Silva f.n. Glossed as 'every'. Attested, for example, in kukäi̯ piːbaʔ ɕuɲãʔ tihiʔ {kokex pipma xoyã tihi} 'every dog has an owner'; note that the verb tihiʔ {tihi} is inherently plural. Apparently this is the closest Maxakalí equivalent to the Swadesh meaning in question. Distinct from the completive marker =nãɤ̯̃m {=nãm} [Campos 2009: 221; Silva f.n]. According to Campos, =nãɤ̯̃m {=nãm} has the internal argument of the verb as its scope, but Silva [f.n.] provides a number of examples that render Camposʼs analysis unsatisfactory: ʔɨ̃ǝ̯̃ pɨɕäǝ̯ ʔɨ̃=gɑ̃ĩ̯=nãɤ̯̃m {ũn puxet ũgãy nãm} 'one woman is completely furious'; ʔɨ̃ǝ̯̃ ʔɨ̃=gɑ̃ĩ̯=nãɤ̯̃m {ũn puxet ũgãy nãm} 'the woman is completely furious'; kaʓaɨ̯k ʔã=taʔ=nãɤ̯̃m {kayak ãta nãm} 'the shirt is completely red'. Analyzed as an intensifier in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 30]; possibly an aspectual feature is at play. Popovich & Popovich [2005: 48] and Antunes [1999: 37] attest ɕuhɪi̯ {xohix} in this meaning ('all' / 'ten' / 'many'), but this word is attested as ɕuhiʔ {xohi} and analyzed as 'many / to abound / to be numerous / PL' elsewhere [Campos 2009: 75; Silva f.n.]. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment b. Phonology: /pipma/.
Bahetá 1982 (pʌkˈǝi̯); Scheibe 1957 ({pekáynão}). The same word as bʌkʌ̃i̯ 'feather', quoted in [Pickering 1961]. Polysemy: 'bird / feather'.
Number:7
Word:bite
Maxakali:pɨtuɤ̯p {putop}1
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 38; Campos 2009: 25; Antunes 1999: 31, 33; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 79; Silva f.n. Transitive. No semantic or number differences are reported for the verbs pɨtuɤ̯p {putop}; ɕahaʔ {xaha}; kadɛɤ̯p {kanep}; Silva [f.n.] attests kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p pɨtuɤ̯p {kokex te kakxop putop}, kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p ɕahaʔ {kokex te kakxop xaha}, kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p-hãʔ kadɛɤ̯p {kokex te kakxop hã kanep}, all meaning 'the dog bit the child'. The three are thus listed as synonyms. Distinct from kʊǝ̯ɕɪi̯ {kotxix} (non-finite kʊǝ̯ɕiʔ {kotxi}) 'to chew' [Silva f.n.]. Phonology: /ptup/.
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 14; Silva f.n. Intransitive. Requires an argument expressed with an adpositional phrase with an instrumental postposition hãʔ {hã} (e.g. kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p-hãʔ kadɛɤ̯p {kokex te kakxop hã kanep} 'the dog bit the child') or the morpheme nũʔ {nõ} (kukäi̯-tɛʔ nũʔ kadɛɤ̯p {kokex te nõ kanep} 'the dog bit (someone)'). Treated as a non-native item because of the segment d; according to a speaker, this verb is onomatopoeic and refers to the sound of dogʼs biting. Phonology: /kadep/.
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 10; Campos 2009: 137, 273. Polysemy: 'blood / sap / liquid'. Can be used in a classifier-like manner for liquids. Phonology: /hep/.
Pataxo Hahahae:=hɛb1
Pickering 1961 (ˈʌ̃=hɛb). In [Bahetá 1982], a different root without a transparent etymology is cited: a=vˈɛŋ.
Number:10
Word:bone
Maxakali:kɨɤ̯p {kup}1
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 20. Polysemy: 'bone / stick / tree / stalk'. Quoted by Antunes in compounds: kɨɤ̯p-ɕʊi̯ {kup xox} 'bone / portal / tree / long object / thigh' [Antunes 1999: 26], ɕu=kɨɤ̯p {xokup} [Antunes 1999: 37]. Can be used in a classifier-like manner for tree-like or bone-like objects (cf. [Campos 2009: 119, 163]). Phonology: /kɨp/.
Pickering 1961. In [Bahetá 1982], another root is cited: a=ŋokˈai̯. However, the latter possibly refers to female breast, as suggested by the illustration in the source as well as by its Maxakalí cognate ɲõɨ̯̃ktɑǝ̯ {yõktat} 'female breast'.
Number:12
Word:burn
Maxakali:mũ=haɤ̯p {mõhap}1
Campos 2009: 233; Silva f.n. Transitive. Plural: pɨg-ãhãʔ {pugãhã} (non-finite: pɨg-ãʔ {pugã}). Polysemy: 'to burn / to roast'. Intransitive: pɘɨ̯k {puk} 'to burn (intransitive) / to be boiled / to be roasted' [Campos 2009: 111; Antunes 1999: 31; Silva f.n.]; also attested as transitive [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37, 46, 55], especially when the object is a body part. Distinct from mũʔ=ɕɨǝ̯ {mõ xut} 'to consume / to burn up' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 28] or 'to set fire' [Silva f.n.], ɲũkʊ̃ĩ̯ {yõkõy} 'to burn (of food)' [Silva f.n.]. Phonology: /mũ=hap/.
Pataxo Hahahae:
Not attested. Cf. ɛuhm-ʌ̃ 'to set on fire' [Pickering 1961 (ɛum̥mʌ̃)].
Number:13
Word:nail
Maxakali:ɲĩː=mã=ɕɑi̯ {yĩmmãxax}1
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 55 (ɲĩː=mã=ɕɑi̯ {yĩmmãxax}); Campos 2009: 93 (ɲĩɤ̯̃p=ɕɑi̯ {yĩmxax}). Cf. [Araújo 2000: 113], where the meanings 'fingernail' and 'toenail' are said to be rendered as ɕɑi̯ {xax} 'skin' and pata=ɕɑi̯ {pataxax} respectively. Phonology: /ɲĩp=mã=cac ~ ɲĩp=cac/.
Pataxo Hahahae:=pahab=tai̯ŋ1
Bahetá 1982 (a=pahab=tˈai̯ŋ).
Number:14
Word:cloud
Maxakali:gʊ̃ĩ̯ {gõy}-1
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 4, 5; Araújo 2000: 119; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 84. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud / fog / to smoke'. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment g. Phonology: /gũc/.
Pataxo Hahahae:
Not attested.
Number:15
Word:cold
Maxakali:ɕɨ=ɕiʔ / =ʔã=ɕiʔ {xuxi / =ãxi}1
Popovich & Popovich 2005: 3, 8, 52 (appears as {xuxix / ãxi ~ ãxix}); Campos 2009: 224; Silva f.n. Polysemy: 'cold / to cool off / to cease / to ease up'. Another root, ɕaɤ̯p- {xap-} 'cold sensation', is found in words like ɕaɤ̯p-ɕɨ̃ĩ̯ {xapxũy} 'to feel cold' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 46; Antunes 1999: 36; Silva f.n.], ɕaɤ̯p-tɛ-ɤ̯ptäĩ̯ {xapte p-tex} 'cold weather / to feel cold' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 46; Campos 2009: 27] (literally 'cold-ERG kill.SG'). Phonology: /cɨ=ci/ / /=A=ci/.
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