'to come' in Yana. Instead, the verb 'to go' with various directional suffixes is used. The latter has the following suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92].
Yahi:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. There is no sepatate verb 'to come' in Yana. Instead, the verb 'to go' with various directional suffixes is used. The latter has the following suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92].
Number:16
Word:come
Northern Yana:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Central Yana:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Yahi:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Number:17
Word:die
Northern Yana:ti-...-lau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 76. According to [Sapir 1923: 292], the primary verb stem ti- indicates 'continuous movement, passage', and ti-...-lau- is literally 'to pass out of (life)' (one of the meanings of -lau- is 'out of an enclosed space' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 115]). Secondary synonyms: micʼ-saː-, glossed as 'to die' in the dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 127], but translated as 'to perish' in the texts [Sapir 1910: 198], and pakarwaukʼiyau-...-ʔa 'to die, drop dead' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 47].
Central Yana:ti-...-lau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 76. According to [Sapir 1923: 292], the primary verb stem ti- indicates 'continuous movement, passage', and ti-...-lau- is literally 'to pass out of (life)' (one of the meanings of -lau- is 'out of an enclosed space' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 115]). Secondary synonym: micʼ-saː-, glossed as 'to die' in the dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 127], but translated as 'to perish' in the texts [Sapir 1910: 58, 59].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155. An alternative candidate is caxtu-malku 'dog' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 198], literally "hanging-ears", cf. cax-tu- 'to hang down' [ibid.] and malku 'ear', q.v. As in several other aboriginal languages of California, e. g. Karuk, dog breeds introduced by the whites are called "hanging-ears" in contrast to the native dogs with erect ears.
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