Ribeiro 2008: 41, 42; Arikapú et al. 2010: 9. Polysemy: 'many / full / everything / all'. Attested in the Swadesh meaning in [Ribeiro 2008: 96, 180]. Distinct from kɐ̃ {kä̃} 'to end / end / completive / all' [Ribeiro 2008: 82; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19].
Djeoromitxi:b͡zi-tɐ̃ {bzitã}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 49. Polysemy: 'all / every'. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbɘy
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -tɐ̃ {-tã} is indeed a suffix in Djeoromitxí (cf. Voort #247 *...tã 'completive').
Number:2
Word:ashes
Arikapu:pi=kǝ=nbɾǝ {pikäbrä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 132; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34.
Djeoromitxi:ka=mɛ̃ {kamẽ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 74. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*=nbɾǝŋ
Voort #64 (*pitʃǝ(mrǝ)). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The final nasal is reconstructed in order to account for the secondary nasality in Djeoromitxí. External data (Jê, Maxakalí) matches the Arikapú form. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if ka= {ka=} is indeed a prefix in Djeoromitxí.
Voort #52 (*kǝ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'bark / skin / leather / bark'.
Number:4
Word:belly
Arikapu:pɾi-ka {prika}1
Ribeiro 2008: 137; Arikapú et al. 2010: 35. -ka {-ka} is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
Djeoromitxi:pi-ka {pika}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 105. -ka {-ka} is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
Proto-Jabuti:*pɾi-ka
Voort #20 (*prika). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
Number:5
Word:big
Arikapu:kuhuhu {kuhuhu}1
Ribeiro 2008: 97; Arikapú et al. 2010: 22. Both kuhuhu {kuhuhu} and ɾukɾɛ {rukre} are extensively found in examples, while čiči {txitxi} [Ribeiro 2008: 165; Arikapú et al. 2010: 45] and ʔuɾǝnũ (ʔoɾanũ?) {uränũ} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 49] are apparently quite rare.
Djeoromitxi:buɾu {buru}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 46.
Proto-Jabuti:*čiči
Voort #15, #124 (*-tʃitʃi). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: In both languages it is also used as an augmentative (as is common across South America).
Number:5
Word:big
Arikapu:ɾukɾɛ {rukre}2
Ribeiro 2008: 144; Arikapú et al. 2010: 38.
Djeoromitxi:čiči {txitxi}4
Ribeiro 2008b: 121.
Proto-Jabuti:
Number:6
Word:bird
Arikapu:nbɨkɾay {bükray}1
Ribeiro 2008: 47. The generic word for birds. However, in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 12] it is translated as 'tinamou'.
Djeoromitxi:bitǝ {bitä}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 44. Polysemy: 'bird / tinamou'.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbɨkɾɔy
Voort #128 (*mɨkraj 'tinamou'). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy 'bird / tinamou' is readily reconstructible.
Number:7
Word:bite
Arikapu:koko {kuku}1
Ribeiro 2008: 90; Arikapú et al. 2010: 23. Polysemy: 'to bite / to sting'.
Djeoromitxi:βɛkǝ {wekä}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 127.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *koko (a reduplication of *ko?) and *wɛkǝ (~ *we-, ~ *-kǝy ~ *-kɔy) are equiprobable candidates. Cf. Voort #166 (*ku), which, however, most likely meant 'to eat'.
Number:8
Word:black
Arikapu:kǝɾɨ-ɔ {kärüo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 87. Dervied from kǝɾɨ {kärü} 'dark / dirty / at night' (translated as 'black / dark / dirty' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 20]).
Djeoromitxi:biɾo {biro}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 44.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *kǝɾɨ ~ *kɘɾɨ and *nb(ɾ)ɨɾo are equiprobable candidates.
Number:9
Word:blood
Arikapu:čɔ {txo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 168; Arikapú et al. 2010: 46. In the latter source, with polysemy: 'blood / water / broth'.
Djeoromitxi:kǝʔi {käi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 76.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *čɔ and *kǝʔi (~ *kǝy- ~ *kɔy-, ~ *-ʔɨ ~ *-ʔɘy ~ *-ʔoy ~ *-ʔuy) are equiprobable candidates.
Number:10
Word:bone
Arikapu:ʔi {i}1
Ribeiro 2008: 72; Arikapú et al. 2010: 16. Polysemy: 'bone / skeleton'. Cf. či {txi} 'fishbone' [Ribeiro 2008: 163], translated as 'bone' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 44].
Djeoromitxi:ǯi {dji}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 54.
Proto-Jabuti:*ǯi ~ *ʔi
Voort #185 (*dʒi, *i). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages, changing its meaning to 'fishbone' in Arikapú. Replacements: In Arikapú, ʔi 'bone, skeleton' is found in this meaning; this root might have meant just 'skeleton' in Proto-Jabutí. *ǯi and *ʔi are likely to be ultimately related. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
Number:11
Word:breast
Arikapu:nbǝ-ka {bäka}1
Ribeiro 2008: 42; Arikapú et al. 2010: 8. Polysemy: 'breast / thorax / diaphragm'. Might be derived from nbǝ {bä} 'liver' and ka {ka} 'fruit / round', though this is uncertain. Distinct from ndũndɨ {dudü} 'breast (female)' [Ribeiro 2008: 53; Arikapú et al. 2010: 12]. Cf. nbǝ-ɾi-ka {bärika} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 9].
Not reconstructible. Cf. *nũðɨ 'female breast' (Voort #230 *nunɨ). *nbǝ-ɾi-ka 'thorax' is reconstructible.
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Arikapu:kǝ {kä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 84; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19. Polysemy: 'warm / to burn'. Both transitive and intransitive. Cf. kǝ-nɐ̃ {känã} 'to burn, to set on fire' [Ribeiro 2008: 86; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19].
Djeoromitxi:čɛ-tu {txetu}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 119. Polysemy: 'to burn / to set on fire'.
Proto-Jabuti:*čǝ
Voort #216 (*tʃǝ...). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'warm / to burn' is reconstructed. Apparently, the word for 'fire' is also derived from this root.
Number:13
Word:nail
Arikapu:ɲi=kǝtay {nikätay}1
Ribeiro 2008: 117; Arikapú et al. 2010: 30 (ɲĩ=kǝtay {nĩkätay}). Polysemy: 'claw / nail'. Cf. also ɲĩ=kay=ka=kǝ {nĩkaykakä} 'fingernail' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 30].
Djeoromitxi:nĩ=kǝtɛ {nĩkäte}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 93.
Proto-Jabuti:*nĩ=kǝtǝy
Voort #118 (*nĩkǝtaj). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
Number:14
Word:cloud
Arikapu:pi=kǝ=čiɔ {pikätxio}1
Ribeiro 2008: 132; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud'. Cf. hɐ̃tɨ {hãtü} 'cloudy' [Ribeiro 2008: 66], mɛ̃-kɔkɔ-mãw̃ {mẽ kokomãw} 'misty cloud' [Ribeiro 2008: 93], mɛ̃-nuɾɐ̃w̃ {mẽ nurãw} 'colored cloud at dawn or dusk' [Ribeiro 2008: 108]. mɛ̃ {mẽ} is translated as 'sky' in [Ribeiro 2008: 108] and as 'sky / cloud' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 26].
Djeoromitxi:bɛ=nɔ̃-ħi {benõhi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 43.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. Apparently the same root as 'smoke'. Possibly *nbɛ ~ *mɛ̃ 'sky' was used to convey this meaning, like in Ofayé (cf. also Rikbaktsá bio). Cf. Voort #182 (*mɛ(ko)), translated as 'cloud' though its direct reflexes mean only 'sky'.
Number:15
Word:cold
Arikapu:čiči {txitxi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 165; Arikapú et al. 2010: 45. Distinct from kǝpiči 'cold weather, feeling cold' [Ribeiro 2008: 86; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19].
Djeoromitxi:ǯiǯi-ɾö {djidjirü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 54.
Proto-Jabuti:*ǯiǯi
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
Number:16
Word:come
Arikapu:pɾǝy {präy}1
Ribeiro 2008: 135; Arikapú et al. 2010: 35. Polysemy: 'to arrive / to come'. Distinct from haɾu=kɔ ~ hɛɾɐ̃=kɔ {haruko ~ herãko} [Ribeiro 2008: 64, 68; Arikapú et al. 2010: 14] (centripetal; used only if the speaker is located in the place in question); nbɾɛhɛ {brehe} 'to come back' [Ribeiro 2008: 104; Arikapú et al. 2010: 28 (mɾɛ̃hɛ̃ {mrẽhẽ})]; pǝ {pä} 'to arrive, to come back where the speaker is' [Ribeiro 2008: 130; Arikapú et al. 2010: 33 ('to come home')].
Voort #262 (*prǝj). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. The reflex in Djeoromitxí is pɛ {pe} 'to arrive'. Semantics and structure: Polysemy 'to arrive / to come' is reconstructible.
Number:16
Word:come
Arikapu:
Djeoromitxi:nɛʔu=βɛnĩ {neuwenĩ}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 91.
Proto-Jabuti:
Number:17
Word:die
Arikapu:pi {pi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 131; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34. Polysemy: 'to die / to be drunk / to dry (of plants)'.
Djeoromitxi:ħaħi / =ɾaħi {hahi / rahi}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 57.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *pi, *kamṼči (~ -ǯi ~ -c̢i ~ -ᶚi) and *ᶚac̢i (~ *ɾ-, ~ *-c̢ɨ ~ *-c̢ɘy ~ *-c̢oy ~ *-c̢uy) are equiprobable candidates. If Djeoromitxí p͡si {psi} 'to smash, to step' is related to Arikapú pi 'to die', *pi can be reconstructed, though its exact semantic evolution would remain obscure ('to die' > 'to die by smashing' > 'to smash'?).
Number:17
Word:die
Arikapu:kamɔči {kamotxi}2
Ribeiro 2008: 79. Polysemy: 'to die / dead / corpse'. Translated as 'dead' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 18] (they cite kamɔ̃či {kamõtxi}).
Build tree